References
- WhiteDOFennerFMedical Virology4th edSan Diego, CAAcademic Press1994
- DeubelVFietteLGounonPVariations in biological features of West Nile virusesAnn N Y Acad Sci200195119520611797777
- De MadridATPorterfieldJSThe flaviviruses (group B arboviruses): a cross-neutralization studyJ Gen Virol197423191964833603
- MayFJDavisCTTeshRBBarrettADPhylogeography of West Nile virus: from the cradle of evolution in Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the AmericasJ Virol20118562964297421159871
- SmithburnKCHughesTPBurkeAWPaulJHA neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of UgandaAm J Trop Med Hyg194020471472
- MelnickJLPaulJRRiordanJTBarnettVHGoldblumNZabinEIsolation from human sera in Egypt of a virus apparently identical to West Nile virusProc Soc Exp Biol Med195177466166514891830
- BernkopfHLevineSNersonRIsolation of West Nile virus in IsraelJ Infect Dis195393320721813109233
- HurlbutHSRizkFTaylorRMWorkTHA study of the ecology of West Nile virus in EgyptAm J Trop Med Hyg19565457962013354882
- MurgueBMurriSZientaraSDurandBDurandJPZellerHWest Nile outbreak in horses in southern France, 2000: the return after 35 yearsEmerg Infect Dis20017469269611585534
- JoubertLOudarJHannounCEpidemiology of the West Nile virus: study of a focus in Camargue. IV. Meningo-encephalomyelitis of the horseAnn Inst Pasteur (Paris)19701182239247 French5461277
- SejvarJJWest Nile virus: an historical overviewOchsner J20035361021765761
- JuppPGBlackburnNKThompsonDLMeenehanGMSindbis and West Nile virus infections in the Witwatersrand-Pretoria regionS Afr Med J19867042182203016922
- HubálekZHalouzkaJWest Nile fever – a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in EuropeEmerg Infect Dis19995564365010511520
- HeinzFCollettMSPurcellRHFamily FlaviviridaeVan RegenmortelMHFauquetCMBishopDHVirus taxonomy, Seventh report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of VirusesSan Diego, CAAcademic Press2000859878
- TsaiTFPopoviciFCernescuCCampbellGLNedelcuNIWest Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern RomaniaLancet199835291307677719737281
- NashDMostashariFFineAThe outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York city area in 1999N Engl J Med2001344241807181411407341
- LanciottiRSRoehrigJTDeubelVOrigin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United StatesScience199928654482333233710600742
- BC Centre for Disease ControlWest Nile Virus Activity in British Columbia Surveillance Program Results 2012Vancouver, BCProvincial Health Services Authority2013
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases – United States, 2012MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2013622551351723803959
- cdc.gov [homepage on the Internet]West Nile virus disease cases and presumptive viremic blood donors by state – United States, 2013Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2013 [updated January 7, 2014; cited December 30, 2013]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsMaps/preliminaryMapsData/Accessed March 1, 2014
- phac-aspc.gc.ca [homepage on the Internet]West Nile virus MONITOR – 2013 human surveillancePublic Health Agency of Canada2013 [updated November 21, 2013; cited December 30, 2013]. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/wnv-vwn/mon-hmnsurv-eng.phpAccessed March 1, 2014
- PradierSLecollinetSLeblondAWest Nile virus epidemiology and factors triggering change in its distribution in EuropeRev Sci Tech201231382984423520737
- DanisKPapaAPapanikolaouEOngoing outbreak of West Nile virus infection in humans, Greece, July to Aug 2011Euro Surveill2011163415
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and ControlAnnual Epidemiological Report 2012 Reporting on 2010 Surveillance Data and 2011 Epidemic Intelligence DataStockholmEuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control2013
- ecdc.europa.eu [homepage on internet]Reported cases for West Nile fever for the EU and neighbouring countries: 2013European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control2013 [cited December 30, 2013]. Available from: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/west_nile_fever/west-nile-fever-maps/pages/index.aspxAccessed March 20, 2014
- PapaABakonyiTXanthopoulouKVázquezATenorioANowotnyNGenetic characterization of West Nile virus lineage 2, Greece, 2010Emerg Infect Dis201117592092221529413
- BalakrishnanAButteDKJadhavSMComplete genome sequence of west nile virus isolated from alappuzha district, kerala, IndiaGenome Announc20131312
- GrayTJBurrowJNMarkeyPGWest Nile virus (Kunjin subtype) disease in the northern territory of Australia – a case of encephalitis and review of all reported casesAm J Trop Med Hyg201185595295622049056
- HallRAScherretJHMackenzieJSKunjin virus: an Australian variant of West Nile?Ann N Y Acad Sci200195115316011797773
- FrostMJZhangJEdmondsJHCharacterization of virulent West Nile virus Kunjin strain, Australia, 2011Emerg Infect Dis201218579280022516173
- BondreVPJadiRSMishraACYergolkarPNArankalleVAWest Nile virus isolates from India: evidence for a distinct genetic lineageJ Gen Virol200788Pt 387588417325360
- BakonyiTIvanicsEErdélyiKLineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, central EuropeEmerg Infect Dis200612461862316704810
- BakonyiTHubálekZRudolfINowotnyNNovel flavivirus or new lineage of West Nile virus, central EuropeEmerg Infect Dis200511222523115752439
- BarzonLPapaAPacentiMGenome sequencing of West Nile Virus from human cases in Greece, 2012Viruses2013592311231924064795
- MaguranoFRemoliMEBaggieriMCirculation of West Nile virus lineage 1 and 2 during an outbreak in ItalyClin Microbiol Infect20121812E545E54723020657
- McMullenARAlbayrakHMayFJDavisCTBeasleyDWBarrettADMolecular evolution of lineage 2 West Nile virusJ Gen Virol201394Pt 231832523136360
- HubálekZHalouzkaJJuricováZSebestaOFirst isolation of mosquito-borne West Nile virus in the Czech RepublicActa Virol19984221191209770080
- AliotaMTJonesSADupuisAPCiotaATHubalekZKramerLDCharacterization of Rabensburg virus, a flavivirus closely related to West Nile virus of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic groupPLoS One201276e3938722724010
- LvovDKButenkoAMGromashevskyVLWest Nile virus and other zoonotic viruses in Russia: examples of emerging-reemerging situationsArch Virol Suppl200418859615119764
- VazquezASanchez-SecoMPRuizSPutative new lineage of West Nile virus, SpainEmerg Infect Dis201016354955220202444
- PeskoKNEbelGDWest Nile virus population genetics and evolutionInfect Genet Evol201212218119022226703
- ColpittsTMConwayMJMontgomeryRRFikrigEWest Nile virus: biology, transmission, and human infectionClin Microbiol Rev201225463564823034323
- FarajollahiAFonsecaDMKramerLDMarm KilpatrickA“Bird biting” mosquitoes and human disease: a review of the role of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in epidemiologyInfect Genet Evol20111171577158521875691
- AllanBFLangerhansRBRybergWAEcological correlates of risk and incidence of West Nile virus in the United StatesOecologia2009158469970818941794
- EzenwaVOMilheimLECoffeyMFGodseyMSKingRJGuptillSCLand cover variation and West Nile virus prevalence: patterns, processes, and implications for disease controlVector Borne Zoonotic Dis20077217318017627435
- TurellMJDohmDJSardelisMROguinnMLAndreadisTGBlowJAAn update on the potential of north American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile VirusJ Med Entomol2005421576215691009
- TurellMJO’GuinnMLDohmDJJonesJWVector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virusJ Med Entomol200138213013411296813
- BalenghienTFouqueFSabatierPBicoutDJHorse-, bird-, and human-seeking behavior and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a West Nile virus focus of southern FranceJ Med Entomol200643593694617017231
- MuñozJRuizSSoriguerRFeeding patterns of potential West Nile virus vectors in south-west SpainPLoS One201276e3954922745781
- KilpatrickAMLaDeauSLMarraPPEcology of West Nile virus Transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphereThe Auk2007124411211136
- KomarNLangevinSHintenSExperimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virusEmerg Infect Dis20039331132212643825
- AndersonJFAndreadisTGVossbrinckCRIsolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper’s hawk in ConnecticutScience199928654482331233310600741
- PealerLNMarfinAAPetersenLRWest Nile Virus Transmission Investigation TeamTransmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002N Engl J Med2003349131236124514500806
- NettRJKuehnertMJIsonMGOrlowskiJPFischerMStaplesJECurrent practices and evaluation of screening solid organ donors for West Nile virusTranspl Infect Dis201214326827722606990
- O’LearyDRKuhnSKnissKLBirth outcomes following West Nile Virus infection of pregnant women in the United States: 2003–2004Pediatrics20061173e537e54516510632
- VenterMBurtFJBlumbergLFicklHPaweskaJSwanepoelRCytokine induction after laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infectionN Engl J Med2009360121260126219297584
- BeasleyDWLiLSudermanMTBarrettADWest Nile virus strains differ in mouse neurovirulence and binding to mouse or human brain membrane receptor preparationsAnn N Y Acad Sci200195133233511797791
- BeasleyDWDavisCTWhitemanMGranwehrBKinneyRMBarrettADMolecular determinants of virulence of West Nile virus in North AmericaArch Virol Suppl200418354115119761
- LimSMKorakaPvan BoheemenSCharacterization of the mouse neuroinvasiveness of selected European strains of West Nile virusPLoS One201389e7457524058590
- MostashariFBunningMLKitsutaniPTEpidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological surveyLancet2001358927826126411498211
- SolomonTFlavivirus encephalitisN Engl J Med2004351437037815269317
- HubálekZComparative symptomatology of West Nile feverLancet2001358927825425511498205
- ZouSFosterGADoddRYPetersenLRStramerSLWest Nile fever characteristics among viremic persons identified through blood donor screeningJ Infect Dis201020291354136120874087
- CarsonPJBorchardtSMCusterBNeuroinvasive disease and West Nile virus infection, North Dakota, USA, 1999–2008Emerg Infect Dis201218468468622469465
- KramerLDLiJShiPYWest Nile virusLancet Neurol20076217118117239804
- BodeAVSejvarJJPapeWJCampbellGLMarfinAAWest Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003Clin Infect Dis20064291234124016586381
- DanisKPapaATheocharopoulosGOutbreak of West Nile virus infection in Greece, 2010Emerg Infect Dis201117101868187222000357
- Téllez-ZentenoJFHunterGHernández-RonquilloLHaghirENeuroinvasive West Nile virus disease in Canada. The Saskatchewan experienceCan J Neurol Sci201340458058423786744
- LeisAAStokicDSNeuromuscular manifestations of West Nile virus infectionFront Neurol201233722461779
- PetersenLRBraultACNasciRSWest Nile virus: review of the literatureJAMA2013310330831523860989
- GargSJampolLMSystemic and intraocular manifestations of West Nile virus infectionSurv Ophthalmol200550131315621074
- KhairallahMBen YahiaSLadjimiAChorioretinal involvement in patients with West Nile virus infectionOphthalmology2004111112065207015522373
- GeorgesAJLesbordesJLGeorges-CourbotMCMeunierDMYGonzalezJPFatal hepatitis from West Nile virusAnn Inst Pasteur Virol19872138237244
- PerelmanASternJAcute pancreatitis in West Nile FeverAm J Trop Med Hyg1974236115011524429184
- MontgomerySPChowCCSmithSWMarfinAAO’LearyDRCampbellGLRhabdomyolysis in patients with West Nile encephalitis and meningitisVector Borne Zoonotic Dis20055325225716187894
- PergamSADeLongCEEchevarriaLScullyGGoadeDEMyocarditis in West Nile Virus infectionAm J Trop Med Hyg20067561232123317172398
- SmithRDKonoplevSDeCourten-MyersGBrownTWest Nile virus encephalitis with myositis and orchitisHum Pathol200435225425814991545
- StewartRDBryantSNSheffieldJSWest Nile virus infection in pregnancyCase Rep Infect Dis2013201335187223533851
- TilleyPAFoxJDJayaramanGCPreiksaitisJKNucleic acid testing for west nile virus RNA in plasma enhances rapid diagnosis of acute infection in symptomatic patientsJ Infect Dis2006193101361136416619182
- MurrayKOGarciaMNYanCGorchakovRPersistence of detectable immunoglobulin M antibodies up to 8 years after infection with West Nile virusAm J Trop Med Hyg2013895996100024062481
- PapaADanisKAthanasiadouADelianidouMPanagiotopoulosTPersistence of West Nile virus immunoglobulin M antibodies, GreeceJ Med Virol201183101857186021837805
- BuschMPKleinmanSHToblerLHVirus and antibody dynamics in acute west nile virus infectionJ Infect Dis2008198798499318729783
- BuschMPToblerLHSaldanhaJAnalytical and clinical sensitivity of West Nile virus RNA screening and supplemental assays available in 2003Transfusion200545449249915819668
- SayaoALSuchowerskyOAl-KhathaamiACalgary experience with West Nile virus neurological syndrome during the late summer of 2003Can J Neurol Sci200431219420315198443
- TunkelARGlaserCABlochKCInfectious Diseases Society of AmericaThe management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of AmericaClin Infect Dis200847330332718582201
- KramerAHViral encephalitis in the ICUCrit Care Clin201329362164923830656
- DiamondMSProgress on the development of therapeutics against West Nile virusAntiviral Res200983321422719501622
- BaharuddinAHassanAAShengGCCurrent approaches in antiviral drug discovery against the Flaviviridae familyCurr Pharm Des Epub922013
- European Association for the Study of the LiverEASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatitis C virus infectionJ Hepatol201155224526421371579
- GhanyMGNelsonDRStraderDBThomasDLSeeffLBAmerican Association for Study of Liver DiseasesAn update on treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus infection: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver DiseasesHepatology20115441433144421898493
- WaghmareACampbellAPXieHRespiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory disease in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: viral RNA detection in blood, antiviral treatment, and clinical outcomesClin Infect Dis201357121731174124065324
- AndersonJFRahalJJEfficacy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin against West Nile virus in vitroEmerg Infect Dis20028110710811749765
- JordanIBrieseTFischerNLauJYLipkinWIRibavirin inhibits West Nile virus replication and cytopathic effect in neural cellsJ Infect Dis200018241214121710979920
- MorreyJDSmeeDFSidwellRWTsengCIdentification of active antiviral compounds against a New York isolate of West Nile virusAntiviral Res200255110711612076755
- MorreyJDDayCWJulanderJGBlattLMSmeeDFSidwellRWEffect of interferon-alpha and interferon-inducers on West Nile virus in mouse and hamster animal modelsAntivir Chem Chemother200415210110915185728
- LoginovaSIaBorisevichSVPashchenkoIuABondarevVPRibavirin prophylaxis and therapy of experimental West Nile feverAntibiot Khimioter20095411–121720 Russian20583562
- ChowersMYLangRNassarFClinical characteristics of the West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000Emerg Infect Dis20017467567811585531
- BordenECSenGCUzeGInterferons at age 50: past, current and future impact on biomedicineNat Rev Drug Discov200761297599018049472
- BrassardDLGraceMJBordensRWInterferon-α as an immunotherapeutic proteinJ Leukoc Biol200271456558111927642
- SamuelMADiamondMSAlpha/beta interferon protects against lethal West Nile virus infection by restricting cellular tropism and enhancing neuronal survivalJ Virol20057921133501336116227257
- BrooksTJPhillpottsRJInterferon-alpha protects mice against lethal infection with St Louis encephalitis virus delivered by the aerosol and subcutaneous routesAntiviral Res1999411576410321579
- Rodríguez-PulidoMMartín-AcebesMAEscribano-RomeroEProtection against West Nile virus infection in mice after inoculation with type I interferon-inducing RNA transcriptsPLoS One2012711e4949423166685
- KalilACDevettenMPSinghSUse of interferon-alpha in patients with West Nile encephalitis: report of 2 casesClin Infect Dis200540576476615714427
- Chan-TackKMForrestGFailure of interferon alpha-2b in a patient with West Nile virus meningoencephalitis and acute flaccid paralysisScand J Infect Dis20053711–1294494616308241
- LewisMAmsdenJRSuccessful treatment of West Nile virus infection after approximately 3 weeks into the disease coursePharmacotherapy200727345545817316156
- JacksonACTherapy of West Nile virus infectionCan J Neurol Sci200431213113415198433
- AgrawalAGPetersenLRHuman immunoglobulin as a treatment for West Nile virus infectionJ Infect Dis200318811412825164
- MorreyJDSiddharthanVOlsenALHumanized monoclonal antibody against West Nile virus envelope protein administered after neuronal infection protects against lethal encephalitis in hamstersJ Infect Dis200619491300130817041857
- Ben-NathanDGershoni-YahalomOSaminaIUsing high titer West Nile intravenous immunoglobulin from selected Israeli donors for treatment of West Nile virus infectionBMC Infect Dis200991819222853
- CamengaDLNathansonNColeGACyclophosphamide-potentiated West Nile viral encephalitis: relative influence of cellular and humoral factorsJ Infect Dis197413066346414372273
- LeviMEQuanDHoJTKleinschmidt-DemastersBKTylerKLGraziaTJImpact of rituximab-associated B-cell defects on West Nile virus meningoencephalitis in solid organ transplant recipientsClin Transplant201024222322819659514
- RheeCEatonEFConcepcionWBlackburnBGWest Nile virus encephalitis acquired via liver transplantation and clinical response to intravenous immunoglobulin: case report and review of the literatureTranspl Infect Dis201113331231721235711
- HaleyMRetterASFowlerDGea-BanaclocheJO’GradyNPThe role for intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of West Nile virus encephalitisClin Infect Dis2003376e88e9012955669
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)A phase I/II randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin G (OMR-IGG-AM) containing high anti-West Nile virus antibody titers in patients with, or at high risk for progression to West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis and/or myelitis Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00068055. NLM identifier: NCT00068055Accessed March 20, 2014
- MorelliMCSambriVGraziGLAbsence of neuroinvasive disease in a liver transplant recipient who acquired West Nile virus (WNV) infection from the organ donor and who received WNV antibodies prophylacticallyClin Infect Dis2010514e34e3720597692
- GoodyerLICroftAMFrancesSPExpert review of the evidence base for arthropod bite avoidanceJ Travel Med201017318219220536888
- DebbounMStrickmanDInsect repellents and associated personal protection for a reduction in human diseaseMed Vet Entomol20132711922624654
- GoodyerLBehrensRHShort report: The safety and toxicity of insect repellentsAm J Trop Med Hyg19985923233249715955
- GibneyKBColbornJBatySModifiable risk factors for West Nile virus infection during an outbreak – Arizona, 2010Am J Trop Med Hyg201286589590122556093
- KilpatrickAMPapeWJPredicting human West Nile virus infections with mosquito surveillance dataAm J Epidemiol2013178582983523825164
- KomarNWest Nile virus surveillance using sentinel birdsAnn N Y Acad Sci2001951587311797805
- CitoFNarcisiVDanzettaMLAnalysis of surveillance systems in place in European mediterranean countries for West Nile Virus (WNV) and Rift Valley Fever (RVF)Transbound Emerg Dis201360Suppl S2S40S44
- DohmDJO’GuinnMLTurellMJEffect of environmental temperature on the ability of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virusJ Med Entomol200239122122511931261
- BeasleyDWBarrettADTeshRBResurgence of West Nile neurologic disease in the United States in 2012: what happened? What needs to be done?Antiviral Res20139911523624155
- PazSSemenzaJCEnvironmental drivers of West Nile fever epidemiology in Europe and Western Asia – a reviewInt J Environ Res Public Health20131083543356223939389
- CarneyRMAhearnSCMcConchieAEarly warning system for West Nile virus risk areas, California, USAEmerg Infect Dis20111781445145421801622
- ZellerHGSchuffeneckerIWest Nile virus: an overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean basin in contrast to its spread in the AmericasEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis200423314715614986160
- MorinCWComrieACRegional and seasonal response of a West Nile virus vector to climate changeProc Natl Acad Sci U S A201311039156201562524019459
- ChevalierVTranADurandBPredictive modeling of West Nile virus transmission risk in the Mediterranean Basin: how far from landing?Int J Environ Res Public Health2014111679024362544
- BeasleyDWVaccines and immunotherapeutics for the prevention and treatment of infections with West Nile virusImmunotherapy20113226928521322763
- DurbinAPWrightPFCoxAThe live attenuated chimeric vaccine rWN/DEN4Δ30 is well-tolerated and immunogenic in healthy flavivirus-naïve adult volunteersVaccine201331485772577723968769
- DayanGHBevilacquaJColemanDBuldoARisiGPhase II, dose ranging study of the safety and immunogenicity of single dose West Nile vaccine in healthy adults ≥50 years of ageVaccine201230476656666422959989
- LedgerwoodJEPiersonTCHubkaSAVRC 303 Study TeamA West Nile virus DNA vaccine utilizing a modified promoter induces neutralizing antibody in younger and older healthy adults in a phase I clinical trialJ Infect Dis2011203101396140421398392
- KaiserJOutbreak pattern stymies vaccine workScience20123376098103022936749