Understanding and Managing Severe Asthma in the Context of COVID-19

References

• Morais-Almeida M, Pité H, Aguiar R, et al. Asthma and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a literature review. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2020;181(9):680–688. doi:10.1159/000509057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupia T, Scabini S, Mornese Pinna S, Di Perri G, De Rosa FG, Corcione S. 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak: a new challenge. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;21:22–27. doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91–95. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):e21. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30116-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skevaki C, Karsonova A, Karaulov A, Xie M, Renz H. Asthma-associated risk for COVID-19 development. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1295–1301. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People with moderate to severe asthma. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/asthma.html. Accessed April 3 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Yang JM, Koh HY, Moon SY, et al. Allergic disorders and susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19: a nationwide cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(4):790–798. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430–436. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrucco F, Villa E, Foci V, Benfante A, Bellocchia M, Solidoro P. Severe asthma at COVID-19 time: what is new on biologic therapies. Minerva Med. 2021;112(1):114–117. doi:10.23736/s0026-4806.20.06727-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Cao Y, Du T, Zhi Y. Prevalence of comorbid asthma and related outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(2):693–701. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.11.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdavinia M, Foster KJ, Jauregui E, et al. Asthma prolongs intubation in COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(7):2388–2391. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal JA, Awan SF, Fintzi J, Keswani A, Ein D. Asthma is associated with increased risk of intubation but not hospitalization or death in coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(1):93–95. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhiba KD, Patel GB, Vu THT, et al. Prevalence and characterization of asthma in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(2):307–314.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akenroye AT, Wood R, Keet C. Asthma, biologics, corticosteroids, and coronavirus disease 2019. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125:2019–2020. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morais-Almeida M, Aguiar R, Martin B, et al. COVID-19, asthma, and biological therapies: what we need to know. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(5):100126. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343–373. doi:10.1183/09031936.00202013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Z. Eosinopenia as an early diagnostic marker of COVID-19 at the time of the epidemic. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;23:19–20. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100398
   Google Scholar
• Peters MC, McGrath KW, Hawkins GA, et al. Plasma interleukin-6 concentrations, metabolic dysfunction, and asthma severity: a cross-sectional analysis of two cohorts. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(7):574–584. Erratum in: Lancet Respir Med. 2018 Mar;6(3):e10. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30048-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esquivel A, Busse WW, Calatroni A, et al. Effects of omalizumab on rhinovirus infections, illnesses, and exacerbations of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196(8):985–992. doi:10.1164/rccm.201701-0120OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-David RY, Swann OC, Peacock TP, Barclay WS. ACE2: the only thing that matters? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(2):161–163. doi:10.1164/rccm.202006-2151ED
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou YJ, Okuda K, Edwards CE, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract. Cell. 2020;182(2):429–446.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Dao Thi VL, Huang Y, et al. Intrinsic immunity shapes viral resistance of stem cells. Cell. 2018;172(3):423–420438.e25. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaender S, Mar KB, Michailidis E, et al. LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(11):1330–1339. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0769-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang IC, Bailey CC, Weyer JL, et al. Distinct patterns of IFITM-mediated restriction of filoviruses, SARS coronavirus, and influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(1):e1001258. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunyavanich S, Do A, Vicencio A. Nasal gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in children and adults. JAMA. 2020;323(23):2427–2429. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee IT, Nakayama T, Wu CT, et al. Robust ACE2 protein expression localizes to the motile cilia of the respiratory tract epithelia and is not increased by ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. medRxiv. 2020;2020. Update in: Nat Commun. 2020 Oct 28;11(1):5453. doi:10.1101/2020.05.08.20092866
   Google Scholar
• Peters MC, Sajuthi S, Deford P, et al. COVID-19-related genes in sputum cells in asthma: relationship to demographic features and corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(1):83–90. doi:10.1164/rccm.202003-0821OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armentia A, Cortés SF, Simón AM, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids may have a protective effect against coronavirus infection. Allergol Immunopathol. 2021;49(1):113–117. doi:10.15586/aei.v49i1.40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skevaki C, Karsonova A, Karaulov A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in asthmatics: a complex relationship. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021:0123456789. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00516-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scala E, Abeni D, Tedeschi A, et al. Atopic status protects from severe complications of COVID‐19. Allergy. 2021;76(3):899–370902. doi:10.1111/all.14551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timberlake DT, Narayanan D, Ogbogu PU, et al. Severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with and without atopic disease. World Allergy Organ J. 2021;14(2):100508. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson DJ, Busse WW, Bacharier LB, et al. Association of respiratory allergy, asthma, and expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):203–206.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura H, Francisco D, Conway M, et al. Type 2 inflammation modulates ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):80–88.e8. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradding P, Richardson M, Hinks TSC, et al. ACE2, TMPRSS2, and furin gene expression in the airways of people with asthma-implications for COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):208–211. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phipps S, Lam CE, Mahalingam S, et al. Eosinophils contribute to innate antiviral immunity and promote clearance of respiratory syncytial virus. Blood. 2007;110(5):1578–1586. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-01-071340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters MC, Sajuthi S, Deford P, et al. COVID-19-related genes in sputum cells in asthma. relationship to demographic features and corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202:83–90. Erratum in: 440 Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Dec 15;202(12):1744–1746. doi:10.1164/rccm.202003-0821OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):693–704. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adir Y, Humbert M, Saliba W. COVID-19 risk and outcomes in adult asthmatic patients treated with biologics or systemic corticosteroids: nationwide real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;148(2):S0091-6749(21)00938–6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanon S, Brusselle G, Deschampheleire M, et al. COVID-19 and biologics in severe asthma: data from the Belgian severe asthma registry. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(6):56–59. doi:10.1183/13993003.02857-2020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SJ, Busby J, Heaney LG, et al. The impact of the first COVID-19 surge on severe asthma patients in the UK. Which is worse: the virus or the lockdown? ERJ Open Res. 2021;7(1):00768–2020. doi:10.1183/23120541.00768-2020
   Google Scholar
• Schultze A, Walker AJ, MacKenna B, et al. Risk of COVID-19-related death among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma prescribed inhaled corticosteroids: an observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(11):1106–1120. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30415-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom C, Tom D, Docherty A, et al. Risk of adverse outcomes in patients with underlying respiratory conditions hospitalised with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: a national, multicentre prospective cohort. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9(7):699–711. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00013-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izquierdo JL, Almonacid C, González Y, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on patients with asthma. Eur Respir J. 2020:2003142. doi:10.1183/13993003.03142-2020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rial MJ, Valverde M, Del Pozo V, et al. Clinical characteristics in 545 patients with severe asthma on biological treatment during the COVID-19 outbreak. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(1):487–489.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matucci A, Caminati M, Vivarelli E, et al. COVID-19 in severe asthmatic patients during ongoing treatment with biologicals targeting type 2 inflammation: results from a multicenter Italian survey. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020:871–874. doi:10.1111/all.14516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffler E, Detoraki A, Contoli M, et al. COVID-19 in Severe Asthma Network in Italy (SANI) patients: clinical features, impact of comorbidities and treatments. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;2:887–892. doi:10.1111/all.14532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonicelli L, Tontini C, Manzotti G, et al. Severe asthma in adults does not significantly affect the outcome of COVID‐19 disease: results from the Italian severe asthma registry. Allergy. 2021;76(3):902–905. doi:10.1111/all.14558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caminati M, Vultaggio A, Matucci A, et al. Asthma in a large COVID-19 cohort: prevalence, features, and determinants of COVID-19 disease severity. Respir Med. 2021;176:106261. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferastraoaru D, Hudes G, Jerschow E, et al. Eosinophilia in asthma patients is protective against severe COVID-19 illness. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(3):1152–1162.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroun-Díaz E, Vázquez de la Torre M, Ruano FJ, et al. Severe asthma during the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical observations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2787–2789. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beurnier A, Jutant EM, Jevnikar M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of asthmatic patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who require hospitalisation. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(5):2001875. doi:10.1183/13993003.01875-2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez-Ortega J, López-Carrasco V, Barranco P, et al. Early experiences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe asthmatics receiving biologic therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2784–2786. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eger K, Hashimoto S, Braunstahl GJ, et al. Poor outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with severe asthma on biologic therapy. Respir Med. 2021;177(December2020):106287. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lommatzsch M, Stoll P, Virchow JC. COVID-19 in a patient with severe asthma treated with omalizumab. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;75(10):2705–2708. doi:10.1111/all.14456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Moguel I, Díaz Campos R, Alonso Charterina S, Fernández Rodríguez C, Fernández Crespo J. COVID-19, severe asthma, and biologics. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125(3):357–359.e1. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner A, Marth K, Patocka K, Pohl W. COVID-19 in a severe eosinophilic asthmatic receiving benralizumab - a case study. J Asthma. 2020;18:1–3. doi:10.1080/02770903.2020.1781165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner A, Marth K, Patocka K, Idzko M, Pohl W. COVID-19 in two severe asthmatics receiving benralizumab: busting the eosinophilia myth. ERJ Open Res. 2020;6(4):00457–2020. doi:10.1183/23120541.00457-2020
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azim A, Pini L, Khakwani Z, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in those on mepolizumab therapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(4):438–440. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2021.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksu K, Yesilkaya S, Topel M, et al. COVID-19 in a patient with severe asthma using mepolizumab. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2021;42(2):e55–e57. doi:10.2500/aap.2021.42.200125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhalla A, Mukherjee M, Radford K, et al. Dupilumab, severe asthma airway responses, and SARS-CoV-2 serology. Allergy. 2021;76(3):957–958. doi:10.1111/all.14534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/. Accessed April 3, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Kerstjens HA, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Tashkin DP, et al. Tiotropium improves lung function, exacerbation rate, and asthma control, independent of baseline characteristics including age, degree of airway obstruction, and allergic status. Respir Med. 2016;117:198–206. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2016.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virchow JC, Kuna P, Paggiaro P, et al. Single inhaler extrafine triple therapy in uncontrolled asthma (TRIMARAN and TRIGGER): two double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, controlled Phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2019;394(10210):1737–1749. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32215-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y, Chen M, Tan C, Tu C, Zheng X, Liu J. Successful sequential treatment for severe asthma coexisting COVID-19 via budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:357–359. doi:10.2147/ijgm.s291695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaya M, Nishimura H, Deng X, et al. Inhibitory effects of glycopyrronium, formoterol, and budesonide on coronavirus HCoV-229E replication and cytokine production by primary cultures of human nasal and tracheal epithelial cells. Respir Investig. 2020;58(3):155–168. doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2019.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICE. COVID-19 rapid guideline: severe asthma. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng166. Accessed July 20 2021.
   Google Scholar
• British Thoracic Society. Advice for healthcare professionals treating people with asthma (adults) in relation to COVID-19. Available from: https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk. Accessed July 20 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Bun S, Kishimoto K, Shin JH, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on asthma exacerbations in children: a multi-center survey using an administrative database in Japan. Allergol Int. 2021;70(4):489–491. PMID: 34281768; PMCID: PMC8282991. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2021.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Allergy Organization (WAO). Available from: https://www.worldallergy.org/resources/covid-19. Accessed April 3, 2021.
   Google Scholar