Dermatomyositis: Practical Guidance and Unmet Needs

References

• Khoo T, Lilleker JB, Thong BY-H, Leclair V, Lamb JA, Chinoy H. Epidemiology of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2023;19(11):695–712. doi:10.1038/s41584-023-01033-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWane ME, Waldman R, Lu J. Dermatomyositis: clinical features and pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(2):267–281. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.06.1309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothwell S, Cooper RG, Lundberg IE, et al. Dense genotyping of immune-related loci in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies confirms HLA alleles as the strongest genetic risk factor and suggests different genetic background for major clinical subgroups. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(8):1558–1566. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bax CE, Maddukuri S, Ravishankar A, Pappas-Taffer L, Werth VP. Environmental triggers of dermatomyositis: a narrative review. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(5):434. doi:10.21037/atm-20-3719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall JC, Rosen A. Type I interferons: crucial participants in disease amplification in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(1):40–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel J, Tüting T. An IFN-associated cytotoxic cellular immune response against viral, self-, or tumor antigens is a common pathogenetic feature in “interface dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(10):2392–2402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabata MM, Hodgkinson LM, Wu TT, et al. The type i interferon signature reflects multiple phenotypic and activity measures in dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75(10):1842–1849. doi:10.1002/art.42526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muro Y, Sugiura K, Akiyama M. Cutaneous manifestations in dermatomyositis: key clinical and serological features—a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allerg Immunol. 2016;51(3):293–302. doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8496-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernet LL, Lewis MA, Rieger KE, Casciola-Rosen L, Fiorentino DF. Ovoid palatal patch in dermatomyositis: a novel finding associated with anti-TIF1γ (p155) antibodies. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(9):1049–1051. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly A, Gordon PA, Hannah J, Creamer D. The chameleon rash: a review of the polyphenotypic dermatoses of dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021;46(6):1016–1022. doi:10.1111/ced.14689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichimura Y, Konishi R, Shobo M, et al. Anti-nuclear matrix protein 2 antibody-positive inflammatory myopathies represent extensive myositis without dermatomyositis-specific rash. Rheumatology. 2022;61(3):1222–1227. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang S-H, Chang C, Lian Z-X. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis – challenges in diagnosis and management. J Transl Autoimmun. 2019;2:100018. doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100018
   Google Scholar
• Gerami P, Schope JM, McDonald L, Walling HW, Sontheimer RD. A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis siné myositis): a missing link within the spectrum of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(4):597–613. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.10.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey EE, Fiorentino DF. Amyopathic dermatomyositis: definitions, diagnosis, and management. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2014;16(12):465. doi:10.1007/s11926-014-0465-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Andrade DCO, de Magalhães Souza SC, de Carvalho JF, et al. High frequency of osteoporosis and fractures in women with dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(6):1549–1553. doi:10.1007/s00296-011-1821-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta L, Lawrence A, Edavalath S, Misra R. Prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic vertebral fractures in inflammatory myositis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2018;21(3):725–731. doi:10.1111/1756-185X.13257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguly S, Lawrence A, Gupta L. Prevalent vertebral fractures incur high risk of future fractures in inflammatory myositis. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(4):1431–1436. doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05365-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox M, Sandler RD, Matucci-Cerinic M, Hughes M. Bone health in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20(4):102782. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey MB, Russell L, Danila MI, et al. 2022 American college of rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75(12):2088–2102. doi:10.1002/art.42646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1975;292(7):344–347. doi:10.1056/NEJM197502132920706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclair V, Lundberg IE. New myositis classification criteria-what we have learned since Bohan and Peter. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018;20(4):18. doi:10.1007/s11926-018-0726-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg IE, Tjärnlund A, Bottai M, et al. EULAR/ACR classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(12):1955–1964. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsotti S, Dastmalchi M, Notarnicola A, et al. Performance of the new EULAR/ACR classification criteria for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) in a large monocentric IIM cohort. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(3):492–497. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel B, Khan N, Werth VP. Applicability of EULAR/ACR classification criteria for dermatomyositis to amyopathic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(1):77–83.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis JF, Winkelmann RK. Histopathology of the skin in dermatomyositis. A histopathologic study of 55 cases. Arch Dermatol. 1968;97(6):640–650. doi:10.1001/archderm.1968.01610120030004
   Google Scholar
• Wolstencroft PW, Rieger KE, Leatham HW, Fiorentino DF. Clinical factors associated with cutaneous histopathologic findings in dermatomyositis. J Cutan Pathol. 2019;46(6):401–410. doi:10.1111/cup.13442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik A, Hayat G, Kalia JS, Guzman MA. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: clinical approach and management. Front Neurol. 2016;7:64. doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur T, Manadan AM, Thiagarajan S, Hota B, Block JA. Serum transaminases are frequently elevated at time of diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy and normalize with creatine kinase. J Clin Rheumatol. 2014;20(3):130–132. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly CM, Paik JJ. Clinical pearls and promising therapies in myositis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2023;19:797–811. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2023.2212162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider LG, Miller FW. Laboratory evaluation of the inflammatory myopathies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1995;2(1):1–9. doi:10.1128/cdli.2.1.1-9.1995
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li M, Yan S, Dong R, Xiang W, Ma Z, Yang Q. Elevated platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(6):1615–1624. doi:10.1007/s10067-023-06542-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D, King EH, Rothwell S, et al. Low copy numbers of complement C4 and C4A deficiency are risk factors for myositis, its subgroups and autoantibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(2):235–245. doi:10.1136/ard-2022-222935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato AA, Barohn RJ. Evaluation and treatment of inflammatory myopathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(10):1060–1068. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.169375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgkinson LM, Wu TT, Fiorentino DF. Dermatomyositis autoantibodies: how can we maximize utility? Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(5):433. doi:10.21037/atm-20-5175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh M, Tanaka S, Ceribelli A, Calise SJ, Chan EKL. A comprehensive overview on myositis-specific antibodies: new and old biomarkers in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017;52(1):1–19. doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8510-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betteridge Z, Tansley S, Shaddick G, et al. Frequency, mutual exclusivity and clinical associations of myositis autoantibodies in a combined European cohort of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients. J Autoimmun. 2019;101:48–55. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentino DF, Kuo K, Chung L, Zaba L, Li S, Casciola-Rosen L. Distinctive cutaneous and systemic features associated with antitranscriptional intermediary factor-1γ antibodies in adults with dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(3):449–455. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariampillai K, Granger B, Amelin D, et al. Development of a new classification system for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies based on clinical manifestations and myositis-specific autoantibodies. JAMA neurol. 2018;75(12):1528–1537. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halilu F, Christopher-Stine L. Myositis-specific antibodies: overview and clinical utilization. Rheumatol Immunol Res. 2022;3(1):1–10. doi:10.2478/rir-2022-0001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamaguchi Y, Kuwana M, Takehara K. Performance evaluation of a commercial line blot assay system for detection of myositis- and systemic sclerosis-related autoantibodies. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(11):3489–3497. doi:10.1007/s10067-020-04973-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansley SL, Li D, Betteridge ZE, McHugh NJ. The reliability of immunoassays to detect autoantibodies in patients with myositis is dependent on autoantibody specificity. Rheumatology. 2020;59(8):2109–2114. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulhearn B, Li D, McMorrow F, Lu H, McHugh NJ, Tansley SL. A commercial anti-TIF1γ ELISA is superior to line and dot blot and should be considered as part of routine myositis-specific antibody testing. Front Immunol. 2022;13:804037. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.804037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loganathan A, McMorrow F, Lu H, et al. The use of ELISA is comparable to immunoprecipitation in the detection of selected myositis-specific autoantibodies in a European population. Front Immunol. 2022;13:975939. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.975939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iaccarino L, Ghirardello A, Bettio S, et al. The clinical features, diagnosis and classification of dermatomyositis. J Autoimmun. 2014;48–49:122–127. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2013.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigmund EE, Baete SH, Luo T, et al. MRI assessment of the thigh musculature in dermatomyositis and healthy subjects using diffusion tensor imaging, intravoxel incoherent motion and dynamic DTI. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(12):5304–5315. doi:10.1007/s00330-018-5458-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malartre S, Bachasson D, Mercy G, et al. MRI and muscle imaging for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Brain Pathol. 2021;31(3):e12954. doi:10.1111/bpa.12954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uruha A, Nishikawa A, Tsuburaya RS, et al. Sarcoplasmic MxA expression: a valuable marker of dermatomyositis. Neurology. 2017;88(5):493–500. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt J. Current classification and management of inflammatory myopathies. J Neurom Dis. 2018;5(2):109–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Won Huh J, Soon Kim D, Keun Lee C, et al. Two distinct clinical types of interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis-dermatomyositis. Respir Med. 2007;101(8):1761–1769. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2007.02.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallowell RW, Paik JJ. Myositis-associated interstitial lung disease: a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40(2):373–383. doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/brvl1v
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trallero-Araguás E, Grau-Junyent JM, Labirua-Iturburu A, et al. Clinical manifestations and long-term outcome of anti-Jo1 antisynthetase patients in a large cohort of Spanish patients from the GEAS-IIM group. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46(2):225–231. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomonaga M, Sakamoto N, Ishimatsu Y, et al. Comparison of pulmonary involvement between patients expressing anti-PL-7 and anti-Jo-1 antibodies. Lung. 2015;193(1):79–83. doi:10.1007/s00408-014-9665-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors GR, Christopher-Stine L, Oddis CV, Danoff SK. Interstitial lung disease associated with the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: what progress has been made in the past 35 years? Chest. 2010;138(6):1464–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall JC, Casciola-Rosen L, Samedy L-A, et al. Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5-associated dermatomyositis: expanding the clinical spectrum. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(8):1307–1315. doi:10.1002/acr.21992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teel A, Lu J, Park J, Singh N, Basharat P. The role of myositis-specific autoantibodies and the management of interstitial lung disease in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2022;57:152088. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACR Board of Directors. American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guideline for the screening and monitoring of interstitial lung disease in people with systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease; 2023. Available from: https://rheumatology.org/interstitial-lung-disease-guideline. Accessed February 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Sanges S, Yelnik CM, Sitbon O, et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: data from the French pulmonary hypertension registry and review of the literature. Medicine. 2016;95(39):e4911. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004911
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Z, Guo‐chun W, Li M, Ning Z. Cardiac involvement in adult polymyositis or dermatomyositis: a systematic review. Clin Cardiol. 2012;35(11):685–691. doi:10.1002/clc.22026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X-H, Feng X-J, Shi J-Y, et al. The quest for diagnostic approaches of cardiac involvement in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Ann Palliat Med. 2020;9(4):2256–2270. doi:10.21037/apm-19-650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targoff IN, Johnson AE, Miller FW. Antibody to signal recognition particle in polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(9):1361–1370. doi:10.1002/art.1780330908
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hengstman GJD, ter Laak HJ, Vree Egberts WTM, et al. Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibodies: marker of a necrotising myopathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(12):1635–1638. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.052191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayakumar D, Zhang R, Wasserman A, Ash J. Cardiac manifestations in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: an overview. Cardiol Rev. 2019;27(3):131–137. doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg IE. The heart in dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Rheumatology. 2006;45:iv18–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong A, Hu Z, Zhou S, et al. Cardiovascular events in adult polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Rheumatology. 2022;61(7):2728–2739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R, Wayangankar SA, Targoff IN, Hennebry TA. Clinical cardiac involvement in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol. 2011;148(3):261–270. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.08.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casal-Dominguez M, Pinal-Fernandez I, Mego M, et al. High-resolution manometry in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: elevated prevalence of esophageal involvement and differences according to autoantibody status and clinical subset. Muscle Nerve. 2017;56(3):386–392. doi:10.1002/mus.25507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson DR, Werth VP. Relative risk of microscopic colitis in dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(5):1188–1190. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.03.045
   Google Scholar
• Matas-Garcia A, Milisenda JC, Espinosa G, et al. Gastrointestinal involvement in dermatomyositis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(5):1200. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12051200
   Google Scholar
• Cucchiari D, Angelini C. Renal involvement in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017;52(1):99–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadiparthi C, Hans A, Potts K, Ismail MK. Gastrointestinal and hepatic disease in the inflammatory myopathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2018;44(1):113–129. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2017.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edge K, Chinoy H, Cooper RG. Serum alanine aminotransferase elevations correlate with serum creatine phosphokinase levels in myositis. Rheumatology. 2006;45(4):487–488. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kel009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurgeirsson B, Lindelöf B, Edhag O, Allander E. Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis. A population-based study. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(6):363–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olazagasti JM, Baez PJ, Wetter DA, Ernste FC. Cancer risk in dermatomyositis: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(2):89–98. doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0120-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan H, Rugo HS, Haemel A. Risk-based screening for cancer in patients with dermatomyositis: toward a more individualized approach. JAMA Dermatol. 2022;158(3):244–247. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.5841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna U, Galimberti F, Li Y, Fernandez AP. Dermatomyositis and malignancy: should all patients with dermatomyositis undergo malignancy screening? Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(5):432. doi:10.21037/atm-20-5215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldroyd AGS, Allard AB, Callen JP, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to inform cancer screening guidelines in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Rheumatology. 2021;60(6):2615–2628. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leatham H, Schadt C, Chisolm S, et al. Evidence supports blind screening for internal malignancy in dermatomyositis: data from 2 large US dermatology cohorts. Medicine. 2018;97(2):e9639. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selva-O’Callaghan A, Grau JM, Gámez-Cenzano C, et al. Conventional cancer screening versus PET/CT in dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Am J Med. 2010;123(6):558–562. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maliha PG, Hudson M, Abikhzer G, Singerman J, Probst S. 18F-FDG PET/CT versus conventional investigations for cancer screening in autoimmune inflammatory myopathy in the era of novel myopathy classifications. Nucl Med Commun. 2019;40(4):377–382. doi:10.1097/MNM.0000000000000981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtzman DJB, Vleugels RA. Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) dermatomyositis: a concise review with an emphasis on distinctive clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(4):776–785. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narang NS, Casciola-Rosen L, Li S, Chung L, Fiorentino DF. Cutaneous ulceration in dermatomyositis: association with anti–melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 antibodies and interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Care Res. 2015;67(5):667–672. doi:10.1002/acr.22498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Chen Z, Hu W, et al. Clinical and serological features of patients with dermatomyositis complicated by spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(2):489–493. doi:10.1007/s10067-015-3001-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentino D, Chung L, Zwerner J, Rosen A, Casciola-Rosen L. The mucocutaneous and systemic phenotype of dermatomyositis patients with antibodies to MDA5 (CADM-140): a retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(1):25–34. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.09.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamaguchi Y, Kuwana M, Hoshino K, et al. Clinical correlations with dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodies in adult Japanese patients with dermatomyositis: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(4):391–398. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen Z, Cao M, Plana MN, et al. Utility of Anti–Melanoma Differentiation–Associated Gene 5 antibody measurement in identifying patients with dermatomyositis and a high risk for developing rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease: a review of the literature and a meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(8):1316–1324. doi:10.1002/acr.21985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• So J, So H, Wong VT-L, et al. Predictors of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease and mortality in patients with autoantibodies against melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 dermatomyositis. Rheumatology. 2022;61(11):4437–4444. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keac094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo Y, Ye L, Chen F, et al. Different multivariable risk factors for rapid progressive interstitial lung disease in Anti-MDA5 positive dermatomyositis and anti-synthetase syndrome. Front Immunol. 2022;13:845988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalakas MC. Inflammatory muscle diseases. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(18):1734–1747. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1402225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang K, Aggarwal R. Antisynthetase syndrome: a distinct disease spectrum. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2020;5(3):178–191. doi:10.1177/2397198320902667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Gay MA, Montecucco C, Selva-O’Callaghan A, et al. Timing of onset affects arthritis presentation pattern in antisyntethase syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018;36(1):44–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavagna L, Nuño L, Scirè CA, et al. Serum Jo-1 autoantibody and isolated arthritis in the antisynthetase syndrome: review of the literature and report of the experience of AENEAS collaborative group. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017;52(1):71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Li S, Yang H, et al. Clinical profiles and prognosis of patients with distinct antisynthetase autoantibodies. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(7):1051–1057. doi:10.3899/jrheum.161480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marie I, Josse S, Decaux O, et al. Comparison of long-term outcome between anti-Jo1- and anti-PL7/PL12 positive patients with antisynthetase syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(10):739–745. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2012.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco JL, Collins BF. Clinical manifestations and treatment of antisynthetase syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2020;34(4):101503. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2020.101503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opinc AH, Makowska JS. Antisynthetase syndrome - much more than just a myopathy. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(1):72–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez AP, Gallop J, Polly S, Khanna U. Efficacy and safety of repository corticotropin injection for refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis: a prospective, open-label study. Rheumatology. 2023;kead595. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dourmishev L, Meffert H, Piazena H. Dermatomyositis: comparative studies of cutaneous photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus and normal subjects. Photod Photoiml Phot. 2004;20(5):230–234. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00115.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman R, DeWane ME, Lu J. Dermatomyositis: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(2):283–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivo Pallo PA, de Souza FHC, Miossi R, Shinjo SK. Mycophenolate mofetil in patients with refractory systemic autoimmune myopathies: case series. Adv Rheumatol. 2018;58(1):34. doi:10.1186/s42358-018-0035-7
   Google Scholar
• Wolstencroft PW, Chung L, Li S, Casciola-Rosen L, Fiorentino DF. Factors associated with clinical remission of skin disease in dermatomyositis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(1):44–51. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galimberti F, Kooistra L, Li Y, Chatterjee S, Fernandez AP. Intravenous immunoglobulin is an effective treatment for refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018;43(8):906–912. doi:10.1111/ced.13607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danieli MG, Calcabrini L, Calabrese V, Marchetti A, Logullo F, Gabrielli A. Intravenous immunoglobulin as add on treatment with mycophenolate mofetil in severe myositis. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;9(2):124–127. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2009.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R, Charles-Schoeman C, Schessl J, et al. Trial of Intravenous Immune Globulin in Dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(14):1264–1278. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2117912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oddis CV, Reed AM, Aggarwal R, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: a randomized, placebo-phase trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(2):314–324. doi:10.1002/art.37754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung L, Genovese MC, Fiorentino DF. A pilot trial of rituximab in the treatment of patients with dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(6):763–767. doi:10.1001/archderm.143.6.763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R, Loganathan P, Koontz D, Qi Z, Reed AM, Oddis CV. Cutaneous improvement in refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis after treatment with rituximab. Rheumatology. 2017;56(2):247–254. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• So H, Wong VTL, Lao VWN, Pang HT, Yip RML. Rituximab for refractory rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease related to anti-MDA5 antibody-positive amyopathic dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(7):1983–1989. doi:10.1007/s10067-018-4122-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge Y, Li S, Tian X, He L, Lu X, Wang G. Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive dermatomyositis responds to rituximab therapy. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40(6):2311–2317. doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05530-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi M, Kikuchi T, Takada T. Mycophenolate mofetil for the patients with interstitial lung diseases in amyopathic dermatomyositis with anti-MDA-5 antibodies. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(1):239–240. doi:10.1007/s10067-016-3443-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimojima Y, Ishii W, Matsuda M, Kishida D, Ikeda S-I. Effective use of calcineurin inhibitor in combination therapy for interstitial lung disease in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2017;23(2):87–93. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anyanwu CO, Chansky PB, Feng R, Carr K, Okawa J, Werth VP. The systemic management of cutaneous dermatomyositis: results of a stepwise strategy. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2017;3(4):189–194. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.05.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelle MT, Callen JP. Adverse cutaneous reactions to hydroxychloroquine are more common in patients with dermatomyositis than in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(9):1231–1233. doi:10.1001/archderm.138.9.1231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolstencroft PW, Casciola-Rosen L, Fiorentino DF. Association between autoantibody phenotype and cutaneous adverse reactions to hydroxychloroquine in dermatomyositis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(10):1199–1203. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combalia A, Giavedoni P, Tamez L, Grau-Junyent JM, Mascaró JM. Bosentan for cutaneous ulcers in anti-MDA5 dermatomyositis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(3):371–373. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.5462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad V, Lenzer J, Newman DH. Why cancer screening has never been shown to “save lives”--and what we can do about it. BMJ. 2016;352:1.
   Google Scholar
• Oldroyd AGS, Callen JP, Chinoy H, et al. International guideline for idiopathic inflammatory myopathy-associated cancer screening: an international myositis assessment and clinical studies group (IMACS) initiative. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2023;19:805–817. doi:10.1038/s41584-023-01045-w
   Google Scholar
• Rabi DM, Kunneman M, Montori VM. When guidelines recommend shared decision-making. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1345–1346. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RP, Sheridan SL, Lewis CL, et al. The harms of screening: a proposed taxonomy and application to lung cancer screening. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(2):281–285. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann TC, Del Mar C. Clinicians’ expectations of the benefits and harms of treatments, screening, and tests: a systematic review. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(3):407–419. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.8254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RP, Wilt TJ, Qaseem A. High value care task force of the American college of physicians. A value framework for cancer screening: advice for high-value care from the American college of physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(10):712–717. doi:10.7326/M14-2327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentino DF, Mecoli CA, Rosen MC, et al. Immune responses to CCAR1 and other dermatomyositis autoantigens are associated with attenuated cancer emergence. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(2):e150201. doi:10.1172/JCI150201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosono Y, Sie B, Pinal-Fernandez I, et al. Coexisting autoantibodies against transcription factor Sp4 are associated with decreased cancer risk in patients with dermatomyositis with anti-TIF1γ autoantibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(2):246–252. doi:10.1136/ard-2022-222441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson M, Economidou S, Liampas A, Zis P, Parperis K. Management of MDA-5 antibody positive clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2022;53:151959. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.151959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang K, Vinik O, Shojania K, et al. Clinical spectrum and therapeutics in Canadian patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-positive dermatomyositis: a case-based review. Rheumatol Int. 2019;39(11):1971–1981. doi:10.1007/s00296-019-04398-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer A, Brown KK, Du Bois RM, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil improves lung function in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(5):640–646. doi:10.3899/jrheum.121043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo H, Leung JCK, Chan LYY, Lui SL, Tsang AWL, Lai KN. Modulation of intra-pulmonary TGF-beta expression by mycophenolate mofetil in lupus prone MRL/lpr mice. Lupus. 2005;14(8):583–592. doi:10.1191/0961203305lu2170oa
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan L, Lyu W, Liu H, et al. A retrospective analysis of outcome in melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-related interstitial lung disease treated with tofacitinib or tacrolimus. J Rheumatol. 2022;49(12):1356–1364. doi:10.3899/jrheum.220367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Wang X, Ye S. Tofacitinib in amyopathic dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(3):291–293. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1900045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakashima R, Hosono Y, Mimori T. Clinical significance and new detection system of autoantibodies in myositis with interstitial lung disease. Lupus. 2016;25(8):925–933. doi:10.1177/0961203316651748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji H, Nakashima R, Hosono Y, et al. Multicenter prospective study of the efficacy and safety of combined immunosuppressive therapy with high-dose glucocorticoid, tacrolimus, and cyclophosphamide in interstitial lung diseases accompanied by anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(3):488–498. doi:10.1002/art.41105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L-M, Yang Q-H, Zhang L, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for interstitial lung diseases of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis. Rheumatology. 2022;61(9):3704–3710. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab928
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe Y, Kusaoi M, Tada K, Yamaji K, Tamura N. Successful treatment of anti-MDA5 antibody-positive refractory interstitial lung disease with plasma exchange therapy. Rheumatology. 2020;59(4):767–771. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirakashi M, Nakashima R, Tsuji H, et al. Efficacy of plasma exchange in anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis with interstitial lung disease under combined immunosuppressive treatment. Rheumatology. 2020;59(11):3284–3292. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirai T, Machiyama T, Sato H, Ishii T, Fujii H. Intensive induction therapy combining tofacitinib, rituximab and plasma exchange in severe anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2023;41(2):291–300. doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/8kulbf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian Q-Y, Chen A, Zhang J-H, et al. Lung transplantation for anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis-associated rapid progressive interstitial lung disease: report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(3):941–947. doi:10.1007/s10067-022-06422-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou J, Li T, Huang X, Chen S, Guo Q, Bao C. Basiliximab may improve the survival rate of rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonia in patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis with anti-MDA5 antibody. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(8):1591–1593. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer M-T, Nies JF, Oqueka T, Huber TB, Kötter I, Krusche M. Successful rescue therapy with daratumumab in rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease caused by MDA5-positive dermatomyositis. Chest. 2023;163(1):e1–5. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2022.08.2209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dermatomyositis: data Support IFN-beta as therapeutic target. Medscape; 2023. Available from: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/989902. Accessed February 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed S, Chakka S, Concha J, Krain R, Feng R, Werth VP. Evaluating important change in cutaneous disease activity as an efficacy measure for clinical trials in dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol. 2020;182(4):949–954. doi:10.1111/bjd.18223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R, Domyslawska I, Carreira P, et al.. Pos1207 Efficacy And Safety Of Anti-Ifnβ-Specific Monoclonal Antibody, Pf-06823859, On Myositis: phase 2 Study In Patients With Moderate-To-Severe Dermatomyositis. In Scientific Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism; 2023:936–937.
   Google Scholar
• Pfizer. A phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Pf-06823859 in participants with active idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (including participants with active dermatomyositis or polymyositis). clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05895786. Accessed February 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Priovant Therapeutics, Inc. A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral brepocitinib in adults with dermatomyositis. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05437263. Accessed February 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris. Baricitinib in patients with relapsing or naïve dermatomyositis: a multicenter randomized controlled Trial (BIRD). clinicaltrials.gov; 2022. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04972760. Accessed February 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Galapagos NV. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of orally administered GLPG3667 once daily for 24 weeks in adult subjects with dermatomyositis. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05695950. Accessed February 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Paik JJ, Casciola-Rosen L, Shin JY, et al. Study of tofacitinib in refractory dermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study of ten patients. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(5):858–865. doi:10.1002/art.41602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexion. A Phase 2/3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ravulizumab in adult participants with dermatomyositis. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04999020. Accessed February 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Kim YJ, Schiopu E, Dankó K, et al. A phase 2, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of toll-like receptor 7/8/9 antagonist, IMO-8400, in dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(4):1160–1162. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc. A phase iia, randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of enpatoran in dermatomyositis and polymyositis participants receiving standard of care (NEPTUNIA). clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05650567. Accessed February 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Horizon Therapeutics Ireland DAC. A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, efficacy and safety study of daxdilimab subcutaneous injection in adult participants with inadequately controlled dermatomyositis or anti-synthetase inflammatory myositis. clinicaltrials.gov; 2023. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05669014. Accessed February 13, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Tjärnlund A, Tang Q, Wick C, et al. Abatacept in the treatment of adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a randomised, phase IIb treatment delayed-start trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(1):55–62. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller F, Boeltz S, Knitza J, et al. CD19-targeted CAR T cells in refractory antisynthetase syndrome. Lancet. 2023;401(10379):815–818. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00023-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar