Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence: Current Treatment Options

References

• Napolitani FD, Schreiber I. The acardiac monster. A review of the world literature and presentation of 2 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1960;80(3):582–589. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(16)36520-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehr C, Dire J. Rare occurrence of a holoacardious acephalic monster: sonographic and pathologic findings. J Clin Ultrasound. 1978;6(4):259–261. doi:10.1002/jcu.1870060414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gemert MJC, van den Wijngaard JPHM, Vandenbussche FPHA. Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence is more common than generally accepted. Birth Defects Res a Clin Mol Teratol. 2015;103(7):641–643. doi:10.1002/bdra.23405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Søgaard K, Skibsted L, Brocks V. Acardiac twins: pathophysiology, diagnosis, outcome and treatment. Six cases and review of the literature. Fetal Diagn Ther. 1999;14(1):53–59. doi:10.1159/000020889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore CA, Buehler BA, McManus BM, Harmon JP, Mirkin LD, Goldstein DJ. Acephalus-acardia in twins with aneuploidy. Am J Med Genet Suppl. 1987;3(S3):139–143. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320280516
   Google Scholar
• Benirschke K. The biology of the twinning process: how placentation influences outcome. Semin Perinatol. 1995;19(5):342–350. doi:10.1016/S0146-0005(05)80012-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benirschke K. The monozygotic twinning process, the twin-twin transfusion syndrome and acardiac twins. Placenta. 2009;30(11):923–928. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2009.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gemert MJC, van Den Wijngaard JPHM, Paarlberg KM, Gardiner HM, Nikkels PGJ. Acardiac twin pregnancies part IV: acardiac onset from unequal embryonic splitting simulated by a fetoplacental resistance model. Birth Defects Res. 2017;109(3):211–223. doi:10.1002/bdra.23581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong AE, Sepulveda W. Acardiac anomaly: current issues in prenatal assessment and treatment. Prenat Diagn. 2005;25(9):796–806. doi:10.1002/pd.1269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marella D, Prefumo F, Valcamonico A, Donzelli CM, Frusca T, Fichera A. Polyhydramnios in sac of parasitic twin: atypical manifestation of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;45(6):752–753. doi:10.1002/uog.14766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan TYT, Sepulveda W. Acardiac twin: a systematic review of minimally invasive treatment modalities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22(4):409–419. doi:10.1002/uog.224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gemert MJC, Umur A, van den Wijngaard JPHM, VanBavel E, Vandenbussche FPHA, Nikkels PGJ. Increasing cardiac output and decreasing oxygenation sequence in pump twins of acardiac twin pregnancies. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50(3):N33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gemert MJC, Pistorius LR, Benirschke K, et al. Hypothesis acardiac twin pregnancies: pathophysiology-based hypotheses suggest risk prediction by pump/acardiac umbilical venous diameter ratios. Birth Defects Res a Clin Mol Teratol. 2016;106(2):114–121. doi:10.1002/bdra.23467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Lier MGJTB, Lopriore E, Vandenbussche FPHA, et al. Acardiac twinning: high resolution three-dimensional reconstruction of a low resistance case. Birth Defects Res a Clin Mol Teratol. 2016;106(3):213–217. doi:10.1002/bdra.23477
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepúlveda WH, Quiroz VH, Giuliano A, Henríquez R. Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of acardiac twin. J Perinat Med. 1993;21(3):241–258. doi:10.1515/jpme.1993.21.3.241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebire N, Sepulveda W, Jeanty P, Nyberg D, Nicolaides K. Multiple gestation. In: Nyberg D, McGahan J, Pretorius D, Pilu G, editors. Diagnostic Imaging of Fetal Anomalies. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003:777–813.
   Google Scholar
• Pepe F, Teodoro MC, Luca C, Privitera F. Conservative management in a case of uncomplicated trap sequence: a case report and brief literature review. J Prenat Med. 2015;9(3–4):29–34. doi:10.11138/jpm/2015.9.3.029
   Google Scholar
• Moore TR, Gale S, Benirschke K. Perinatal outcome of forty-nine pregnancies complicated by acardiac twinning. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163(3):907–912. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(90)91094-S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelin E, Hirose S, Rand L, et al. Perinatal outcome of conservative management versus fetal intervention for twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence with a small acardiac twin. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2010;27(3):138–141. doi:10.1159/000295176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewi L, Valencia C, Gonzalez E, Deprest J, Nicolaides KH. The outcome of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence diagnosed in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(3):213.e1–213.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.04.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagani G, D’Antonio F, Khalil A, Papageorghiou A, Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. Intrafetal laser treatment for twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence: cohort study and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42(1):6–14. doi:10.1002/uog.12495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roethlisberger M, Strizek B, Gottschalk I, et al. First-trimester intervention in twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence: does size matter? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;50(1):40–44. doi:10.1002/uog.16013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavares de Sousa M, Glosemeyer P, Diemert A, Bamberg C, Hecher K. First-trimester intervention in twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;55(1):47–49. doi:10.1002/uog.20860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson PC, Trudinger BJ, Walker A, Baird PJ. The intrauterine treatment of fetal cardiac failure in a twin pregnancy with an acardiac, acephalic monster. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;147(7):842–844. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(83)90056-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ash K, Harman CR, Critter H. TRAP sequence—Successful outcome with indomethacin treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;76(5 Pt 2):960–962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt LD, DeVore GR, Bieniarz A, Benner P, Rao R. Antenatal diagnosis of acephalus acardia: a proposed management scheme. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;146(7):857–859. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(83)91090-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Allen MI, Smith DW, Shepard TH. Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence: a study of 14 twin pregnancies with acardius. Semin Perinatol. 1983;7(4):285–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada H, Okane M, Koresawa M, Kubo T, Iwasaki H. [Fetal therapy in utero by blockage of the umbilical blood flow of acardiac monster in twin pregnancy]. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn. 1989;41(11):1803–1809. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Porreco RP, Barton SM, Haverkamp AD. Occlusion of umbilical artery in acardiac, acephalic twin. Lancet. 1991;337(8737):326–327. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90946-M
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy CM, Childers JM, Seeds JW. Ligation of the umbilical cord of an acardiac-acephalus twin with an endoscopic intrauterine technique. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;82(4 Pt 2 Suppl):708–711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley MR, Clewell WH, Finberg HJ, Mills MD. Use of the Foley Cordostat grasping device for selective ligation of the umbilical cord of an acardiac twin: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172(1 Pt 1):212–214. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90117-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzgreve W, Tercanli S, Krings W, Schuierer G, Quintero RA. A simpler technique for umbilical-cord blockade of an acardiac twin. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(1):56–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodeck C, Deans A, Jauniaux E. Thermocoagulation for the early treatment of pregnancy with an acardiac twin. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(18):1293–1295. doi:10.1056/NEJM199810293391805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes A, Jauniaux E, Rodeck C. Monopolar thermocoagulation in acardiac twinning. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;108(9):1000–1002.
   Google Scholar
• Hecher K, Lewi L, Gratacos E, Huber A, Ville Y, Deprest J. Twin reversed arterial perfusion: fetoscopic laser coagulation of placental anastomoses or the umbilical cord. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006;28(5):688–691. doi:10.1002/uog.3816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolini U, Poblete A, Boschetto C, Bonati F, Roberts A. Complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies: experience with bipolar cord coagulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(3):703–707. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.117190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ville Y, Hyett JA, Vandenbussche FPHA, Nicolaides KH. Endoscopic laser coagulation of umbilical cord vessels in twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1994;4(5):396–398. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1994.04050396.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias F, Sunderji S, Gimpelson R, Colton E. Treatment of acardiac twinning. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91(5 Pt 2):818–821. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00708-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero RA, Muñoz H, Pommer R, Diaz C, Bornick PW, Allen MH. Operative fetoscopy via telesurgery. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20(4):390–391. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00809.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeds JW, Herbert WNP, Richards DS. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis and management of a twin pregnancy with placenta previa and hemicardia. Am J Perinatol. 1987;4(4):313–316. doi:10.1055/s-2007-999798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepulveda W, Bower S, Hassan J, Fisk NM. Ablation of acardiac twin by alcohol injection into the intra-abdominal umbilical artery. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86(4 Pt 2):680–681. doi:10.1016/0029-7844(95)00171-M
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepulveda W, Corral E, Gutierrez J. A simple device for vascular occlusion of acardiac twins. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21(4):386–388. doi:10.1002/uog.96
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly M, Taylor M, Rose G, Govender L, Fisk NM. Interstitial laser: a new surgical technique for twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence in early pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;108(10):1098–1102.
   Google Scholar
• Sepulveda W, Hasbun J, Dezerega V, Devoto JC, Alcalde JL. Successful sonographically guided laser ablation of a large acardiac twin at 26 weeks’ gestation. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23(12):1663–1666. doi:10.7863/jum.2004.23.12.1663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao KJ, Feldstein VA, Albanese CT, et al. Selective reduction of acardiac twin by radiofrequency ablation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(3):635–640. doi:10.1067/mob.2002.125242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabassa P, Fichera A, Prefumo F, et al. The use of radiofrequency in the treatment of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence: a case series and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;166(2):127–132. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Bebbington M, Crombleholme TM. The North American fetal therapy network registry data on outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2013;33(4):224–229. doi:10.1159/000343223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaveeva P, Poon LC, Sotiriadis A, Kosinski P, Nicolaides KH. Optimal method and timing of intrauterine intervention in twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence: case study and meta-analysis. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2014;35(4):267–279. doi:10.1159/000358593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZT, Yang T, Liu CX, Li N. Treatment of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence with radiofrequency ablation and expectant management: a single center study in China. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;225:9–12. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.03.046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier M, Molina FS. Outcome of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence following treatment with interstitial laser: a retrospective study. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2012;31(1):35–41. doi:10.1159/000334156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valsky DV, Martinez-Serrano MJ, Sanz M, et al. Cord occlusion followed by laser cord transection in monochorionic monoamniotic discordant twins. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37(6):684–688. doi:10.1002/uog.8924
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prefumo F, Fichera A, Zanardini C, Frusca T. Fetoscopic cord transection for treatment of monoamniotic twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43(2):234–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonni G, Grisolia G, Zampriolo P, et al. TRAP Sequence in Monochorionic/Monoamniotic (MC/MA) discordant twins: two cases treated with fetoscopic laser surgery. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2018;37(6):433–447. doi:10.1080/15513815.2018.1526240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters SHP, Devlieger R, Middeldorp JM, et al. Fetal surgery in complicated monoamniotic pregnancies: case series and systematic review of the literature. Prenat Diagn. 2014;34(6):586–591. doi:10.1002/pd.4353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar