Optimal Treatment Strategies for Resectable Locally Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Real-World Triple Cohort Analysis Using Propensity Score Matching

References

• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen R, Zheng R, Zhang S, et al. Patterns and trends in esophageal cancer incidence and mortality in China: an analysis based on cancer registry data. J Natl Cancer Center. 2023;3(1):21–27. doi:10.1016/j.jncc.2023.01.002
   Google Scholar
• van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2074–2084. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1112088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H, Liu H, Chen Y, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery versus surgery alone for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (NEOCRTEC5010): a phase III multicenter, randomized, open-Label clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(27):2796–2803. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.79.1483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(1):11–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allum WH, Stenning SP, Bancewicz J, et al. Long-term results of a randomized trial of surgery with or without preoperative chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(30):5062–5067. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.2083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajani JA, D’Amico TA, Bentrem DJ, et al. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers, version 2.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2019;17(7):855–883. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2019.0033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinese Medical Doctor Association Radiation oncologist Branch, Radiation Oncology Therapeutics Society of Chinese Medical Association, Tumor Radiation Therapy Committee of Chinese Anti-Cancer Association. Chinese guidelines for radiotherapy of esophageal cancer. J Int Oncol. 2022;49(11):641–657. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20211021-00002
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura K, Kato K, Igaki H, et al. Three-arm phase III trial comparing cisplatin plus 5-FU (CF) versus docetaxel, cisplatin plus 5-FU (DCF) versus radiotherapy with CF (CF-RT) as preoperative therapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer (JCOG1109, NExT study). Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2013;43(7):752–755. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyt061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang H, Wang H, Fang Y, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by minimally invasive esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial. Ann Oncol. 2023;34(2):163–172. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2022.10.508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu PK, Chen HS, Liu CC, et al. Pre-versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;154(2):732–740.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.03.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando N, Kato H, Igaki H, et al. A randomized trial comparing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil versus preoperative chemotherapy for localized advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus (JCOG9907). Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(1):68–74. doi:10.1245/s10434-011-2049-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinese Society of Digestive Endoscopy, Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Collaborative Group, Chinese Medical Doctor Association of Endoscopists, Beijing Medical Association of Digestive Endoscopy. Expert consensus on endoscopic prevention and treatment of benign and malignant strictures of the esophagus (2020, Beijing). Chin J Digest Endoscopy. 2021;38(3):173–185.
   Google Scholar
• Wang LH, Huang J, Han YT. The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer. China: People’s Health Press; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Hong JC, Murphy JD, Wang SJ, et al. Chemoradiotherapy before and after surgery for locally advanced esophageal cancer: a SEER-Medicare analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(12):3999–4007. doi:10.1245/s10434-013-3072-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv J, Cao XF, Zhu B, et al. Long-term efficacy of perioperative chemoradiotherapy on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(13):1649–1654. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i13.1649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Zhang W, Xiao Z, et al. The impact of postoperative conformal radiotherapy after radical surgery on survival and recurrence in pathologic T3N0M0 esophageal carcinoma: a propensity score-matched analysis. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(7):1143–1151. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2017.03.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Ouyang W, Li Y, et al. Value of radiotherapy in addition to esophagectomy for stage II and III thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: analysis of surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. Cancer Med. 2019;8(1):21–27. doi:10.1002/cam4.1731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Zhao L, Lin B, et al. Adjuvant therapeutic modalities following three-field lymph node dissection for stage II/III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer. 2017;8(11):2051–2059. doi:10.7150/jca.18981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Liu W, Zhang H, et al. The role of postoperative radiotherapy for radically resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a systemic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(7):4403–4412. doi:10.21037/jtd.2018.06.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng Y, Yu W, Liu Q, et al. Difference in failure patterns of pT3-4N0-3M0 esophageal cancer treated by surgery vs surgery plus radiotherapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2019;11(12):1172–1181. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v11.i12.1172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song T, Chen P, Fang M, et al. The role of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy over radiotherapy after R0 resection for stage II–III esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:1631–1639. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S232930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou B, Tu Y, Liao D, et al. Radical esophagectomy for stage II and III thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma followed by adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy: which is more beneficial? Thorac Cancer. 2020;11(3):631–639. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.13307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Qiu R, Hu Y, et al. Postoperative adjuvant therapy for patients with pN+ esophageal squamous cell Carcinoma. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:8571438. doi:10.1155/2021/8571438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Tang H, Fang Y, et al. Morbidity and mortality of patients who underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy vs neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2021;156(5):444–451. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassis ES, Kosinski AS, Ross P, et al. Predictors of anastomotic leak after esophagectomy: an analysis of the society of thoracic surgeons general thoracic database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96(6):1919–1926. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.07.119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juloori A, Tucker SL, Komaki R, et al. Influence of preoperative radiation field on postoperative leak rates in esophageal cancer patients after trimodality therapy. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(4):534–540. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vande Walle C, Ceelen WP, Boterberg T, et al. Anastomotic complications after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation are related to radiation dose to the gastric fundus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82(3):e513–e519. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.05.071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl M, Walz MK, Riera-Knorrenschild J, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced adenocarcinomas of the oesophagogastric junction (POET): long-term results of a controlled randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017;81:183–190. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2017.04.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Döbeln GA, Klevebro F, Jacobsen AB, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cancer of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction: long-term results of a randomized clinical trial. Dis Esophagus. 2019;32(2). doi:10.1093/dote/doy07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb-Vedi E, Kauppila JH, Malietzis G, et al. Long-term survival in esophageal cancer after minimally invasive compared to open esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2019;270(6):1005–1017. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000003252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb-Vedi E, Kauppila JH, Mattsson F, et al. Long-term survival in esophageal cancer after minimally invasive esophagectomy compared to open esophagectomy. Ann Surg. 2022;276(6):e744–e748. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuytens F, Dabakuyo-Yonli TS, Meunier B, et al. Five-year survival outcomes of hybrid minimally invasive esophagectomy in esophageal cancer: results of the MIRO randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2021;156(4):323–332. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2020.7081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu F, Yang W, Yang W, et al. Minimally invasive or open esophagectomy for treatment of resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma? Answer from a real-world multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2023;277(4):e777–e784. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000005296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar