Biomarkers In Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Current Targets And Clinical Implications

References

• Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, et al. The EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of urticaria. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;73:1393–1414. doi:10.1111/all.13397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puxeddu I, Piliponsky AM, Bachelet I, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells in allergy and beyond. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2003;35:1601–1607. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(03)00208-512962699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan AP, Greaves M. Pathogenesis of chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39:777–787. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03256.x19400905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altrichter S, Peter HJ, Pisarevskaja D, Metz M, Martus P, Maurer M. Ige mediated autoallergy against thyroid peroxidase - a novel pathomechanism of chronic spontaneous urticaria? PLoS One. 2011;6:e14794. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.001479421532759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocatürk E, Maurer M, Metz M, Grattan C. Looking forward to new targeted treatments for chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017. doi:10.1186/s13601-016-0139-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Chen G. Mast cell and autoimmune diseases. Mediators Inflamm. 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/246126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiebiger E, Maurer D, Holub H, et al. Serum IgG autoantibodies directed against the α chain of FcεRI: a selective marker and pathogenetic factor for a distinct subset of chronic urticaria patients? J Clin Invest. 1995. doi:10.1172/JCI118325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanprapaph K, Iamsumang W, Wattanakrai P, Vachiramon V. Thyroid autoimmunity and autoimmunity in chronic spontaneous urticaria linked to disease severity, therapeutic response, and time to remission in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Biomed Res Int. 2018. doi:10.1155/2018/9856843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracken SJ, Abraham S, MacLeod AS. Autoimmune theories of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Front Immunol. 2019. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toubi E, Kessel A, Avshovich N, et al. Clinical and laboratory parameters in predicting chronic urticaria duration: A prospective study of 139 patients. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;59:869–873. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00473.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Sela S, Reshef T, Mekori YA. IgE antithyroid microsomal antibodies in a patient with chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:1216–1217. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70204-610359911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez J, Sánchez A, Cardona R. Causal relationship between anti-TPO IgE and chronic urticaria by in vitro and in vivo tests. Allergy, Asthma Immunol Res. 2019. doi:10.4168/aair.2019.11.1.29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolkhir P, Church MK, Weller K, Metz M, Schmetzer O, Maurer M. Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria: what we know and what we do not know. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139:1772–1781.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.05027777182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer M, Nakazawa K, Kaplan AR. Complement dependence of histamine release in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:169–172. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70129-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi Y, Kaplan AP. A role for C5a in augmenting IgG-dependent histamine release from basophils in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:114–118. doi:10.1067/mai.2002.12095411799375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmetzer O, Lakin E, Topal FA, et al. IL-24 is a common and specific autoantigen of IgE in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142:876–882. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.03529208545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessel A, Helou W, Bamberger E, et al. Elevated serum total IgE - a potential marker for severe chronic urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010;153:288–293. doi:10.1159/00031437020484928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straesser MD, Oliver E, Palacios T, et al. Serum IgE as an immunological marker to predict response to omalizumab treatment in symptomatic chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6:1386–1388.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.10.03029175369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller K, Ohanyan T, Hawro T, et al. Total IgE levels are linked to the response of chronic spontaneous urticaria patients to omalizumab. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;73:2406–2408. doi:10.1111/all.13586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattan CEH. Basophils in chronic urticaria. J Investig Dermatology Symp Proc. 2001;6:139–140. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.00027.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grattan CEH, Dawn G, Gibbs S, Francis DM. Blood basophil numbers in chronic ordinary urticaria and healthy controls: diurnal variation, influence of loratadine and prednisolone and relationship to disease activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:337–341. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01589.x12614448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caproni M, Giomi B, Volpi W, et al. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: infiltrating cells and related cytokines in autologous serum-induced wheals. Clin Immunol. 2005;114:284–292. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2004.10.00715721839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi A, Asero R, Lorini M, Marzano AV, Cugno M. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in chronic urticaria patients correlate with disease severity and C-reactive protein but not with circulating histamine-releasing factors. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:875–881. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03473.x20214668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye YM, Yang EM, Yoo HS, Shin YS, Kim SH, Park HS. Increased level of basophil CD203c expression predicts severe chronic urticaria. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29:43. doi:10.3346/jkms.2014.29.1.4324431904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios T, Stillman L, Borish L, Lawrence M. Lack of basophil CD203c-upregulating activity as an immunological marker to predict response to treatment with omalizumab in patients with symptomatic chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:529–530. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2015.11.02526725153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folci M, Heffler E, Canonica GW, Furlan R, Brunetta E. Cutting edge: biomarkers for chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:1–12. doi:10.1155/2018/5615109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deza G, Bertolín-Colilla M, Pujol RM, et al. Basophil Fc3 RI expression in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a potential immunological predictor of response to omalizumab therapy. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97:698–704. doi:10.2340/00015555-265428303277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz M, Staubach P, Bauer A, et al. Clinical efficacy of omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria is associated with a reduction of FcεRI-positive cells in the skin. Theranostics. 2017;7:1266–1276. doi:10.7150/thno.1830428435464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperska-Zajac A, Grzanka A, Machura E, Misiolek M, Mazur B, Jochem J. Increased serum complement C3 and C4 concentrations and their relation to severity of chronic spontaneous urticaria and CRP concentration. J Inflamm (United Kingdom). 2013. doi:10.1186/1476-9255-10-22
   Google Scholar
• Onat A, Can G, Rezvani R, Cianflone K. Complement C3 and cleavage products in cardiometabolic risk. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:1171–1179. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2011.03.00521419112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie RF, Palomaki GE, Neveux LM, Navolotskaia O. Reference distributions for complement proteins C3 and C4: a comparison of a large cohort to the world’s literature. J Clin Lab Anal. 2004. doi:10.1002/jcla.10095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klos A, Tenner AJ, Johswich KO, Ager RR, Reis ES, Köhl J. The role of the anaphylatoxins in health and disease. Mol Immunol. 2009;46:2753–2766. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.02719477527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Lati SG, Dahinden CA, Church MK. Complement peptides C3a- and C5a-induced mediator release from dissociated human skin mast cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102:803–806. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep123785897513741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Erxun K, Li J, Yang J, Han C. Correlations between anti-mast cell autoantibodies and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Ann Dermatol. 2014;26:145. doi:10.5021/ad.2014.26.2.14524882966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidvégi B, Nagy E, Szabó T, et al. Correlation between T-cell and mast cell activity in patients with chronic urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2003;132:177–182. doi:10.1159/00007371914600430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caproni M, Volpi W, Giomi B, et al. Chronic idiopathic and chronic autoimmune urticaria: clinical and immunopathological features of 68 subjects. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84:288–290. doi:10.1080/0001555041002693915339073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deza G, Ricketti PA, Giménez-Arnau AM, Casale TB. Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic pipelines for chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6:1108–1117. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.02.02430033912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattan CEH, Walpole D, Francis DM, et al. Flow cytometric analysis of basophil numbers in chronic urticaria: basopenia is related to serum histamine releasing activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27:1417–1424. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb02986.x9433937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magen E, Mishal J, Zeldin Y, et al. Increased mean platelet volume and C-reactive protein levels in patients with chronic urticaria with a positive autologous serum skin test. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339:504–508. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181db6ed520400886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye YM, Park JW, Kim SH, et al. Prognostic factors for chronic spontaneous urticaria: a 6-month prospective observational study. Allergy, Asthma Immunol Res. 2016;8:115. doi:10.4168/aair.2016.8.2.11526739404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinou GN, Asero R, Maurer M, Sabroe RA, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Grattan CEH. EAACI/GA2LEN task force consensus report: the autologous serum skin test in urticaria. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;64:1256–1268. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02132.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolkhir P, André F, Church MK, Maurer M, Metz M. Potential blood biomarkers in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47:19–36. doi:10.1111/cea.1287027926978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huilan Z, Bihua L, Runxiang L, Jiayan L, Luyang L, Zhenjie L. Features of antihistamine-resistant chronic urticaria and chronic urticaria during exacerbation. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60:323. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.156458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staubach P, Onnen K, Vonend A, et al. Autologous whole blood injections to patients with chronic urticaria and a positive autologous serum skin test: a placebo-controlled trial. Dermatology. 2006;212:150–159. doi:10.1159/00009065616484822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolkhir P, Altrichter S, Hawro T, Maurer M. C-reactive protein is linked to disease activity, impact, and response to treatment in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018. doi:10.1111/all.13352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperska-Zajac A, Sztylc J, Machura E, Jop G. Plasma IL-6 concentration correlates with clinical disease activity and serum C-reactive protein concentration in chronic urticaria patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03789.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuka T. Response to oral cyclosporine therapy and high sensitivity-CRP level in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Int J Dermatol. 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04384.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolkhir P, Pogorelov D, Olisova O. CRP, D-Dimer, fibrinogen and ESR as predictive markers of response to standard doses of levocetirizine in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017. doi:10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperska-Zajac A, Grzanka A, Damasiewicz-Bodzek A. IL-6 transsignaling in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. PLoS One. 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi A, Lorini M, Suli C, Asero R. Serum interleukin-18 in patients with chronic ordinary urticaria: association with disease activity. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02450.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurt E, Aktas A, Aksu K, et al. Autologous serum skin test response in chronic spontaneous urticaria and respiratory diseases and its relationship with serum interleukin-18 level. Arch Dermatol Res. 2011. doi:10.1007/s00403-011-1144-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puxeddu I, Italiani P, Giungato P, et al. Free IL-18 and IL-33 cytokines in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Cytokine. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2013.01.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh LJ, Trinchieri G, Waldorf HA, Whitaker D, Murphy GF. Human dermal mast cells contain and release tumor necrosis factor alpha, which induces endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwa MA, Emara AS, Youssef N, Bayoumy NM. Serum concentration of IL-17, IL-23 and TNF-α among patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: association with disease activity and autologous serum skin test. J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol. 2014. doi:10.1111/jdv.12124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raap U, Wieczorek D, Gehring M, et al. Increased levels of serum IL-31 in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Exp Dermatol. 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01067.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altrichter S, Hawro T, Hänel K, et al. Successful omalizumab treatment in chronic spontaneous urticaria is associated with lowering of serum IL-31 levels. J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol. 2016. doi:10.1111/jdv.12831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinh HKT, Le PD, Ban GY, Lee HY, Park HS, Ye YM. Altered systemic adipokines in patients with chronic urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2016. doi:10.1159/000452626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risau W. Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature. 1997. doi:10.1038/386671a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med. 1995. doi:10.1038/nm0195-27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay AB, Ying S, Ardelean E, et al. Elevations in vascular markers and eosinophils in chronic spontaneous urticarial weals with low-level persistence in uninvolved skin. Br J Dermatol. 2014. doi:10.1111/bjd.12991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi A, Asero R, Marzano AV, et al. Plasma levels and skin-eosinophil-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with chronic urticaria. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02069.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puxeddu I, Ribatti D, Crivellato E, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cells and eosinophils: a novel link between inflammation and angiogenesis in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puxeddu I, Rabl SC, Panza F, et al. Endostatin and thrombospondin-1 levels are increased in the sera of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014. doi:10.1007/s00403-013-1405-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenberg JS, Ridnour LA, Dimitry J, Frazier WA, Wink DA, Roberts DD. CD47 is necessary for inhibition of nitric oxide-stimulated vascular cell responses by thrombospondin-1. J Biol Chem. 2006. doi:10.1074/jbc.M605040200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel D, Schmidt A, Reimann K, et al. Endostatin, the proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII, induces vasorelaxation. Circ Res. 2006. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000219899.93384.ed
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolkhir P, Pogorelov D, Olisova O, Maurer M. Comorbidity and pathogenic links of chronic spontaneous urticaria and systemic lupus erythematosus - a systematic review. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016. doi:10.1111/cea.12673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessel A, Bishara R, Amital A, et al. Increased plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 are associated with the severity of chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02168.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram M, Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and autoimmune diseases. J Clin Immunol. 2006. doi:10.1007/s10875-006-9022-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belleguic C, Corbel M, Germain N, et al. Increased release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the plasma of acute severe asthmatic patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01219.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilek F, Ozceker D, Ozkaya E, et al. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in children with Chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy, Asthma Immunol Res. 2016. doi:10.4168/aair.2016.8.6.522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang WJ, Goeddel DV, Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science (80-). 1989. doi:10.1126/science.2479986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puxeddu I, Panza F, Pratesi F, et al. CCL5/RANTES, sVCAM-1, and sICAM-1 in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013. doi:10.1159/000354922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwang HL, Ji YK, Kang DS, Yoo JC, Lee WJ, Jai YR. Increased expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules due to mediator release from human foreskin mast cells stimulated by autoantibodies in chronic urticaria sera. J Invest Dermatol. 2002. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01733.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Lin ZW, Zhang YQ, et al. Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection vs thoracoscopic enucleation for large submucosal tumors in the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction. J Am Coll Surg. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asero R, Tedeschi A, Riboldi P, Griffini S, Bonanni E, Cugno M. Severe chronic urticaria is associated with elevated plasma levels of D-dimer. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01514.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi A, Kolkhir P, Asero R, et al. Chronic urticaria and coagulation: pathophysiological and clinical aspects. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014. doi:10.1111/all.12389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asero R, Tedeschi A, Marzano AV, Cugno M. Chronic spontaneous urticaria: immune system, blood coagulation, and more. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016. doi:10.1586/1744666X.2016.1127160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek YS, Jeon J, Kim JH, Oh CH. Severity of acute and chronic urticaria correlates with D-dimer level, but not C-reactive protein or total IgE. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2014. doi:10.1111/ced.12413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda T, Sakurai Y, Takahagi S, et al. Increase of coagulation potential in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02506.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triwongwaranat D, Kulthanan K, Chularojanamontri L, Pinkaew S. Correlation between plasma D-dimer levels and the severity of patients with chronic urticaria. Asia Pac Allergy. 2013. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2013.3.2.100
   Google Scholar
• Wang D, Tang H, Shen Y, Wang F, Lin J, Xu J. Activation of the blood coagulation system in patients with chronic spontaneous Urticaria. Clin Lab. 2015. doi:10.7754/Clin.Lab.2015.150226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cugno M, Tedeschi A, Borghi A, et al. Activation of blood coagulation in two prototypic autoimmune skin diseases: a possible link with thrombotic risk. PLoS One. 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asero R, Marzano AV, Ferrucci S, Cugno M. D-Dimer plasma levels parallel the clinical response to omalizumab in patients with severe chronic spontaneous urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2017. doi:10.1159/000453453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asero R. Plasma D-dimer levels and clinical response to ciclosporin in severe chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzano AV, Genovese G, Casazza G, et al. Predictors of response to omalizumab and relapse in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a study of 470 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol. 2019. doi:10.1111/jdv.15350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Confino-Cohen R, Chodick G, Shalev V, Leshno M, Kimhi O, Goldberg A. Chronic urticaria and autoimmunity: associations found in a large population study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korniluk A, Koper-Lenkiewicz OM, Kamińska J, Kemona H, Dymicka-Piekarska V. Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): new perspectives for an old marker in the course and prognosis of inflammatory conditions. Mediators Inflamm. 2019. doi:10.1155/2019/9213074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperska-Zaja̧c A, Grzanka A, Jarzab J, et al. The association between platelet count and acute phase response in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Biomed Res Int. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/650913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Borges M, Caballero-Fonseca F, Capriles-Hulett A, González-Aveledo L, Maurer M. Factors linked to disease severity and time to remission in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol. 2017. doi:10.1111/jdv.14221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiragun M, Hiragun T, Mihara S, Akita T, Tanaka J, Hide M. Prognosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria in 117 patients not controlled by a standard dose of antihistamine. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013. doi:10.1111/all.12078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuamanochan M, Kulthanan K, Tuchinda P, Chularojanamontri L, Nuchkull P. Clinical features of chronic urticaria in aging population. Asian Pacific J Allergy Immunol. 2016. doi:10.12932/AP0708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregoriou S, Rigopoulos D, Katsambas A, et al. Etiologic aspects and prognostic factors of patients with chronic urticaria: nonrandomized, prospective, descriptive study. J Cutan Med Surg. 2015. doi:10.2310/7750.2008.08035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Młynek A, Magerl M, Hanna M, et al. The German version of the chronic urticaria quality-of-life questionnaire: factor analysis, validation, and initial clinical findings. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01920.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amsler E, Augey F, Soria A, et al. Chronic urticaria and hormones: is there a link? J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol. 2016. doi:10.1111/jdv.13644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperska-Zajac A, Brzoza Z, Rogala B. Lower serum concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in patients suffering from chronic idiopathic urticaria. Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01185.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperska-Zajac A, Brzoza Z, Rogala B. Lower serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate concentration in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a secondary transient phenomenon? Br J Dermatol. 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08694.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye YM, Jin HJ, Hwang EK, et al. Co-existence of chronic urticaria and metabolic syndrome: clinical implications. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013. doi:10.2340/00015555-1443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin YS, Suh DH, Yang EM, Ye YM, Park HS. Serum specific ige to thyroid peroxidase activates basophils in aspirin intolerant urticaria. J Korean Med Sci. 2015. doi:10.3346/jkms.2015.30.6.705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Borges M, Tassinari S, Flores A. Epidemiologic features in patients with antihistamine-resistant chronic urticaria. Rev Alerg Mex. 2015;62(4):279–28626556663
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asero R. D-dimer: a biomarker for antihistamine-resistant chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:983–986. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.03723763979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gericke J, Metz M, Ohanyan T, et al. Serum autoreactivity predicts time to response to omalizumab therapy in chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139:1059–1061.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.04727838346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattan CEH, O’Donnell BF, Francis DM, et al. Randomized double-blind study of cyclosporin in chronic “idiopathic” urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:365–372. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03664.x10951147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo T, Toyoshima S, Kanegae K, et al. Identification of biomarkers for predicting the response to cyclosporine A therapy in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergol Int. 2019;68:270–273. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2018.09.00630355455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal K, Bhargava K, Skov PS, Falkencrone S, Grattan CE. A positive serum basophil histamine release assay is a marker for ciclosporin-responsiveness in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Transl Allergy. 2012;2:19. doi:10.1186/2045-7022-2-1923025508
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasperska-Zając A, Damasiewicz-Bodzek A, Bieniek K, Skrzypulec-Frankel A, Tyrpien-Golder K, Grzanka A. Elevated circulating heat shock protein 70 and its antibody concentrations in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2018;31. doi:10.1177/0394632017750440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettis E, Distaso M, Saitta S, et al. Involvement of new oxidative stress markers in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Postep Dermatologii I Alergol. 2017;5:448–452. doi:10.5114/ada.2017.71110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin C-KE, Kaptein JS, Sheikh J. Differential expression of micrornas and their possible roles in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria and active hives. Allergy Rhinol. 2017;8. doi:10.2500/ar.2017.8.0199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Qi R, Yang Y, Gao X, Chen H, Xiao T. Serum mir-125a-5p and CCL17 upregulated in chronic spontaneous urticaria and correlated with treatment response. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99:571–578. doi:10.2340/00015555-314930809682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piemonti L, Monti P, Sironi M, et al. Vitamin D3 affects differentiation, maturation, and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2000;164:4443–4451. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.444310779743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mf H. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266–281. doi:10.1056/NEJMra07055317634462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo YR, Jung KE, Koo DW, Lee JS. Vitamin D as a marker for disease severity in chronic urticaria and its possible role in pathogenesis. Ann Dermatol. 2015;27:423. doi:10.5021/ad.2015.27.4.42326273159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar