Hyperglycemia in pregnancy: prevalence, impact, and management challenges

References

• HartlingLDrydenDMGuthrieAMuiseMVandermeerBDonovanLBenefits and harms of treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of ResearchAnn Intern Med2013159212312923712381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BellamyLCasasJ-PHingoraniADWilliamsDType 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysisLancet200937396771773177919465232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShahBRRetnakaranRBoothGLIncreased risk of cardiovascular disease in young women following gestational diabetes mellitusDiabetes Care20083181668166918487472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoneyCMVermaATuckerRVohrBRMetabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitusPediatrics20051153e290e29615741354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LawlorDAFraserALindsayRSAssociation of existing diabetes, gestational diabetes and glycosuria in pregnancy with macrosomia and offspring body mass index, waist and fat mass in later childhood: findings from a prospective pregnancy cohortDiabetologia2010531899719841891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Diabetes Data GroupClassification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intoleranceDiabetes1979281210391057510803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FarrarDFairleyLSantorelliGAssociation between hyperglycaemia and adverse perinatal outcomes in south Asian and white British women: analysis of data from the Born in Bradford cohortLancet Diabetes Endocrinol201531079580426355010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AvalosGEOwensLADunneFATLANTIC DIP CollaboratorsApplying current screening tools for gestational diabetes mellitus to a European population: is it time for change?Diabetes Care201336103040304423757431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FerraraAIncreasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a public health perspectiveDiabetes Care200730suppl 2S141S14617596462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FarrarDMedleyNDuleyLLawlorDDifferent strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant healthCochrane Database Syst Rev20151CD007122.CD007122.pub325604891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and GynecologistsPractice bulletin clinical management guidelines for obstetricians – gynecologistsObstet Gynecol Clin North Am20131222406416
   Google Scholar
• NankervisAMcIntyreHMosesRADIPS Consensus Guidelines for the Testing and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Australia2013 Available from: http://adips.org/downloads/ADIPSConsensusGuidelinesGDM-03.05.13VersionACCEPTEDFINAL.pdfAccessed September 9, 2016
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceDiabetes in Pregnancy: Management from Preconception to the Postnatal Period. NICE clinical guideline NG3National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s HealthLondon2015
   Google Scholar
• FarrarDSimmondsMGriffinSThe identification and treatment of women with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: an analysis of individual participant data, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and an economic evaluation HTAIn press
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes AssociationStandards of medical care in diabetes – 2014Diabetes Care201437suppl 1S14S8024357209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceDiabetes in Pregnancy: Management of Diabetes and Its Complications from Preconception to the Postnatal PeriodLondonNational collaborating centre for Women’s and Children’s Health2015
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationDiagnostic Criteria and Classification of Hyperglycaemia First Detected in PregnancyGenevaWHO2013
   Google Scholar
• HodMKapurASacksDAThe International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and careInt J Gynecol Obstet2015131suppl 3S173S211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus PanelInternational association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancyDiabetes Care201033767668220190296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TieuJMiddletonPMcPheeACrowtherCScreening and subsequent management for gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant healthCochrane Database Syst Rev20107CD00722220614455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAPOMetzgerBELoweLPDyerARHyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomesN Engl J Med2008358191991200218463375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarpenterMWCoustanDRCriteria for screening tests for gestational diabetesAm J Obstet Gynecol198214477687737148898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CrowtherCAHillerJEMossJRAustralian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial GroupEffect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomesN Engl J Med2005352242477248615951574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LandonMBSpongCYThomEEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units NetworkA multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetesN Engl J Med2009361141339134819797280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BainEMiddletonPCrowtherCAProgressing towards standard outcomes in gestational diabetes Cochrane reviews and randomised trialsAust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol201656111311626757351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuariguataLLinnenkampUBeagleyJWhitingDRChoNHGlobal estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancyDiabetes Res Clin Pract2014103217618524300020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CarolanMGillGKSteeleCWomen’s experiences of factors that facilitate or inhibit gestational diabetes self-managementBMC Pregnancy Childbirth201212111222230245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RowanJAHagueWMGaoWBattinMRMooreMPMiG Trial InvestigatorsMetformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetesN Engl J Med2008358192003201518463376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SpaulonciCPBernardesLSTrindadeTCZugaibMFranciscoRPVRandomized trial of metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetesAm J Obstet Gynecol20132091e1e723524173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NiromaneshSAlaviASharbafFRAmjadiNMoosaviSAkbariSMetformin compared with insulin in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trialDiabetes Res Clin Pract201298342242923068960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IjäsHVääräsmäkiMMorin-PapunenLMetformin should be considered in the treatment of gestational diabetes: a prospective randomised studyBJOG2011118788088521083860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AinuddinJKarimNHasanAANaqviSAMetformin versus insulin treatment in gestational diabetes in pregnancy in a developing country. A randomized control trialDiabetes Res Clin Pract2015107229029925467617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HassanJAKarimNSheikhZMetformin prevents macrosomia and neonatal morbidity in gestational diabetesPak J Med Sci2012283384389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BalsellsMGarcía-PattersonASolàIRoquéMGichICorcoyRGlibenclamide, Metformin, and Insulin for the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisBMJ [Journal Article]2015 [cited January 21, 2015]. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/350/bmj.h102.full.pdfAccessed September 9, 2016
   Google Scholar
• HorvathKKochKJeitlerKEffects of treatment in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysisBMJ2010340c139520360215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimCNewtonKKnoppRHGestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic reviewDiabetes Care200225101862186812351492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimCMcEwenLNPietteJDGoeweyJFerraraAWalkerEARisk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitusDiabetes Care20073092281228617575087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCleanSFarrarDKellyCATuffnellDWhitlawDThe importance of glucose tolerance testing after pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetesDiabet Med20102765065420546282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoltRIGColemanMAMcCanceDRThe implications of the new International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetesDiabet Med201128438238521244472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GregoryRSwinnRAWarehamNAn audit of a comprehensive screening programme for diabetes in pregnancyPrac Diabetes Int19981524548
   Google Scholar
• KimCTabaeiBPBurkeRMissed opportunities for type 2 diabetes mellitus screening among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitusAm J Public Health20069691643164816873752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PostonLBellRCrokerHUPBEAT Trial ConsortiumEffect of a behavioural intervention in obese pregnant women (the UPBEAT study): a multicentre, randomised controlled trialLancet Diabetes Endocrinol201531076777726165396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChiswickCReynoldsRMDenisonFEffect of metformin on maternal and fetal outcomes in obese pregnant women (EMPOWaR): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialLancet Diabetes Endocrinol201531077878626165398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KnowlerWCBarrett-ConnorEFowlerSEDiabetes Prevention Program Research GroupReduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metforminN Engl J Med2002346639340311832527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care ExcellenceType 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk. NICE Clinical Guideline ph38National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s HealthLondon2012
   Google Scholar
• World Health OrganizationDefinition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications Report of a WHO Consultation Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes MellitusGenevaWHO1999
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes AssociationDiagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitusDiabetes Care200629suppl 1S43S4816373932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoffmanLNolanCWilsonJOatsJSimmonsDGestational diabetes mellitus – management guidelines. The Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy SocietyMed J Aust1998169293979700346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’SullivanJBMahanCMCriteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancyDiabetes19641327828514166677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AliFMFarahNO’DwyerVO’ConnorCKennellyMMTurnerMJThe impact of new national guidelines on screening for gestational diabetes mellitusIr Med J20131062575923472391
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DornhorstAPatersonCMNichollsJSHigh prevalence of gestational diabetes in women from ethnic minority groupsDiabet Med1992998208251473322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GriffinMECoffeyMJohnsonHUniversal vs. risk factor-based screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: detection rates, gestation at diagnosis and outcomeDiabet Med2000171263210691156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JanghorbaniMStenhouseEJonesRBMillwardAGestational diabetes mellitus in Plymouth, UK – prevalence, seasonal variation and associated factorsJ Reprod Med200651212813416572914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KhalifehABreathnachFCoulter-SmithSRobsonMFitzpatrickCMaloneFChanging trends in diabetes mellitus in pregnancyJ Obstet Gynaecol201434213513724456432
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KoukkouETaubNJacksonPMetcalfeGCameronMLowyCDifference in prevalence of gestational diabetes and perinatal outcome in an innercity multiethnic London populationEur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol19955921531577657009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MakgobaMSavvidouMDSteerPJAn analysis of the interrelationship between maternal age, body mass index and racial origin in the development of gestational diabetes mellitusBJOG2012119327628222044452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SacksDAHaddenDRMareshMHAPO Study Cooperative Research GroupFrequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) StudyDiabetes Care201235352652822355019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SamantaABurdenMLBurdenACJonesGRGlucose tolerance during pregnancy in Asian womenDiabetes Res Clin Pract1989721271352776652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar