A Review of Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Current Status and Future Prospects

References

• Willis NJ. Edward Jenner and the eradication of smallpox. Scott Med J. 1997;42(4):118–121. doi:10.1177/003693309704200407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2021. Accessed from: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/. Accessed September 23, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• World Drug Report. United Nations publication, Sales No; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Bonese KF, Wainer BH, Fitch FW, Rothberg RM, Schuster CR. Changes in heroin self-administration by a rhesus monkey after morphine immunisation. Nature. 1974;252(5485):708–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heekin RD, Shorter D, Kosten TR. Current status and future prospects for the development of substance abuse vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(11):1067–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremer PT, Janda KD. Conjugate vaccine immunotherapy for substance use disorder. Pharmacol Rev. 2017;69(3):298–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin AL, Hoebe K, Duong B, et al. Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses in the absence of toll-like receptor signaling. Science. 2006;314(5807):1936–1938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mata-Haro V, Cekic C, Martin M, Chilton PM, Casella CR, Mitchell TC. The vaccine adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A as a TRIF-biased agonist of TLR4. Science. 2007;316(5831):1628–1632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockner JW, Eubanks LM, Choi JL, et al. Flagellin as carrier and adjuvant in cocaine vaccine development. Mol Pharm. 2015;12(2):653–662. doi:10.1021/mp500520r
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres OB, Antoline JF, Li F, et al. A simple nonradioactive method for the determination of the binding affinities of antibodies induced by hapten bioconjugates for drugs of abuse. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016;408(4):1191–1204. doi:10.1007/s00216-015-9223-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichini S, Altieri I, Pellegrini M, Zuccaro P, Pacifici R. The role of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the determination of heroin and related opioids in biological fluids. Mass Spectrom Rev. 1999;18(2):119–130. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1999)18:2<119::AID-MAS2>3.0.CO;2-Z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen HH, Park J, Kang S, Kim M. Surface plasmon resonance: a versatile technique for biosensor applications. Sensors. 2015;15(5):10481–10510. doi:10.3390/s150510481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang D, Frego L, Lasaro M, Truncali K, Kroe-Barrett R, Singh S. Efficient qualitative and quantitative determination of antigen-induced immune responses. J Biol Chem. 2016;291(31):16361–16374. doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.736660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abucayon EG, Whalen C, Torres OB, et al. A rapid method for direct quantification of antibody binding-site concentration in serum. ACS Omega. 2022;7(30):26812–26823. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c03237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyden J, Binswanger IA. The United States opioid epidemic. Semin Perinatol. 2019;43(3):123–131. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2019.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang HY, Kharrazi H, Bodycombe D, Weiner JP, Alexander GC. Healthcare costs and utilization associated with high-risk prescription opioid use: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2018;16(16):69. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1058-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson N, Kariisa M, Seth P, Smith H, Davis NL. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths - United States, 2017–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(11):290–297. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6911a4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell J, Strang J. Medication treatment of opioid use disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2020;87(1):82–88. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pravetoni M, Le Naour M, Tucker AM, et al. Reduced antinociception of opioids in rats and mice by vaccination with immunogens containing oxycodone and hydrocodone haptens. J Med Chem. 2013;56(3):915–923. doi:10.1021/jm3013745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New york state psychiatric institute(2020, July-) clinical trials of multivalent opioid vaccine components. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04458545. Accessed July 15, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen JD, Hwang CS, Grant Y, Janda KD, Taffe MA. Prophylactic vaccination protects against the development of oxycodone self-administration. Neuropharmacology. 2018;138:292–303. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JJ, Laudenbach M, Tucker AM, Jenkins MK, Pravetoni M. Hapten-specific naïve B cells are biomarkers of vaccine efficacy against drugs of abuse. J Immunol Methods. 2014;405:74–86. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2014.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selley DE, Cao CC, Sexton T, Schwegel JA, Martin TJ, Childers SR. Opioid receptor-mediated G-protein activation by heroin metabolites: evidence for greater efficacy of 6-monoacetylmorphine compared with morphine. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001;62(4):447–455. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(01)00689-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosburg JE, Vendruscolo LF, Bremer PT, et al. Dynamic vaccine blocks relapse to compulsive intake of heroin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(22):9036–9041. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219159110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raleigh MD, Pravetoni M, Harris AC, Birnbaum AK, Pentel PR. Selective effects of a morphine conjugate vaccine on heroin and metabolite distribution and heroin-induced behaviors in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013;344(2):397–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres OB, Matyas GR, Rao M, et al. Heroin-HIV-1 (H2) vaccine: induction of dual immunologic effects with a heroin hapten-conjugate and an HIV-1 envelope V2 peptide with liposomal lipid A as an adjuvant. NPJ Vaccines. 2017;2:13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TA, Shen XY, O’Malley PW, et al. A morphine conjugate vaccine attenuates the behavioral effects of morphine in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;45:223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mounteney J, Giraudon I, Denissov G, Griffiths P. Fentanyls: are we missing the signs? Highly potent and on the rise in Europe. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(7):626–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczyńska K, Grzonkowski P, Kacprzak Ł, Zawilska JB. Abuse of fentanyl: an emerging problem to face. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;289:207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone AE, Scheuermann SE, Haile CN, et al. Fentanyl conjugate vaccine by injected or mucosal delivery with dmLT or LTA1 adjuvants implicates IgA in protection from drug challenge. NPJ Vaccines. 2021;6(1):69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremer PT, Kimishima A, Schlosburg JE, Zhou B, Collins KC, Janda KD. Combatting synthetic designer opioids: a conjugate vaccine ablates lethal doses of fentanyl class drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016;55(11):3772–3775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend EA, Blake S, Faunce KE, et al. Conjugate vaccine produces long-lasting attenuation of fentanyl vs. food choice and blocks expression of opioid withdrawal-induced increases in fentanyl choice in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(10):1681–1689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenney RD, Blake S, Bremer PT, et al. Vaccine blunts fentanyl potency in male rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology. 2019;158:107730. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunstall BJ, Vendruscolo LF. Utility of fentanyl vaccines: unique challenges posed by preventing opioid overdose and treating opioid use disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(10):1675–1676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelius ME, Loretan CG, Wang TW, Jamal A, Homa DM. Tobacco product use among adults - United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(11):397–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2014.
   Google Scholar
• GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337–2360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerny EH, Cerny T. Vaccines against nicotine. Hum Vaccin. 2009;5(4):200–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(5):CD009329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi Biopharmaceuticals. Pharmacoeconomic Assessment in Nabi-4514 and Nabi-4515 Phase 3 Studies. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01178346. Accessed July 14, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Hoogsteder PH, Kotz D, van Spiegel PI, Viechtbauer W, van Schayck OC. Efficacy of the nicotine vaccine 3’-AmNic-rEPA (NicVAX) co-administered with varenicline and counselling for smoking cessation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Addiction. 2014;109(8):1252–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esterlis I, Hannestad JO, Perkins E, et al. Effect of a nicotine vaccine on nicotine binding to β2*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vivo in human tobacco smokers. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(4):399–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerny EH, Cerny T. Anti-nicotine abuse vaccines in the pipeline: an update. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;17(5):691–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goniewicz ML, Delijewski M. Nicotine vaccines to treat tobacco dependence. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9(1):13–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Study of TA-NIC to assess the efficacy and safety of the vaccine as an aid to smoking cessation. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00633321. Accessed July 15, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Cornuz J, Zwahlen S, Jungi WF, et al. A vaccine against nicotine for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2008;3(6):e2547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer P, Jennings GT, Willers J, et al. A therapeutic vaccine for nicotine dependence: preclinical efficacy, and Phase I safety and immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35(7):2031–2040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai RI, Bergman J. Effects of the nanoparticle-based vaccine, SEL-068, on nicotine discrimination in squirrel monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(9):2207–2216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selecta Biosciences, Inc. Safety and Pharmacodynamics of SEL-068 vaccine in smokers and non-smokers. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01478893. Accessed July 14, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Tonstad S, Heggen E, Giljam H, et al. Niccine®, a nicotine vaccine, for relapse prevention: a Phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15(9):1492–1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCluskie MJ, Thorn J, Gervais DP, et al. Anti-nicotine vaccines: comparison of adjuvanted CRM197 and Qb-VLP conjugate formulations for immunogenicity and function in non-human primates. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015;29(2):663–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfizer. A study to assess the safety and tolerability of different doses of PF-05402536 and PF-06413367 in healthy adult smokers. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01672645. Accessed July 14, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Cornish KE, Harris AC, LeSage MG, et al. Combined active and passive immunization against nicotine: minimizing monoclonal antibody requirements using a target antibody concentration strategy. Int Immunopharmacol. 2011;11(11):1809–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baik JH. Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviors. Front Neural Circuits. 2013;7:152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIDA. What is cocaine? National Institute on Drug Abuse website. Available from: https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/what-cocaine. 2022 Accessed July 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Martell BA, Orson FM, Poling J, et al. Cocaine vaccine for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(10):1116–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jertborn M, Svennerholm AM, Holmgren J. Safety and immunogenicity of an oral recombinant cholera B subunit-whole cell vaccine in Swedish volunteers. Vaccine. 1992;10(2):130–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmgren J, Czerkinsky C, Lycke N, Svennerholm AM. Strategies for the induction of immune responses at mucosal surfaces making use of cholera toxin B subunit as immunogen, carrier, and adjuvant. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50(5 Suppl):42–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TR, Domingo CB, Shorter D, et al. Vaccine for cocaine dependence: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled efficacy trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;140:42–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wee S, Hicks MJ, De BP, et al. Novel cocaine vaccine linked to a disrupted adenovirus gene transfer vector blocks cocaine psychostimulant and reinforcing effects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(5):1083–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maoz A, Hicks MJ, Vallabhjosula S, et al. Adenovirus capsid-based anti-cocaine vaccine prevents cocaine from binding to the nonhuman primate CNS dopamine transporter. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(11):2170–2178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks MJ, Kaminsky SM, De BP, et al. Fate of systemically administered cocaine in nonhuman primates treated with the dAd5GNE anticocaine vaccine. Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev. 2014;25(1):40–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weill Medical College of Cornell University. Safety study of a disrupted adenovirus (Ad) serotype cocaine vaccine for cocaine-dependent individuals. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02455479. Accessed July 15, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Nasser AF, Fudala PJ, Zheng B, Liu Y, Heidbreder C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of RBP-8000 in cocaine abusers: pharmacokinetic profile of rbp-8000 and cocaine and effects of RBP-8000 on cocaine-induced physiological effects. J Addict Dis. 2014;33(4):289–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilgun-Sherki Y, Eliaz RE, McCann DJ, et al. Placebo-controlled evaluation of a bioengineered, cocaine-metabolizing fusion protein, TV-1380 (AlbuBChE), in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;166:13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narasimhan D, Woods JH, Sunahara RK. Bacterial cocaine esterase: a protein-based therapy for cocaine overdose and addiction. Future Med Chem. 2012;4(2):137–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, LaFleur D, Shah R, Zhao Q, Singh M, Brimijoin S. An albumin-butyrylcholinesterase for cocaine toxicity and addiction: catalytic and pharmacokinetic properties. Chem Biol Interact. 2008;175(1–3):83–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brimijoin S, Gao Y, Anker JJ, et al. A cocaine hydrolase engineered from human butyrylcholinesterase selectively blocks cocaine toxicity and reinstatement of drug seeking in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(11):2715–2725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell LL, Nye JA, Stehouwer JS, et al. A thermostable bacterial cocaine esterase rapidly eliminates cocaine from brain in nonhuman primates. Transl Psychiatry. 2014;4(7):e407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TR, Domingo CB, Hamon SC, Nielsen DA. DBH gene as predictor of response in a cocaine vaccine clinical trial. Neurosci Lett. 2013;541:29–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treweek JB, Janda KD. An antidote for acute cocaine toxicity. Mol Pharm. 2012;9(4):969–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg JB, Hicks MJ, De BP, et al. AAVrh.10-mediated expression of an anti-cocaine antibody mediates persistent passive immunization that suppresses cocaine-induced behavior. Hum Gene Ther. 2012;23(5):451–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH); 2020. Available from: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/release/2020-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases. Accessed July 14, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Jones CM, Compton WM, Mustaquim D. Patterns and characteristics of methamphetamine use among adults - United States, 2015–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(12):317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karila L, Weinstein A, Aubin HJ, Benyamina A, Reynaud M, Batki SL. Pharmacological approaches to methamphetamine dependence: a focused review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;69(6):578–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JC, Janda KD. Immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse. RSC Chem Biol. 2020;2(1):77–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paulus MP, Stewart JL. Neurobiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of methamphetamine use disorder: a review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(9):959–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno AY, Mayorov AV, Janda KD. Impact of distinct chemical structures for the development of a methamphetamine vaccine. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133(17):6587–6595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora R, Haile CN, Kosten TA, et al. Preclinical efficacy of an anti-methamphetamine vaccine using E6020 adjuvant. Am J Addict. 2019;28(2):119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson EC, Gunnell M, Che Y, et al. Using hapten design to discover therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for treating methamphetamine abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;322(1):30–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller ML, Aarde SM, Moreno AY, Creehan KM, Janda KD, Taffe MA. Effects of active anti-methamphetamine vaccination on intravenous self-administration in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;153:29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller ML, Moreno AY, Aarde SM, et al. A methamphetamine vaccine attenuates methamphetamine-induced disruptions in thermoregulation and activity in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(8):721–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haile CN, Kosten TA, Shen XY, et al. Altered methamphetamine place conditioning in mice vaccinated with a succinyl-methamphetamine-tetanus-toxoid vaccine. Am J Addict. 2015;24(8):748–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris AC, LeSage MG, Shelley D, Perry JL, Pentel PR, Owens SM. The anti-(+)-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody mAb7F9 attenuates acute (+)-methamphetamine effects on intracranial self-stimulation in rats. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0118787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC. Safety study of Ch-mAb7F9 for methamphetamine abuse. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01603147. Accessed July 15, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• InterveXion Therapeutics, LLC. Study of antibody for methamphetamine outpatient therapy (STAMPOUT). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03336866. Accessed July 15, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Watterson LR, Kufahl PR, Nemirovsky NE, et al. Potent rewarding and reinforcing effects of the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Addict Biol. 2014;19(2):165–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmler LD, Buser TA, Donzelli M, et al. Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;168(2):458–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen JD, Bremer PT, Ducime A, et al. Active vaccination attenuates the psychostimulant effects of α-PVP and MDPV in rats. Neuropharmacology. 2017;116:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClenahan SJ, Gunnell MG, Owens SM, Fantegrossi WE. Active vaccination reduces reinforcing effects of MDPV in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to self-administer cocaine. Psychopharmacology. 2020;237(9):2613–2620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pertwee RG. The therapeutic potential of drugs that target cannabinoid receptors or modulate the tissue levels or actions of endocannabinoids. AAPS J. 2005;7(3):E625–E654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait RJ, Caldicott D, Mountain D, Hill SL, Lenton S. A systematic review of adverse events arising from the use of synthetic cannabinoids and their associated treatment. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54(1):1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin M, Lee JC, Blake S, Ellis B, Eubanks LM, Janda KD. Broadly neutralizing synthetic cannabinoid vaccines. JACS Au. 2020;1(1):31–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winger G, Hursh SR, Casey KL, Woods JH. Relative reinforcing strength of three N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists with different onsets of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;301(2):690–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang MC, Chen LY, Chen CK, Lin SK. Potential benefit of lamotrigine in managing ketamine use disorder. Med Hypotheses. 2016;87:97–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Z, Kyzer JL, Worob A, Wenthur CJ. Family of structurally related bioconjugates yields antibodies with differential selectivity against ketamine and 6-hydroxynorketamine. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2021;12(21):4113–4122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar