Prenatal Stress and Psychiatric Symptoms During Early Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy

References

• Riccardo F, Andrianou X, Bella A, et al. Epidemia COVID-19 Aggiornamento Nazionale 28 Aprile 2020. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Mental Health and Psychosocial Considerations During COVID-19 Outbreak. World Health Organization. 1–6. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Hossain MM, Tasnim S, Sultana A, et al. Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: a review. F1000Research. 2020;9:1–16. doi:10.12688/f1000research.24457.1
   Google Scholar
• Saccone G, Florio A, Venturella R, et al. Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Pregnant Women. Am J Obstetrics Gynecol. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.ajog
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz DA, Graham AL. Potential maternal and infant outcomes from coronavirus 2019-NCOV (SARS-CoV-2) infecting pregnant women: lessons from SARS, MERS, and other human coronavirus infections. Viruses. 2020;12(2):1–16. doi:10.3390/v12020194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hantoushzadeh S, Shamshirsaz AA, Aleyasin A, et al. Maternal death due to COVID-19. Am J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;223(1):109.e1–109.e16. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaigham M, Andersson O. Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: a systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand. 2020;99(7):823–829. doi:10.1111/aogs.13867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa SB, Mainali A, Schwank SE, Acharya G. Maternal mental health in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand. 2020;99(7):817–818. doi:10.1111/aogs.13894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinesi A, Maxwell M, O’Carroll R, Cheyne H. Anxiety scales used in pregnancy: systematic review. BJPsych Open. 2019;5(1):1–13. doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J. Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet. 2014;384(9956):1775–1788. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61276-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell EJ, Fawcett JM, Mazmanian D. Risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnant and postpartum women: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(4):377–385. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r07917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthelot N, Lemieux R, Garon-Bissonnette J, Drouin-Maziade C, Martel E, Maziade M. Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand. 2020;99(7):848–855. doi:10.1111/aogs.13925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer CA, Compton SD, Kaselitz E, Muzik M. Pregnancy-related anxiety during COVID-19: a nationwide survey of 2740 pregnant women. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;23(6):757–765. doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01073-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mappa I, Distefano FA, Rizzo G. Effects of coronavirus 19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: a prospectic observational study. J Perinat Med. 2020;48(6):545–550. doi:10.1515/jpm-2020-0182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatema SR, Islam MS, East L, Usher K. Women’s health-related vulnerabilities in natural disasters: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2019;9(12):1–5. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji G, Wei W, Yue KC, et al. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on obsessive-compulsive symptoms among university students: prospective cohort survey study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):1–13. doi:10.2196/21915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton JG, Lobel M. Types, patterns, and predictors of coping with stress during pregnancy: examination of the Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory in a diverse sample. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;29(2):97–104. doi:10.1080/01674820701690624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderdice F, Lynn F, Lobel M. A review and psychometric evaluation of pregnancy-specific stress measures. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;33(2):62–77. doi:10.3109/0167482X.2012.673040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobel M, Dunkel Schetter C. Pregnancy and Prenatal Stress. Encycl Ment Heal. 2016;3:318–329. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397045-9.00164-6
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim SM, Lobel M. Conceptualization, measurement, and effects of pregnancy-specific stress: review of research using the original and revised Prenatal Distress Questionnaire. J Behav Med. 2020;43(1):16–33. doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00068-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preis H, Mahaffey B, Lobel M. Psychometric properties of the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS). J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;41(3):191–197. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2020.1801625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preis H, Mahaffey B, Heiselman C, Lobel M. Vulnerability and resilience to pandemic-related stress among U.S. women pregnant at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Soc Sci Med. 2020;266:1–4. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobel M, Cannella DL, Graham JE, DeVincent C, Schneider J, Meyer BA. Pregnancy-Specific Stress, Prenatal Health Behaviors, and Birth Outcomes. Heal Psychol. 2008;27(5):604–615. doi:10.1037/a0013242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penengo C, Colli C, Garzitto M, Driul L, Cesco M, Balestrieri M. Validation of the Italian version of the Revised Prenatal Coping Inventory (NuPCI) and its correlations with pregnancy-specific stress. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:1–14. doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03159-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B, Brief A. Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092–1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong QY, Gelaye B, Zaslavsky AM, et al. Diagnostic validity of the generalized anxiety disorder - 7 (GAD-7) among pregnant women. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):1–17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Y, et al. Validation of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) as a screening tool for anxiety among pregnant Chinese women. J Affect Disord. 2021;1:282.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW. Validation and Utility of a Self-report Version of PRIME-MD. The PHQ Primary Care Study. JAMA. 1999;282:1737–1744. doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2 Validity of a Two-Item Depression Screener. Med Care. 2003;41:1284–1292. doi:10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples LG, Dear BF, Gandy M, et al. Psychometric properties and clinical utility of brief measures of depression, anxiety, and general distress: the PHQ-2, GAD-2, and K-6. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2019;56(November2018):13–18. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett IM, Coco A, Coyne JC, et al. Efficiency of a two-item pre-screen to reduce the burden of depression screening in pregnancy and postpartum: an IMPLICIT network study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2008;21(4):317–325. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2008.04.080048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First MB, Williams JBW, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5^® Disorders—Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Tingley D, Yamamoto T, Hirose K, Keele L, Imai K. Mediation: r Package for Causal Mediation Analysis. J Stat Softw. 2014;59(5):1–38. doi:10.18637/jss.v059.i05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Verreault N, Da Costa D, Marchand A, Ireland K, Dritsa M, Khalifé S. Rates and risk factors associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy and with postpartum onset. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;35(3):84–91. doi:10.3109/0167482X.2014.947953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Chen M, Wang Y, et al. Prenatal anxiety and obstetric decisions among pregnant women in Wuhan and Chongqing during the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study. BJOG an Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;127(10):1229–1240. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehi L, Rahimzadeh M, Molaei E, Zaheri H, Esmaelzadeh-Saeieh S. The relationship among fear and anxiety of COVID-19, pregnancy experience, and mental health disorder in pregnant women: a structural equation model. Brain Behav. 2020;10(11):1–8. doi:10.1002/brb3.1835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preis H, Mahaffey B, Heiselman C, Lobel M. Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress and Anxiety among Women Pregnant During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM. 2020;2(3):100155. doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza C, Ricci E, Biondi S, et al. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among italian people during the covid-19 pandemic: immediate psychological responses and associated factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):1–14. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan S, Guan J, Cao L, et al. Psychological effects caused by COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatry J. 2021;56.
   Google Scholar
• López-Morales H, Del Valle MV, Canet-Juric L, et al. Mental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res. 2021;295:295. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelaye B, Rondon MB, Araya R, Williams MA. Epidemiology of maternal depression, risk factors, and child outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(10):973–982. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30284-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster CA, Gold KJ, Flynn HA, Yoo H, Marcus SM, Davis MM. Risk factors for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;202(1):5–14. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.09.007.Risk
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912–920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihashi M, Otsubo Y, Yinjuan X, Nagatomi K, Hoshiko M, Ishitake T. Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak. Heal Psychol. 2009;28(1):91–100. doi:10.1037/a0013674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. Psychological Effects of Quarantine for SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1206–1212. doi:10.3201/eid1007.030703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutel ME, Klein EM, Brähler E, et al. Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaldi C, Ricca V, Wilson A, Homer C, Vannacci A. Previous psychopathology predicted severe COVID-19 concern, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in pregnant women during “lockdown” in Italy. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;3. doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01086-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biaggi A, Conroy S, Pawlby S, Pariante CM. Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2016;191:62–77. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport MH, Meyer S, Meah VL, Strynadka MC, Khurana R. Moms Are Not OK: COVID-19 and Maternal Mental Health. Front Glob Women’s Heal. 2020;1(June):1–6. doi:10.3389/fgwh.2020.00001
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Psychological responses and lifestyle changes among pregnant women with respect to the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020. doi:10.1177/0020764020952116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wastnedge EA, Reynolds RM, van Boeckel SR, et al. Pregnancy and COVID-19. Physiol Rev. 2020;2507(1):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lebel C, MacKinnon A, Bagshawe M, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Giesbrecht G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:5–13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farewell CV, Jewell J, Walls J, Leiferman JA, Mixed-Methods Pilot A. Study of Perinatal Risk and Resilience During COVID-19. J Prim Care Community Heal. 2020;11. doi:10.1177/2150132720944074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2002;25(6):295–301. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02143-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner M, Helmich I, Machado S, Nardi AE, Arias-Carrión O, Budde H. Effects of Exercise on Anxiety and Depression Disorders: review of Meta-Analyses and Neurobiological Mechanisms. CNS Neurol Disord Targets. 2014;13:1002–1014. doi:10.2174/1871527313666140612102841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CH, Huang N, Chang HJ, Hsu YJ, Wang MC, Chou YJ. The immediate effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic on childbirth in Taiwan. BMC Public Health. 2005;5:1–7. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng J, Sham A, Tang PL, Fung S. SARS: pregnant women’s fears and perceptions. Br J Midwifery. 2004;12(11):698–702. doi:10.12968/bjom.2004.12.11.16710
   Google Scholar
• Houston DM. Vulnerability to depressive mood reactions: retesting the hopelessness model of depression. Br J Soc Psychol. 1995;34(3):293–302. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01065.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover V. Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; What needs to be done. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(1):25–35. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsella MT, Monk C. Impact of maternal stress, depression and anxiety on fetal neurobehavioral development. Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;52(3):425–440. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181b52df1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson B, Letourneau N, Lebel C. Prenatal maternal anxiety and children’s brain structure and function: a systematic review of neuroimaging studies. J Affect Disord. 2018;241:117–126. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House SJ, Tripathi SP, Knight BT, Morris N, Newport DJ, Stowe ZN. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period: course of illness and obstetrical outcome. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015;19(1):3–10. doi:10.1007/s00737-015-0542-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coussons-Read ME. Effects of prenatal stress on pregnancy and human development: mechanisms and pathways. Obstet Med. 2013;6(2):52–57. doi:10.1177/1753495X12473751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdoli A, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A, Shams M, Mir H, Jahromi MAM. The COVID-19 pandemic, psychological stress during pregnancy, and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a neglected consequence. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;41(3):247–248. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2020.1761321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar