Ultrasound Imaging in Subjects with Sickle Cell Disease: The Saudi Arabia Experiences

References

• Balci A, Karazincir S, Sangün O, et al. Prevalence of abdominal ultrasonographic abnormalities in patients with sickle cell disease. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2008;14(3):133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundd P, Gladwin MT, Novelli EM. Pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2019;14(1):263–292. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato GJ, Beck LA, Bieber T, et al. Sickle cell disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):1–22. doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0001-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eaton WA, Hofrichter J. Sickle cell hemoglobin polymerization. Adv Protein Chem. 1990;40:63–279. doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60287-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang D, Xu C, Manwani D, et al. Neutrophils, platelets, and inflammatory pathways at the nexus of sickle cell disease pathophysiology. Blood J Am Soc Hematol. 2016;127(7):801–809.
   Google Scholar
• Chirico EN, Pialoux V. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. IUBMB Life. 2012;64(1):72–80. doi:10.1002/iub.584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladwin MT, Crawford JH, Patel RP. The biochemistry of nitric oxide, nitrite, and hemoglobin: role in blood flow regulation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36(6):707–717. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.11.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees DC, Williams TN, Gladwin MT. Sickle-cell disease. Lancet. 2010;376(9757):2018–2031. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61029-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okpala I. The intriguing contribution of white blood cells to sickle cell disease–a red cell disorder. Blood Rev. 2004;18(1):65–73. doi:10.1016/S0268-960X(03)00037-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makani J, Cox SE, Soka D, et al. Mortality in sickle cell anemia in Africa: a prospective cohort study in Tanzania. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e14699. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma’aji SM, Jiya N, Saidu S, et al. Transabdominal ultrasonographic findings in children with sickle cell anemia in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria. Niger J Clin Sci. 2012;9(1):14. doi:10.4103/0331-8540.102106
   Google Scholar
• Uzoegwu PN, Onwurah A. Prevalence of haemoglobinopathy and malaria diseases in the population of old Aguata Division, Anambra State, Nigeria. Biokemistri. 2003;15(2):57–66.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming A, Storey J, Molineaux L, et al. Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria: i. Prevalence of haemoglobins and relationships between sickle cell trait, malaria and survival. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1979;73(2):161–172. doi:10.1080/00034983.1979.11687243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Sickle-Cell Anaemia: Report by the Secretariat, in Sickle-Cell Anaemia: Report by the Secretariat. World Health Organization; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Alsaeed ES, Farhat GN, Assiri AM, et al. Distribution of hemoglobinopathy disorders in Saudi Arabia based on data from the premarital screening and genetic counseling program, 2011–2015. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2018;7(S1):S41–S47. doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2017.12.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Qurashi MM, El-Mouzan MI, Al-Herbish AS, et al. The prevalence of sickle cell disease in Saudi children and adolescents. A community-based survey. Saudi Med J. 2008;29(10):1480–1483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jastaniah W. Epidemiology of sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2011;31(3):289–293. doi:10.4103/0256-4947.81540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eze CU, Offordile GC, Agwuna KK, et al. Sonographic evaluation of the spleen among sickle cell disease patients in a teaching hospital in Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2015;15(3):949–958. doi:10.4314/ahs.v15i3.32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brousse V, Buffet P, Rees D. The spleen and sickle cell disease: the sick (led) spleen. Br J Haematol. 2014;166(2):165–176. doi:10.1111/bjh.12950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale HI, Bobbitt CA, Setty BN, et al. Expected sonographic appearance of the spleen in children and young adults with sickle cell disease: an update. J Ultrasound Med. 2016;35(8):1735–1745. doi:10.7863/ultra.15.09023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allali S, de Montalembert M, Brousse V, et al. Hepatobiliary complications in children with sickle cell disease: a retrospective review of medical records from 616 patients. J Clin Med. 2019;8(9):1481. doi:10.3390/jcm8091481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker T, Serjeant G. Increased renal reflectivity in sickle cell disease: prevalence and characteristics. Clin Radiol. 1995;50(8):566–569. doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(05)83194-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suell MN, Horton TM, Dishop MK, et al. Outcomes for children with gallbladder abnormalities and sickle cell disease. J Pediatr. 2004;145(5):617–621. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.06.071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kell M, Aherne NJ, Coffey C, et al. Emergency surgeon-performed hepatobiliary ultrasonography. J Br Surg. 2002;89(11):1402–1404. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02297.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheinman JI. Sickle cell disease and the kidney. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2009;5(2):78–88. doi:10.1038/ncpneph1008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Attalla BI. Sonographic findings in Sudanese children with sickle cell anemia. J Diagn Med Sonogr. 2010;26(6):276–280. doi:10.1177/8756479310386788
   Google Scholar
• Babadoko A, Ibinaye PO, Hassan A, et al. Autosplenectomy of sickle cell disease in Zaria, Nigeria: an ultrasonographic assessment. Oman Med J. 2012;27(2):121. doi:10.5001/omj.2012.25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hazzazi AA, Ageeli M, Alfaqih A, et al. Epidemiology and characteristics of sickle cell patients admitted to hospitals in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. J Appl Hematol. 2020;11(1):10. doi:10.4103/joah.joah_67_19
   Google Scholar
• Singer K, Chernoff AI, Singer L. Studies on abnormal hemoglobins: i. Their demonstration in sickle cell anemia and other hematologic disorders by means of alkali denaturation. Blood. 1951;6(5):413–428. doi:10.1182/blood.V6.5.413.413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccabona M. Spleen and Pancreas. In: Pediatric Ultrasound: Requisites and Applications. Springer; 2014:257–288.
   Google Scholar
• Luntsi G, Eze C, Ahmadu M, et al. Sonographic evaluation of some abdominal organs in sickle cell disease patients in a tertiary health institution in Northeastern Nigeria. J Med Ultrasound. 2018;26(1):31. doi:10.4103/JMU.JMU_5_17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonergan GJ, Cline DB, Abbondanzo SL. Sickle cell anemia. Radiographics. 2001;21(4):971–994. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl23971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malowany JI, Butany J. Pathology of sickle cell disease. In: Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. Elsevier; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee S, Owen C, Chopra S. Sickle cell hepatopathy. Hepatology. 2001;33(5):1021–1028. doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.24114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halasa NB, Shankar SM, Talbot TR, et al. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease among individuals with sickle cell disease before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(11):1428–1433. doi:10.1086/516781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceglie G, Di Mauro M, Tarissi De Jacobis I, et al. Gender-related differences in sickle cell disease in a pediatric cohort: a single-center retrospective study. Front Mol Biosci. 2019;6:140. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2019.00140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert TT. Hepatobiliary system in sickle cell disease. Gastroenterology. 1986;90(6):2013–2021. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(86)90276-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agholor C, Akhigbe A, Atalabi O. The prevalence of cholelithiasis in Nigerians with sickle cell disease as diagnosed by ultrasound. Br J Med Med Res. 2014;4(15):2866. doi:10.9734/BJMMR/2014/8645
   Google Scholar
• Olaniyi J, Abjah U. Frequency of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in Nigerian patients with sickle cell disease. West Afr J Med. 2007;26(4):274–277. doi:10.4314/wajm.v26i4.28326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Attalla BI. Abdominal sonographic findings in children with sickle cell anemia. J Diagn Med Sonogr. 2010;26(6):281–285. doi:10.1177/8756479310386786
   Google Scholar
• Al-Salem AH, Al-Aithan S, Bhamidipati P, et al. Sonographic assessment of spleen size in Saudi patients with sickle cell disease. Ann Saudi Med. 1998;18(3):217–220. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.1998.217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusheke H. Abdominal Ultrasonographic Abnormalities in Patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia at Muhimbili National Hospital. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science; 2010.
   Google Scholar