Facing acid–base disorders in the third millennium – the Stewart approach revisited

References

• KellumJADisorders of acid-base balanceCrit Care Med200735112630263617893626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GattinoniLForewordKellumJAElbersPWStewart’s Textbook of Acid-Base2nd edAmsterdamPW Elbers and AcidBase.org20092123
   Google Scholar
• DriscollPBrownTGwinnuttCWardleTA Simple Guide to Blood Gas AnalysisLondonBMJ Publishing Group1997
   Google Scholar
• StoryDAMorimatsuHBellomoRStrong ions, weak acids and base excess: a simplified Fencl-Stewart approach to clinical acid-base disordersBr J Anaesth2004921546014665553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorwoodJPocket Oxford Latin DictionaryOxfordOxford University Press1994
   Google Scholar
• AstrupPSeveringhausJWThe History of Blood Gases, Acids and BasesCopenhagenMunksgaard1986
   Google Scholar
• KassirerJHistorical perspectivesCohenJJKassirerJPAcid-BaseBostonLittle, Brown1982449464
   Google Scholar
• RelmanASWhat are acids and bases?Am J Med195417443543713197407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siggaard-AndersenOThe Acid-Base Status of Blood4th edCopenhagenMunksgaard1974
   Google Scholar
• StoryDABench-to-bedside review: a brief history of clinical acid-baseCrit Care20048425325815312207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HendersonLJThe theory of neutrality regulation in the animal organismAm J Physiol190821427448
   Google Scholar
• Van SlykeDDA survey of the history of acid-base fieldWintersRWThe Body Fluids in PaediatricsBostonLittle, Brown1973322
   Google Scholar
• SeveringhausJWAstrupPHistory of blood gas analysisInt Anesth Clin1987251224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SingerRBHastingsABAn improved clinical method for the estimation of disturbances of the acid-base balance of human bloodMedicine (Baltimore)194827222324218868281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AstrupPJorgensenKSiggaard-AndersenOEngelKAcid-base metabolism. A new approachLancet1960171331035103913794904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siggaard-AndersenOEngelKJorgensenKAstrupPA Micro method for determination of pH, carbon dioxide tension, base excess and standard bicarbonate in capillary bloodScand J Clin Lab Invest19601217217613683155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DurwardAMurdochIUnderstanding acid–base balancePaed Child Care200313513519
   Google Scholar
• SchwartzWBRelmanASA critique of the parameters used in the evaluation of acid-base disorders. “Whole-blood buffer base” and “standard bicarbonate” compared with blood pH and plasma bicarbonate concentrationN Eng J Med196326813821388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NeliganJPDeutschmanCSAcid Base Balance in Critical Care MedicinePhiladelphia, PADepartment of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania2005 Available from: http://www.ccmtutorials.com/renal/Acid%20Base%20Balance%20in%20Critical%20Care%20Medicine-NELIGAN.pdfAccessed September 23, 2012
   Google Scholar
• Siggaard-AndersenOThe van Slyke equationScand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl197737152013478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EmmettMNairnsRGClinical use of anion gapMedicine (Baltimore)19775613854401925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LautretteAFejjalMAithssainAComparison of three methods of diagnosis of plasma unmeasured anions in critically ill patientsMinerva Anestesiol201379101164117223752715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SirkerAARhodesAGroundsRMBennettEDAcid-base physiology: the ‘traditional’ and the ‘modern’ approachesAnaesthesia2002574384356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ConstablePDHyperchloremic acidosis: the classic example of strong ion acidosisAnesth Analg200396491992212651634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StewartPAHow to understand modern acid-base balanceA Quantitative Acid-Base Primer for Biology and MedicineNew York, NYElsevier1981
   Google Scholar
• StewartPAModern quantitative acid-base chemistryCan J Physiol Pharmacol19836112144414616423247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StewartPAGoals, definitions and basic principlesKellumJAElbersPWStewart’s Textbook of Acid-Base2nd edAmsterdamPW Elbers and AcidBase.org20093544
   Google Scholar
• KellumJAElbersPWStewart’s Textbook of Acid-Base2nd edAmsterdamPW Elbers and AcidBase.org2009
   Google Scholar
• Siggaard-AndersenOFogh-AndersenNBase excess or buffer base (strong ion difference) as measure of a non-respiratory acid-base disturbanceActa Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl19951071231288599264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ConstablePDA simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: application to horse plasmaJ Appl Physiol (1985)19978312973119216976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoyleMLawrenceJAn easy method of mentally estimating the metabolic component of acid/base balance using the Fencl-Stewart approachAnaesth Intensive Care200331553854714601277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorganTJThe Stewart approach – one clinician’s perspectiveClin Biochem Rev2009302415419565024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JonesNLA quantitative physicochemical approach to acid-base physiologyClin Biochem19902331891952115411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FidkowskiCHelstromJDiagnosing metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: bridging the anion gap, Stewart, and base excess methodsCan J Anesth200956324725619247746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MallatJMichelDSalaunPTheveninDTronchonLDefining metabolic acidosis in patients with septic shock using Stewart approachAm J Emerg Med201230339139821277142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KellumJAClinical review: reunification of acid-base physiologyCrit Care20059550050716277739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaplanLJKellumJAInitial pH, base deficit, lactate, anion gap, strong ion difference, and strong ion gap predict outcome from major vascular injuryCrit Care Med20043251120112415190960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CusackRJRhodesALochheadPThe strong ion gap does not have prognostic value in critically ill patients in a mixed medical/surgical adult ICUIntensive Care Med200228786486912122523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KishenRAcid–base disorders in critical care and emergency medicineDavidSSBrownANelsonBBanerjeeAAnatharamanVTextbook of Emergency MedicineNew DelhiWolters Kluwer201216678
   Google Scholar
• GilfixBMBiqueMNMagderSA physical chemical approach to the analysis of acid-base balance in the clinical settingJ Crit Care1993841871978305955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FenclVJaborAKazdaAFiggeJDiagnosis of metabolic acidosis in critically ill patientsAm J Respir Crit Care Med20001622246225111112147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QuintardHHubertSIchaiCWhat is the contribution of Stewart’s concept in acid-base disorders analysis?Ann Fr Anesth Reanim2007265423433 French17462852
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GuérinCNesmePLerayVQuantitative analysis of acid-base disorders in patients with chronic respiratory failure in stable or unstable respiratory conditionRespir Care2010551114541463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KurtzIKrautJOrnekianVNguyenMKAcid-base analysis: a critique of the Stewart and bicarbonate-centered approachesAm J Physiol Renal Physiol20082945F1009F103118184741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForniLGMcKinnonWLordGATreacherDFPeronJMHiltonPJCirculating anions usually associated with the Krebs cycle in patients with metabolic acidosisCrit Care200595R591R59516277723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HonorePMJoannes-BoyauOBoerWStrong ion gap and outcome after cardiac arrest: another nail in the coffin of traditional acid-base quantificationIntensive Care Med200935218919118853142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HonorePMAcid-base balance: how the Stewart approach might help the clinician at the bedsideHonorePMJoannes-BoyauOSpapenHDTextbook of Renal Replacement Therapy in Critical CareCambridgeCambridge University Pressin press
   Google Scholar
• HonoréPMJoannes-BoyauOBoerWRoseTReal-time non-invasive follow-up of acid-base correction by the kidney: a step closerMinerva Anestesiol201076530730820395889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AgrafiotisMSileliMAmpatzidouFKeklikoglouIPanousisPThe base excess gap is not a valid tool for the quantification of unmeasured ions in cardiac surgical patients: a retrospective observational studyEur J Anaesth20133011678684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar