The role of tumor necrosis factor-receptors in pregnancy with normal and adverse outcome

References

• Mosmann TR, Sad S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today. 1996;17(3):138–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coffman RL, Romagnani S. Redirection of Th1 and Th2 Responses. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Wegmann TG, Lin H, Guilbert L, Mosmann TR. Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today. 1993;14(7):353–356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilczynski JR. Th1/Th2 cytokines balance – yin and yang of reproductive immunology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;122(2):136–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghupathy R. Pregnancy: success and failure within the Th1/Th2/Th3 paradigm. Semin Immunol. 2001;13(4):219–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouat G. The Th1/Th2 paradigm: still important in pregnancy? Semin Immunopathol. 2007;29(2):95–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks GP, Studena K, Sargent K, Redman CW Normal pregnancy and preeclampsia both produce inflammatory changes in peripheral blood leukocytes akin to those of sepsis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(1):80–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirwan JP, Hauguel-De Mouzon S, Lepercq J, et al. TNF-alpha is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy. Diabetes. 2002;51(7):2207–2213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider S, Knofler M. Human tumour necrosis factor: physiological and pathological roles in placenta and endometrium. Placenta. 2009;30(2):111–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terranova PF, Hunter VJ, Roby KF, Hunt JS. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the female reproductive tract. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1995;209(4):325–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohmann HP, Remy R, Brockhaus M, van Loon AP. Two different cell types have different major receptors for human tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha). J Biol Chem. 1989;264(25):14927–14934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockhaus M, Schoenfeld HJ, Schlaeger EJ, Hunziker W, Lesslauer W, Loetscher H. Identification of two types of tumor necrosis factor receptors on human cell lines by monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(8):3127–3131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeuwenberg JF, van Tits LJ, Jeunhomme TM, Buurman WA. Evidence for exclusive role in signalling of tumour necrosis factor p55 receptor and a potentiating function of p75 receptor on human endothelial cells. Cytokine. 1995;7(5):457–462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigda J, Beletsky I, Brakebusch C, et al. Dual role of the p75 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor in TNF cytotoxicity. J Exp Med. 1994;180(2):445–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenabeele P, Declercq W, Beyaert R, Fiers W. Two tumour necrosis factor receptors: structure and function. Trends Cell Biol. 1995;5(10):392–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grell M, Douni E, Wajant H, et al. The transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor is the prime activating ligand of the 80 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell. 1995;83(5):793–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong GH, Tartaglia LA, Lee MS, Goeddel DV. Antiviral activity of tumor necrosis factor is signaled through the 55-kDa type I TNF receptor [corrected]. J Immunol. 1992;149(10):3350–3353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley JR. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. J Pathol. 2008;214(2):149–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller RA, Song K, Fan N, Chang DJ. The p70 tumor necrosis factor receptor mediates cytotoxicity. Cell. 1992;70(1):47–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbara JA, Smith WB, Gamble JR, et al. Dissociation of TNF-alpha cytotoxic and proinflammatory activities by p55 receptor- and p75 receptor-selective TNF-alpha mutants. EMBO J. 1994;13(4):843–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Botran R. Soluble cytokine receptors: their role in immunoregulation. FASEB J. 1991;5(11):2567–2574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black RA, Rauch CT, Kozlosky CJ, et al. A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells. Nature. 1997;385(6618):729–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van O, X, Tavernier J, Fiers W Structure-activity studies of human tumour necrosis factors. Protein Eng. 1994;7(1):5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Bemelmans MH, Gouma DJ, Buurman WA. LPS-induced sTNF-receptor release in vivo in a murine model. Investigation of the role of tumor necrosis factor, IL-1, leukemia inhibiting factor, and IFN-gamma. J Immunol. 1993;151(10):5554–5562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott MF, Aksentijevich I, Galon J, et al. Germline mutations in the extracellular domains of the 55 kDa TNF receptor, TNFR1, define a family of dominantly inherited autoinflammatory syndromes. Cell. 1999;97(1):133–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HL, Yang YP, Hu XL, Yelavarthi KK, Fishback JL, Hunt JS. Tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA and protein are present in human placental and uterine cells at early and late stages of gestation. Am J Pathol. 1991;139(2):327–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt JS, Chen HL, Hu XL, Tabibzadeh S. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in human endometrium. Biol Reprod. 1992;47(1):141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt JS, Chen HL, Miller L. Tumor necrosis factors : pivotal components of pregnancy? Biol Reprod. 1996;54(3):554–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vince G, Shorter S, Starkey P, et al. Localization of tumour necrosis factor production in cells at the materno/fetal interface in human pregnancy. Clin Exp Immunol. 1992;88(1):174–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokhi PP, King A, Sharkey AM, Smith SK, Loke YW. Screening for cytokine messenger ribonucleic acids in purified human decidual lymphocyte populations by the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Immunol. 1994;153(10):4427–4435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabibzadeh S. Ubiquitous expression of TNF-alpha/cachectin immunoreactivity in human endometrium. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1991;26(1):1^.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokhi PP, King A, Loke YW. Cytokine production and cytokine receptor expression by cells of the human first trimester placental-uterine interface. Cytokine. 1997;9(2):126–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson C, Hummerdal P, Matthiesen L, Berg G, Ekerfelt C, Ernerudh J. Cytokine secretion in decidual mononuclear cells from term human pregnancy with or without labour: ELISPOT detection of IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta and TNF-alpha. J Reprod Immunol. 2006;71(1):41–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Velez DR, Morgan N, Lombardi SJ, Fortunato SJ, Williams SM. Genetic regulation of amniotic fluid TNF-alpha and soluble TNF receptor concentrations affected by race and preterm birth. Hum Genet. 2008;124(3):243–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow SS, Craig ME, Jones CA, et al. Differences in amniotic fluid and maternal serum cytokine levels in early midtrimester women without evidence of infection. Cytokine. 2008;44(1):78–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Thorsen P, Vogel I, et al. Racial disparity in amniotic fluid concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble TNF receptors in spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(5):533–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomakos N, Daskalakis G, Papapanagiotou A, Papantoniou N, Mesogitis S, Antsaklis A. Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha at mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis: relationship to intra-amniotic microbial invasion and preterm delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;148(2):147–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi M, Ueda Y, Yamaguchi T, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the placenta is not elevated in pre-eclamptic patients despite its elevation in peripheral blood. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2005;53(3):113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opsjon SL, Novick D, Wathen NC, Cope AP, Wallach D, Aderka D. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors and soluble interleukin-6 receptor in fetal and maternal sera, coelomic and amniotic fluids in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. J Reprod Immunol. 1995;29(2):119–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaltonen R, Heikkinen T, Hakala K, Laine K, Alanen A. Transfer of proinflammatory cytokines across term placenta. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(4):802–807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaattela M, Kuusela P, Saksela E. Demonstration of tumor necrosis factor in human amniotic fluids and supernatants of placental and decidual tissues. Lab Invest. 1988;58(1):48–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt JS. Expression and regulation of the tumour necrosis factoralpha gene in the female reproductive tract. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1993;5(2):141–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King A, Jokhi PP, Smith SK, Sharkey AM, Loke YW. Screening for cytokine mRNA in human villous and extravillous trophoblasts using the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cytokine. 1995;7(4):364–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Yelavarthi KK, Chen HL, Pace JL, Terranova PF, Hunt JS. Molecular, biochemical, and functional characteristics of tumor necrosis factor-alpha produced by human placental cytotrophoblastic cells. J Immunol. 1993;150(12):5614–5624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Matsuzaki N, Masuhiro K, et al. Trophoblast-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces release of human chorionic gonadotropin using interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6-receptor-dependent system in the normal human trophoblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74(1):184–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosens JJ, Pijnenborg R, Brosens IA. The myometrial junctional zone spiral arteries in normal and abnormal pregnancies: a review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(5):1416–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hering L, Herse F, Verlohren S, et al. Trophoblasts reduce the vascular smooth muscle cell proatherogenic response. Hypertension. 2008;51(2):554–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knofler M, Mosl B, Bauer S, Griesinger G, Husslein P. TNF-alpha/ TNFRI in primary and immortalized first trimester cytotrophoblasts. Placenta. 2000;21(5–6):525–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yelavarthi KK, Hunt JS. Analysis of p60 and p80 tumor necrosis factoralpha receptor messenger RNA and protein in human placentas. Am J Pathol. 1993;143(4):1131–1141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austgulen R, Espevik T, Mecsei R, Scott H. Expression of receptors for tumor necrosis factor in human placenta at term. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1992;71(6):417–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford MS, Schook LB. Differential immunocompetence of macrophages derived using macrophage or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Leukoc Biol. 1992;51(1):69–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renaud SJ, Sullivan R, Graham CH. Tumour necrosis factor alpha stimulates the production of monocyte chemoattractants by extravillous trophoblast cells via differential activation of MAPK pathways. Placenta. 2009;30(4):313–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denney JM, Nelson EL, Wadhwa PD, et al. Longitudinal modulation of immune system cytokine profile during pregnancy. Cytokine. 2010;53(2):170–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aris A, Lambert F, Bessette P, Moutquin JM. Maternal circulating interferon-gamma and interleukin-6 as biomarkers of Th1/Th2 immune status throughout pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008;34(1):7–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckmann I, Visser W, Struijk PC, van Dooren M, Glavimans J, Wallenburg HC. Circulating bioactive tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors, fibronectin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inducible cell adhesion molecule VCAM-1 in uncomplicated pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177(5):1247–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung TH, Charnock-Jones DS, Skepper JN, Burton GJ. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human placental tissues induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation causes endothelial cell activation in vitro: a potential mediator of the inflammatory response in preeclampsia. Am J Pathol 2004;164(3):1049–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pijnenborg R, McLaughlin PJ, Vercruysse L, et al. Immunolocalization of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the placental bed of normotensive and hypertensive human pregnancies. Placenta. 1998;19(4):231–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yui J, Hemmings D, Garcia-Lloret M, Guilbert LJ. Expression of the human p55 and p75 tumor necrosis factor receptors in primary villous trophoblasts and their role in cytotoxic signal transduction. Biol Reprod. 1996;55(2):400–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austgulen R, Liabakk NB, Brockhaus M, Espevik T. Soluble TNF receptors in amniotic fluid and in urine from pregnant women. J Reprod Immunol. 1992;22(2):105–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knofler M, Stenzel M, Husslein P. Shedding of tumour necrosis factor receptors from purified villous term trophoblasts and cytotrophoblastic BeWo cells. Hum Reprod. 1998;13(8):2308–2316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce DA, Gibbons DP, Green P, Steer JH, Feldmann M, Brennan FM. Two inhibitors of pro-inflammatory cytokine release, interleukin-10 and interleukin-4, have contrasting effects on release of soluble p75 tumor necrosis factor receptor by cultured monocytes. Eur J Immunol. 1994;24(11):2699–2705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pressman EK, Thornburg LL, Glantz JC, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants in midtrimester amniotic fluid: correlation with pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(2):155–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler B, Grau GE. Tumor necrosis factor in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Crit Care Med. 1993;21(Suppl 10):S423–S435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederkorn JY. See no evil, hear no evil, do no evil: the lessons of immune privilege. Nat Immunol. 2006;7(4):354–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaarawy M, Nagui AR. Enhanced expression of cytokines may play a fundamental role in the mechanisms of immunologically mediated recurrent spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1997;76(3):205–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernyshov VP, Vodyanik MA, Pisareva SP. Lack of soluble TNF-receptors in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion and possibility for its correction. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2005;54(5):284–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winger EE, Reed JL. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and intravenous immunoglobulin improves live birth rates in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2008;60(1):8–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arck P, Dietl J, Clark D. From the decidual cell internet: trophoblast-recognizing T cells. Biol Reprod. 1999;60(2):227–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faye A, Pornprasert S, Dolcini G, et al. Evaluation of the placental environment with a new in vitro model of histocultures of early and term placentae: determination of cytokine and chemokine expression profiles. Placenta. 2005;26(2–3):262–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpentier PA, Dingman AL, Palmer TD. Placental TNF-alpha signaling in illness-induced complications of pregnancy. Am J Pathol. 2011;178(6):2802–2810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota Y, Cha J, Dey SK. Revisiting reproduction: Prematurity and the puzzle of progesterone resistance. Nat Med. 2010;16(5):529–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YM, Chaiworapongsa T, Gomez R, et al. Failure of physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries in the placental bed in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(5):1137–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung TH, Burton GJ. Hypoxia and reoxygenation: a possible mechanism for placental oxidative stress in preeclampsia. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;45(3):189–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christiaens I, Zaragoza DB, Guilbert L, Robertson SA, Mitchell BF, Olson DM. Inflammatory processes in preterm and term parturition. J Reprod Immunol. 2008;79(1):50–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley DJ. Immunoendocrinology of preterm labor: the link between corticotropin-releasing hormone and inflammation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(1 Pt 3):S251–S256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulug U, Goldman S, Ben-Shlomo I, Shalev E. Matrix metallo-proteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitor, TIMP-1, in human term decidua and fetal membranes: the effect of prostaglandin F(2alpha) and indomethacin. Mol Hum Reprod. 2001;7(12):1187–1193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsson B, Mattsby-Baltzer I, Andersch B, et al. Microbial invasion and cytokine response in amniotic fluid in a Swedish population of women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003;82(5):423–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shobokshi A, Shaarawy M. Maternal serum and amniotic fluid cytokines in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes with and without intrauterine infection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;79(3):209–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Swan KF, Lyden TW, Rote NS, Fortunato SJ. Expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6) in amniochorionic membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172(2 Pt 1):493–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortunato SJ, Menon R, Lombardi SJ. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the premature rupture of membranes and preterm labor pathways. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(5):1159–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Lombardi SJ, Fortunato SJ. TNF-alpha promotes caspase activation and apoptosis in human fetal membranes. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2002;19(4):201–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo G, Abrahams VM, Tadesse S, et al. Progesterone inhibits basal and TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in fetal membranes: a novel mechanism to explain progesterone-mediated prevention of preterm birth. Reprod Sci. 2010;17(6):532–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xaus J, Comalada M, Valledor AF, et al. LPS induces apoptosis in macrophages mostly through the autocrine production of TNF-alpha. Blood. 2000;95(12):3823–3831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keelan JA, Khan S, Yosaatmadja F, Mitchell MD. Prevention of inflammatory activation of human gestational membranes in an ex vivo model using a pharmacological NF-kappaB inhibitor. J Immunol. 2009;183(8):5270–5278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Manogue KR, Mitchell MD, et al. Infection and labor. IV Cachectin-tumor necrosis factor in the amniotic fluid of women with intraamniotic infection and preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161(2):336–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, et al. The preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG. 2006;113 Suppl 3:17–42.
   Google Scholar
• Casey ML, Cox SM, Word RA, MacDonald PC. Cytokines and infection-induced preterm labour. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1990;2(5):499–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortunato SJ, Menon R, Swan KF. Expression of TNF-alpha and TNFR p55 in cultured amniochorion. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1994;32(3):188–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Avila C, Santhanam U, Sehgal PB. Amniotic fluid interleukin 6 in preterm labor. Association with infection. J Clin Invest. 1990;85(5):1392–1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier SL, Witkin SS, Krohn MA, Watts DH, Kiviat NB, Eschenbach DA. The relationship of amniotic fluid cytokines and preterm delivery, amniotic fluid infection, histologic chorioamnionitis, and chorioamnion infection. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;81(6):941–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houben ML, Nikkels PG, van Bleek GM, et al. The association between intrauterine inflammation and spontaneous vaginal delivery at term: a cross-sectional study. PloS One. 2009;4(8):e6572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojeda OM, Silva CV, de JAR, Fernandez-Ortega C. TNFalpha produc – tion in whole blood cultures from healthy individuals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;292(2):538–541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Mazor M, Sepulveda W, Avila C, Copeland D, Williams J. Tumor necrosis factor in preterm and term labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166(5):1576–1587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maymon E, Ghezzi F, Edwin SS, et al. The tumor necrosis factor alpha and its soluble receptor profile in term and preterm parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(5 Pt 1):1142–1148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortunato SJ, Menon R. Distinct molecular events suggest different pathways for preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184(7):1399–1405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Mazor M. Infection and preterm labor. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1988;31(3):553–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaga-Clavellina V Garcia-Lopez G, Flores-Herrera H, et al. In vitro secretion profiles of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF alpha after selective infection with Escherichia coli in human fetal membranes. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007;5:46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Kuivaniemi H, Tromp G. Bacterial vaginosis, the inflammatory response and the risk of preterm birth: a role for genetic epidemiology in the prevention of preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(6):1509–1519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Bastawissi AY, Williams MA, Riley DE, Hitti J, Krieger JN. Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and preterm delivery: a review. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95(6 Pt 2):1056–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon BH, Romero R, Moon JB, et al. Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(5):1130–1136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadowsky DW, Adams KM, Gravett MG, Witkin SS, Novy MJ. Preterm labor is induced by intraamniotic infusions of interleukin- 1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not by interleukin-6 or interleukin-8 in a nonhuman primate model. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(6):1578–1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappas M, Permezel M, Rice GE. Advanced glycation endproducts mediate pro-inflammatory actions in human gestational tissues via nuclear factor-kappaB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. J Endocrinol. 2007;193(2):269–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar M, Romero R, Hertelendy F. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor stimulate arachidonic acid release and phospholipid metabolism in human myometrial cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169(4):825–829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenstrom KD, Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Goldenberg RL, DuBard MB, Cliver SP Elevated second-trimester amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels predict preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178(3):546–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goepfert AR, Goldenberg RL, Andrews WW, et al. The Preterm Prediction Study: association between cervical interleukin 6 concentration and spontaneous preterm birth. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184(3):483–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genc MR, Witkin SS, Delaney ML, et al. A disproportionate increase in IL-1beta over IL-1ra in the cervicovaginal secretions of pregnant women with altered vaginal microflora correlates with preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(5):1191–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargano JW, Holzman C, Senagore P, et al. Mid-pregnancy circulating cytokine levels, histologic chorioamnionitis and spontaneous preterm birth. J Reprod Immunol. 2008;79(1):100–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Shazly S, Makhseed M, Azizieh F, Raghupathy R. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in placentas of women undergoing spontaneous preterm delivery or premature rupture of membranes. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2004;52(1):45–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzman C, Lin X, Senagore P, Chung H. Histologic chorioam-nionitis and preterm delivery. Am J Epidemiol. October 1, 2007;166(7):786–794.
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg RL, Iams JD, Mercer BM, et al. The Preterm Prediction Study: toward a multiple-marker test for spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(3):643–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry AE, Vogel I, Skogstrand K, et al. Maternal plasma cytokines in early- and mid-gestation of normal human pregnancy and their association with maternal factors. J Reprod Immunol. 2008;77(2):152–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry AE, Vogel I, Drews C, et al. Mid-pregnancy maternal plasma levels of interleukin 2, 6, and 12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and spontaneous preterm delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(9):1103–1110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahar AM, Ghalib HW, Moosa RA, Zaki ZM, Thomas C, Nabri OA. Maternal serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factoralpha and interferon-gamma in preterm labor. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003;82(6):543–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltier MR. Immunology of term and preterm labor. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2003;1:122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baggia S, Gravett MG, Witkin SS, Haluska GJ, Novy MJ. Interleukin-1 beta intra-amniotic infusion induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin production, and preterm contractions in pregnant rhesus monkeys. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 1996;3(3):121–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver RM, Lohner WS, Daynes RA, Mitchell MD, Branch DW. Lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal death: the role of tumor-necrosis factor alpha. Biol Reprod. 1994;50(5):1108–1112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmgren C, Esplin MS, Hamblin S, Molenda M, Simonsen S, Silver R. Evaluation of the use of anti-TNF-alpha in an LPS-induced murine model. J Reprod Immunol. 2008;78(2):134–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Merialdi M, Betran AP, et al. Analysis of association between maternal tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism (-308), tumor necrosis factor concentration, and preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(5):1240–1248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macones GA, Parry S, Elkousy M, Clothier B, Ural SH, Strauss JF, III. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and bacterial vaginosis: preliminary evidence of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(6):1504–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amory JH, Hitti J, Lawler R, Eschenbach DA. Increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha production after lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood in patients with previous preterm delivery complicated by intra-amniotic infection or inflammation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(5):1064–1067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltier MR, Faux DS, Hamblin SD, Silver RM, Esplin MS. Cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women with a history of preterm birth. J Reprod Immunol. 2010;84(1):111–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Thorsen P, Vogel I, Jacobsson B, Williams SM, Fortunato SJ. Increased bioavailability of TNF-alpha in African Americans during in vitro infection: predisposing evidence for immune imbalance. Placenta. 2007;28(8–9):946–950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy P, Slack JL, Davis R, et al. Functional analysis of the domain structure of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(19):14608–14614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzoni F, Beutler B. The tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor families. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(26):1717–1725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley CA, Rouhani FN, Kaler M, Adamik B, Hawari FI, Levine SJ. Amino-terminal TACE prodomain attenuates TNFR2 cleavage independently of the cysteine switch. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;288(6):L1132–L1138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortunato SJ, Lombardi SJ, Menon R. Racial disparity in membrane response to infectious stimuli: a possible explanation for observed differences in the incidence of prematurity. Community Award Paper. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(6):1557–1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon R, Velez DR, Thorsen P, et al. Ethnic differences in key candidate genes for spontaneous preterm birth: TNF-alpha and its receptors. Hum Hered. 2006;62(2):107–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore S, Ide M, Randhawa M, Walker JJ, Reid JG, Simpson NA. An investigation into the association among preterm birth, cytokine gene polymorphisms and periodontal disease. BJOG. 2004;111(2):125–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velez DR, Fortunato SJ, Morgan N, et al. Patterns of cytokine profiles differ with pregnancy outcome and ethnicity. Hum Reprod. 2008;23(8):1902–1909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velez DR, Menon R, Thorsen P, et al. Ethnic differences in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL6 receptor genes in spontaneous preterm birth and effects on amniotic fluid protein levels. Ann Hum Genet. 2007;71(Pt 5):586–600.
   Google Scholar
• Jones NM, Holzman C, Friderici KH, et al. Interplay of cytokine polymorphisms and bacterial vaginosis in the etiology of preterm delivery. J Reprod Immunol. 2010;87(1–2):82–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturm-Ramirez K, Gaye-Diallo A, Eisen G, Mboup S, Kanki PJ. High levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin- 1beta in bacterial vaginosis may increase susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 2000;182(2):467–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges SR, Barrientes F, Desmond RA, Schwebke JR. Local and systemic cytokine levels in relation to changes in vaginal flora. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(4):556–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oner C, Schatz F, Kizilay G et al. Progestin-inflammatory cytokine interactions affect matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 expression in term decidual cells: implications for treatment of chorioamnionitis-induced preterm delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(1):252–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arechavaleta-Velasco F, Ogando D, Parry S, Vadillo-Ortega F. Production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human amnion occurs through an autocrine and paracrine proin-flammatory cytokine-dependent system. Biol Reprod. 2002;67(6):1952–1958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesin M, Cunningham-Rundles S. Cytokines and neonates. Am J Perinatol. 2000;17(8):393–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keelan JA, Blumenstein M, Helliwell RJ, Sato TA, Marvin KW, Mitchell MD. Cytokines, prostaglandins and parturition – a review. Placenta. 2003;24 Suppl A:S33-S46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagberg H, Mallard C, Jacobsson B. Role of cytokines in preterm labour and brain injury. BJOG. 2005;112 Suppl 1:16–18.
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg RL, Goepfert AR, Ramsey PS. Biochemical markers for the prediction of preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(5 Suppl):S36–S46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JS, Park CW, Lockwood CJ, Norwitz ER. Role of cytokines in preterm labor and birth. Minerva Ginecol. 2005;57(4):349–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spong CY, Scherer DM, Ghidini A, Pezzullo JC, Salafia CM, Eglinton GS. Midtrimester amniotic fluid tumor necrosis factoralpha does not predict small-for-gestational-age infants. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1997;37(3):236–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn-Zoric M, Hagberg H, Kjellmer I, Ellis J, Wennergren M, Hanson LA. Aberrations in placental cytokine mRNA related to intrauterine growth retardation. PediatrRes. 2002;51(2):201–206.
   Google Scholar
• Huang HC, Wang CL, Huang LT, et al. Association of cord blood cytokines with prematurity and cerebral palsy. Early Hum Dev. 2004;77(1–2):29–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neta GI, von Ehrenstein OS, Goldman LR, et al. Umbilical cord serum cytokine levels and risks of small-for-gestational-age and preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(8):859–867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman CW, Sargent IL. Immunology of pre-eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63(6):534–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusterholz C, Hahn S, Holzgreve W. Role of placentally produced inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in pregnancy and the etiology of preeclampsia. Semin Immunopathol. 2007;29(2):151–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vural P, Degirmencioglu S, Saral NY, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 polymorphisms in preeclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010;36(1):64–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthiesen L, Berg G, Ernerudh J, Ekerfelt C, Jonsson Y, Sharma S. Immunology of preeclampsia. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2005;89:49–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonsson Y, Matthiesen L, Berg G, Ernerudh J, Nieminen K, Ekerfelt C. Indications of an altered immune balance in preeclampsia: a decrease in in vitro secretion of IL-5 and IL-10 from blood mononuclear cells and in blood basophil counts compared with normal pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol. 2005;66(1):69–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupferminc MJ, Peaceman AM, Wigton TR, Tamura RK, Rehnberg KA, Socol ML. Immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor-alpha is elevated in maternal plasma but undetected in amniotic fluid in the second trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171(4):976–979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson Y, Ruber M, Matthiesen L, et al. Cytokine mapping of sera from women with preeclampsia and normal pregnancies. J Reprod Immunol. 2006;70(1–2):83–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vince GS, Starkey PM, Austgulen R, Kwiatkowski D, Redman CW. Interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors in women with pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;102(1):20–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mansouri R, Akbari F, Vodjgani M, Mahboudi F, Kalantar F, Mirahmadian M. Serum cytokines profiles in Iranian patients with preeclampsia. Iran J Immunol. 2007;4(3):179–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tosun M, Celik H, Avci B, Yavuz E, Alper T, Malatyalioglu E. Maternal and umbilical serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(8):880–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams MA, Farrand A, Mittendorf R, et al. Maternal second trimester serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha-soluble receptor p55 (sTNFp55) and subsequent risk of preeclampsia. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(4):323–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal AM, Poon LC, Frisova V, Veduta A, Nicolaides KH. First-trimester maternal serum tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 and pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;33(2):135–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauniaux E, Poston L, Burton GJ. Placental-related diseases of pregnancy: Involvement of oxidative stress and implications in human evolution. Hum Reprod Update. 2006;12(6):747–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffett-King A. Natural killer cells and pregnancy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2(9):656–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szekeres-Bartho J. Regulation of NK cell cytotoxicity during pregnancy. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;16(2):211–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisser A, Chardonnens D, Campana A, Bischof P. Effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha, macrophage colony stimulating factor and transforming growth factor beta on trophoblastic matrix metalloproteinases. Mol Hum Reprod. 1999;5(3):252–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth I, Fisher SJ. IL-10 is an autocrine inhibitor of human placental cytotrophoblast MMP-9 production and invasion. Dev Biol. 1999;205(1):194–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lash GE, Otun HA, Innes BA, Bulmer JN, Searle RF, Robson SC. Inhibition of trophoblast cell invasion by TGFB1, 2, and 3 is associated with a decrease in active proteases. Biol Reprod. 2005;73(2):374–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leisser C, Saleh L, Haider S, Husslein H, Sonderegger S, Knofler M. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha impairs chorionic gonadotrophin betasubunit expression and cell fusion of human villous cytotrophoblast. Mol Hum Reprod. 2006;12(10):601–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otun HA, Lash GE, Innes BA, et al. Effect of tumour necrosis factoralpha in combination with interferon-gamma on first trimester extravillous trophoblast invasion. J Reprod Immunol. 2011;88(1):1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munno I, Chiechi LM, Lacedra G, et al. Spontaneous and induced release of prostaglandins, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by placental tissue from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1999;42(6):369–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinehart BK, Terrone DA, Lagoo-Deenadayalan S, et al. Expression of the placental cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1beta, and interleukin 10 is increased in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(4):915–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer S, Pollheimer J, Hartmann J, Husslein P, Aplin JD, Knofler M. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits trophoblast migration through elevation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in first-trimester villous explant cultures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(2):812–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renaud SJ, Postovit LM, Macdonald-Goodfellow SK, McDonald GT, Caldwell JD, Graham CH. Activated macrophages inhibit human cytotrophoblast invasiveness in vitro. Biol Reprod. 2005;73(2):237–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malek A, Sager R, Schneider H. Effect of hypoxia, oxidative stress and lipopolysaccharides on the release of prostaglandins and cytokines from human term placental explants. Placenta. 2001;22 Suppl A: S45-S50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Lloret MI, Winkler-Lowen B, Guilbert LJ. Monocytes adhering by LFA-1 to placental syncytiotrophoblasts induce local apoptosis via release of TNF-alpha. A model for hematogenous initiation of placental inflammations. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;68(6):903–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seki H, Matuoka K, Inooku H, Takeda S. TNF-alpha from monocyte of patients with pre-eclampsia-induced apoptosis in human trophoblast cell line. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2007;33(4):408–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valencia X, Stephens G, Goldbach-Mansky R, Wilson M, Shevach EM, Lipsky PE. TNF downmodulates the function of human CD4+CD25hi T-regulatory cells. Blood. 2006;108(1):253–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenclussen AC, Gerlof K, Zenclussen ML, et al. Regulatory T cells induce a privileged tolerant microenvironment at the fetal-maternal interface. Eur J Immunol. 2006;36(1):82–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman CW, Sargent IL. Pre-eclampsia, the placenta and the maternal systemic inflammatory response – a review. Placenta. 2003;24 Suppl A: S21-S27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie F, Hu Y, Turvey SE, et al. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and the cryopyrin inflammasome in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2010;117(1):99–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortaz E, Redegeld FA, Nijkamp FP, Wong HR, Engels F. Acetylsalicylic acid-induced release of HSP70 from mast cells results in cell activation through TLR pathway. Exp Hematol. 2006;34(1):8–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie F, Turvey SE, Williams MA, Mor G, von DP. Toll-like receptor signaling and pre-eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63(1):7–16.
   Google Scholar
• Xie F, Hu Y, Speert DP, et al. Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms and preeclampsia risk: a case-control study and data synthesis. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2010;29(4):390–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer IA, Lyall F, Perera T, Boswell F, Macara LM. Increased concentrations of cytokines interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in plasma of women with preeclampsia: a mechanism for endothelial dysfunction? Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(6):937–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard SE, Min JY, Merchan J, et al. Excess placental soluble fms- like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(5):649–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine RJ, Karumanchi SA. Circulating angiogenic factors in preeclampsia. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;48(2):372–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groten T, Kreienberg R, Fialka I, Huber L, Wedlich D. Altered subcellular distribution of cadherin-5 in endothelial cells caused by the serum of pre-eclamptic patients. Mol Hum Reprod. 2000;6(11):1027–1032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMarca B, Wallace K, Granger J. Role of angiotensin II type I receptor agonistic autoantibodies (AT1-AA) in preeclampsia. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2011;11(2):175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarca B. The role of immune activation in contributing to vascular dysfunction and the pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia. Minerva Ginecol. 2010;62(2):105–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tranquilli AL, Landi B, Corradetti A, et al. Inflammatory cytokines patterns in the placenta of pregnancies complicated by HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme, and low platelet) syndrome. Cytokine. 2007;40(2):82–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaMarca BD, Chandler DL, Grubbs L, et al. Role of sex steroids in modulating tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced changes in vascular function and blood pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(11):1216–1221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman CW, Sargent IL. Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science. 2005;308(5728):1592–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace K, Richards S, Dhillon P, et al. CD4+ T-helper cells stimulated in response to placental ischemia mediate hypertension during pregnancy. Hypertension. 2011;57(5):949–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusse LM, Rios DR, Pinheiro MB, Cooper AJ, Lwaleed BA. Pre-eclampsia: relationship between coagulation, fibrinolysis and inflammation. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412(1–2):17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiens A, Venson R, Correr CJ, Otuki MF, Pontarolo R. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30(4):339–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TW, Fedorak RN. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: clinical practice pharmacology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010;39(3):543–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimm M, Lazariotou M, Kircher S, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is associated with positive lymph node status in patients with recurrence of colorectal cancer – indications for anti-TNF-alpha agents in cancer treatment. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Toussirot E, Streit G, Wendling D. Infectious complications with anti-TNFalpha therapy in rheumatic diseases: a review. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2007;1(1):39–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roux CH, Brocq O, Breuil V, Albert C, Euller-Ziegler L. Pregnancy in rheumatology patients exposed to anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(4):695–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers CD, Johnson DL, Jones KL, The OTIS Collaborative Research Group. Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to Anti-TNF- alpha medication: the OTIS rheumatoid arthritis in pregnancy study. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2004:50(90).
   Google Scholar
• Wibaux C, Andrei I, Paccou J, et al. Pregnancy during TNFalpha antagonist therapy: beware the rifampin-oral contraceptive interaction. Report of two cases. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77(3):268–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali YM, Kuriya B, Orozco C, Cush JJ, Keystone EC. Can tumor necrosis factor inhibitors be safely used in pregnancy? J Rheumatol. 2010;37(1):9–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter JD, Ladhani A, Ricca LR, Valeriano J, Vasey FB. A safety assessment of tumor necrosis factor antagonists during pregnancy: a review of the Food and Drug Administration database. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(3):635–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osting VC, Carter JD. A safety assessment of tumor necrosis factor antagonists during pregnancy. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010;9(3):421–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winger EE, Reed JL, Ashoush S, Ahuja S, El-Toukhy T, Taranissi M. Treatment with adalimumab (Humira) and intravenous immunoglobulin improves pregnancy rates in women undergoing IVF. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2009;61(2):113–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadkarni S, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy induces a distinct regulatory T cell population in patients with rheumatoid arthritis via TGF-beta. J Exp Med. 2007;204(1):33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark DA. Should anti-TNF-alpha therapy be offered to patients with infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion? Am J Reprod Immunol. 2009;61(2):107–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark DA. Anti-TNFalpha therapy in immune-mediated subfertility: state of the art. J Reprod Immunol. 2010;85(1):15–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladino MA, Bahjat FR, Theodorakis EA, Moldawer LL. Anti-TNF-alpha therapies: the next generation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2(9):736–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacEwan DJ. TNF receptor subtype signalling: differences and cellular consequences. Cell Signal. 2002;14(6):477–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calleja-Agius J, Muttukrishna S, Pizzey AR, Jauniaux E. Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in threatened miscarriages. Am J Obstet Gynecol. In press. 2011.
   Google Scholar