Further Understanding of Neuro-Immune Interactions in Allergy: Implications in Pathophysiology and Role in Disease Progression

References

• Waxenbaum JA, Reddy V, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Autonomic Nervous System. Available from. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing;2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539845/. Accessed August 26, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Maier SF, Goehler LE, Fleshner M, Watkins LR. The role of the vagus nerve in cytokine-to-brain communication. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;840:289–300. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09569.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson SR, Thé L, Batia LM, et al. The epithelial cell-derived atopic dermatitis cytokine TSLP activates neurons to induce itch. Cell. 2013;155(2):285–295. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashem SW, Riedl MS, Yao C, Honda CN, Vulchanova L, Kaplan DH. Nociceptive Sensory Fibers Drive Interleukin-23 Production from CD301b+ Dermal Dendritic Cells and Drive Protective Cutaneous Immunity. Immunity. 2015;43(3):515–526. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Jo S, Talbot S, et al. Novel charged sodium and calcium channel inhibitor active against neurogenic inflammation. eLife. 2019:8. doi:10.7554/eLife.48118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nockher WA, Renz H. Neurotrophins in allergic diseases: from neuronal growth factors to intercellular signaling molecules. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(3):583–589. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oetjen LK, Kim BS. Interactions of the immune and sensory nervous systems in atopy. FEBS J. 2018;285(17):3138–3151. doi:10.1111/febs.14465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieri M. Neuroimmunology and inflammation: implications for therapy of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90(6 Suppl 3):34–40. doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61658-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bienenstock J, Perdue M, Blennerhassett M, et al. Inflammatory cells and the epithelium. Mast cell/nerve interactions in the lung in vitro and in vivo. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138(6 Pt 2):S31–4. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/138.6_Pt_2.S31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiernan JA. Degranulation of mast cells in the trachea and bronchi of the rat following stimulation of the vagus nerve. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1990;91(4):398–402. doi:10.1159/000235149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greene R, Fowler J, MacGlashan DJ, Weinreich D. IgE-challenged human lung mast cells excite vagal sensory neurons in vitro. J Appl Physiol. 1988;64(5):2249–2253. doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.64.5.2249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stead RH, Dixon MF, Bramwell NH, Riddell RH, Bienenstock J. Mast cells are closely apposed to nerves in the human gastrointestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology. 1989;97(3):575–585. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(89)90627-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams RM, Berthoud HR, Stead RH. Vagal afferent nerve fibres contact mast cells in rat small intestinal mucosa. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1997;4(5–6):266–270. doi:10.1159/000097346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosson T, Wang JC, Doyle B, et al. FcεR1-expressing nociceptors trigger allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(6):2330–2342. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kleij H, Charles N, Karimi K, et al. Evidence for neuronal expression of functional Fc (epsilon and gamma) receptors. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(3):757–760. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Undem BJ, Clark TT. Mechanisms underlying the neuronal-based symptoms of allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(6):1521–1534. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadamitzky M, Lückemann L, Pacheco-López G, Schedlowski M. Pavlovian Conditioning of Immunological and Neuroendocrine Functions. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(1):357–405. doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker E, Pelser HE, Groen J. Conditioning as a cause of asthmatic attacks; a laboratory study. J Psychosom Res. 1957;2(2):97–108. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(57)90015-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dark K, Peeke HV, Ellman G, Salfi M. Behaviorally conditioned histamine release. Prior stress and conditionability and extinction of the response. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;496:578–582. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb35816.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauci M, Husband AJ, Saxarra H, King MG. Pavlovian conditioning of nasal tryptase release in human subjects with allergic rhinitis. Physiol Behav. 1994;55(5):823–825. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90066-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goebel MU, Meykadeh N, Kou W, Schedlowski M, Hengge UR. Behavioral conditioning of antihistamine effects in patients with allergic rhinitis. Psychother Psychosom. 2008;77(4):227–234. doi:10.1159/000126074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vits S, Cesko E, Benson S, et al. Cognitive factors mediate placebo responses in patients with house dust mite allergy. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79576. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler ME, Kelley JM, Boyd IOE, et al. Active albuterol or placebo, sham acupuncture, or no intervention in asthma. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(2):119–126. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1103319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exton MS, Elfers A, Jeong WY, Bull DF, Westermann J, Schedlowski M. Conditioned suppression of contact sensitivity is independent of sympathetic splenic innervation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;279(4):R1310–5. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.R1310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konno A, Togawa K. Role of the vidian nerve in nasal allergy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1979;88(2 Pt 1):258–266. doi:10.1177/000348947908800219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroody FM, Wagenmann M, Naclerio RM. Comparison of the secretory response of the nasal mucosa to methacholine and histamine. J Appl Physiol. 1993;74(6):2661–2671. doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.74.6.2661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip G, Jankowski R, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM, Togias AG. Reflex activation of nasal secretion by unilateral inhalation of cold dry air. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148(6 Pt 1):1616–1622. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/148.6_Pt_1.1616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanico AM, Philip G, Lai GK, Togias A. Hyperosmolar saline induces reflex nasal secretions, evincing neural hyperresponsiveness in allergic rhinitis. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86(4):1202–1210. doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.4.1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanico AM, Koliatsos VE, Stanisz AM, Bienenstock J, Togias A. Neural hyperresponsiveness and nerve growth factor in allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1999;118(2–4):154–158. doi:10.1159/000024054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccio MM, Proud D. Evidence that enhanced nasal reactivity to bradykinin in patients with symptomatic allergy is mediated by neural reflexes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(6):1252–1263. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(96)70193-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton F, Peppel P. Central projections of trigeminal primary afferents innervating the nasal mucosa: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. Neuroscience. 1991;41(2–3):617–628. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90354-q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraniuk JN. Sensory, parasympathetic, and sympathetic neural influences in the nasal mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90(6 Pt 2):1045–1050. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(92)90121-h
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallois F, Macron JM, Jounieaux V, Duron B. Trigeminal afferences implied in the triggering or inhibition of sneezing in cats. Neurosci Lett. 1991;122(2):145–147. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90843-i
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson RT, Rooker DW. Stimulation and section of the vidian nerve in relation to autonomic control of the nasal vasculature. Laryngoscope. 1971;81(4):565–569. doi:10.1288/00005537-197104000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisney SJW, Bharali LAM. The Axon Reflex: an Outdated Idea or a Valid Hypothesis? Physiology. 1989;4(2):45–48. doi:10.1152/physiologyonline.1989.4.2.45
   Google Scholar
• McDonald DM, Mitchell RA, Gabella G, Haskell A. Neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. II. Identity and distribution of nerves mediating the increase in vascular permeability. J Neurocytol. 1988;17(5):605–628. doi:10.1007/BF01260989
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald DM. Neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. I. Changes in venules, leucocytes and epithelial cells. J Neurocytol. 1988;17(5):583–603. doi:10.1007/BF01260988
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baraniuk JN, Kaliner M. Neuropeptides and nasal secretion. Am J Physiol. 1991;261(4 Pt 1):L223–35. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1991.261.4.L223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baluk P, Bertrand C, Geppetti P, McDonald DM, Nadel JA. NK1 receptors mediate leukocyte adhesion in neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. Am J Physiol. 1995;268(2 Pt 1):L263–9. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1995.268.2.L263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revington M, Lacroix JS, Potter EK. Sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction in vascular and secretory control of the nasal mucosa in anaesthetized dogs. J Physiol. 1997;505(Pt 3):823–831. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.823ba.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao W, Sheikh SP, Ottesen B, Jørgensen JC. The effect of neuropeptides on vessel tone and cAMP production. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996;805:784–788. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17557.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Shazly AE, Begon DY, Kustermans G, et al. Novel association between vasoactive intestinal peptide and CRTH2 receptor in recruiting eosinophils: a possible biochemical mechanism for allergic eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(2):1374–1384. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.422675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiraishi Y, Asano K, Nakajima T, et al. Prostaglandin D2-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation is mediated by CRTH2 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005;312(3):954–960. doi:10.1124/jpet.104.078212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royer JF, Schratl P, Lorenz S, et al. A novel antagonist of CRTH2 blocks eosinophil release from bone marrow, chemotaxis and respiratory burst. Allergy. 2007;62(12):1401–1409. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01452.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uller L, Mathiesen JM, Alenmyr L, et al. Antagonism of the prostaglandin D2 receptor CRTH2 attenuates asthma pathology in mouse eosinophilic airway inflammation. Respir Res. 2007;8(1):16. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-8-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomiya R, Okano M, Fujiwara T, et al. CRTH2 plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of Cry j 1-induced pollinosis in mice. J Immunol. 2008;180(8):5680–5688. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey GP. Mechanisms of leukocyte motility and chemotaxis. Curr Opin Immunol. 1994;6(1):113–124. doi:10.1016/0952-7915(94)90042-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokoch GM. Chemoattractant signaling and leukocyte activation. Blood. 1995;86(5):1649–1660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon KB, Szabo MC, Yssel H, Bolen JB, Schall TJ. RANTES induces tyrosine kinase activity of stably complexed p125FAK and ZAP-70 in human T cells. J Exp Med. 1996;184(3):873–882. doi:10.1084/jem.184.3.873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knall C, Worthen GS, Johnson GL. Interleukin 8-stimulated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity regulates the migration of human neutrophils independent of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(7):3052–3057. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okita W, Ichimura K. Contribution of nitric oxide and sensory transmitters to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic innervation of nasal blood vessels. Acta Otolaryngologica Supplementum. 1998;539:76–78. doi:10.1080/00016489850182189
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacroix JS. Adrenergic and non-adrenergic mechanisms in sympathetic vascular control of the nasal mucosa. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1989;581:1–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawarai M, Koss MC. Sympathetic control of nasal blood flow in the rat mediated by alpha(1)-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001;413(2–3):255–262. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00759-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Lung MA. Adrenergic mechanisms in canine nasal venous systems. Br J Pharmacol. 2003;138(1):145–155. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin GR, Barde YA. Physiology of the neurotrophins. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1996;19:289–317. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.001445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raap U, Goltz C, Deneka N, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is increased in atopic dermatitis and modulates eosinophil functions compared with that seen in nonatopic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(6):1268–1275. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bresciani M, Lalibertè F, Lalibertè MF, Gramiccioni C, Bonini S. Nerve growth factor localization in the nasal mucosa of patients with persistent allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2009;64(1):112–117. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01831.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Myers AC, Goldstone AC, Togias A, Sanico AM. Localization of nerve growth factor and its receptors in the human nasal mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(2):428–433. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.04.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raap U, Fokkens W, Bruder M, Hoogsteden H, Kapp A, Braunstahl GJ. Modulation of neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor expression in nasal mucosa after nasal allergen provocation in allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2008;63(4):468–475. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01626.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noga O, Englmann C, Hanf G, Grützkau A, Guhl S, Kunkel G. Activation of the specific neurotrophin receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC influences the function of eosinophils. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32(9):1348–1354. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01442.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada A, Watanabe N, Ohtomo H, Matsuda H. Nerve growth factor enhances survival and cytotoxic activity of human eosinophils. Br J Haematol. 1996;93(2):299–302. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1996.5151055.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello RW, Schofield BH, Kephart GM, Gleich GJ, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD. Localization of eosinophils to airway nerves and effect on neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function. Am J Physiol. 1997;273(1 Pt 1):L93–103. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1997.273.1.L93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerji A, Piccirillo JF, Thawley SE, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis patients with polyps or polypoid mucosa have a greater burden of illness. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(1):19–26. doi:10.2500/ajr.2007.21.2979
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan A, Vandeplas G, Huynh TMT, et al. The Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GALEN) rhinosinusitis cohort: a large European cross-sectional study of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with and without nasal polyps. Rhinology. 2019;57(1):32–42. doi:10.4193/Rhin17.255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastan D, Fokkens WJ, Bachert C, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis in Europe–an underestimated disease. A GA2LEN study. Allergy. 2011;66(9):1216–1223. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02646.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thilsing T, Rasmussen J, Lange B, Kjeldsen AD, Al-Kalemji A, Baelum J. Chronic rhinosinusitis and occupational risk factors among 20- to 75-year-old Danes-A GA(2) LEN-based study. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55(11):1037–1043. doi:10.1002/ajim.22074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeMessurier KS, Tiwary M, Morin NP, Samarasinghe AE. Respiratory Barrier as a Safeguard and Regulator of Defense Against Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Immunol. 2020;11:3. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleimer RP. Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2017;12:331–357. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takabayashi T, Kato A, Peters AT, et al. Excessive fibrin deposition in nasal polyps caused by fibrinolytic impairment through reduction of tissue plasminogen activator expression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(1):49–57. doi:10.1164/rccm.201207-1292OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takabayashi T, Kato A, Peters AT, et al. Increased expression of factor XIII-A in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(3):584–592.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon HU, Yousefi S, Schranz C, Schapowal A, Bachert C, Blaser K. Direct demonstration of delayed eosinophil apoptosis as a mechanism causing tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol. 1997;158(8):3902–3908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey CS, Mulligan RM, Schlosser RJ. Mucosal expression of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2009;23(6):571–574. doi:10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng YK, Ma J, Wang ZC, et al. Hemokinin-1 stimulates C-C motif chemokine ligand 24 production in macrophages to enhance eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2019;9(11):1334–1345. doi:10.1002/alr.22430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cserháti E. The history of bronchial asthma from the Renaissance till the beginning of the twentieth century. Acta Physiol Hung. 2005;92(2):181–192. doi:10.1556/APhysiol.92.2005.2.9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oren E, Gerald L, Stern DA, Martinez FD, Wright AL. Self-Reported Stressful Life Events During Adolescence and Subsequent Asthma: a Longitudinal Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(2):427–434.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg S, Järvenpää S, Penttinen A, Paton JY, McCann DC. Asthma exacerbations in children immediately following stressful life events: a Cox’s hierarchical regression. Thorax. 2004;59(12):1046–1051. doi:10.1136/thx.2004.024604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landeo-Gutierrez J, Forno E, Miller GE, Celedón JC. Exposure to Violence, Psychosocial Stress, and Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(8):917–922. doi:10.1164/rccm.201905-1073PP
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill A, Paracha A, Hemming E, et al. A structural model of high crime neighborhoods as a driver of toxic stress leading to asthma diagnoses among children of a large medical practice. Health Place. 2021;71:102665. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta RS, Zhang X, Springston EE, et al. The association between community crime and childhood asthma prevalence in Chicago. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104(4):299–306. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2009.11.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth JM, Soefer MH, Hurewitz A, Kliment A, Stone AA. Daily psychosocial factors predict levels and diurnal cycles of asthma symptomatology and peak flow. J Behav Med. 1999;22(2):179–193. doi:10.1023/a:1018787500151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciprandi G, Schiavetti I, Rindone E, Ricciardolo FLM. The impact of anxiety and depression on outpatients with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115(5):408–414. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2015.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen E, Hanson MD, Paterson LQ, Griffin MJ, Walker HA, Miller GE. Socioeconomic status and inflammatory processes in childhood asthma: the role of psychological stress. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(5):1014–1020. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.01.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu LY, Coe CL, Swenson CA, Kelly EA, Kita H, Busse WW. School examinations enhance airway inflammation to antigen challenge. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(8):1062–1067. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.165.8.2109065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffner KL, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R, Malarkey WB, Marshall GD. Stress and anxiety effects on positive skin test responses in young adults with allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(1):13–18. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2014.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Y, Ho R, Lim TK, et al. Neuropeptide Y may mediate psychological stress and enhance TH2 inflammatory response in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(4):1061–1063.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawano T, Ouchi R, Ishigaki T, et al. Increased Susceptibility to Allergic Asthma with the Impairment of Respiratory Tolerance Caused by Psychological Stress. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018;177(1):1–15. doi:10.1159/000488289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssens T, Steele AM, Rosenfield D, Ritz T. Airway reactivity in response to repeated emotional film clip presentation in asthma. Biol Psychol. 2017;123:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brehm JM, Ramratnam SK, Tse SM, et al. Stress and Bronchodilator Response in Children with Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(1):47–56. doi:10.1164/rccm.201501-0037OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Boutaoui N, Brehm JM, et al. ADCYAP1R1 and asthma in Puerto Rican children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(6):584–588. doi:10.1164/rccm.201210-1789OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan Q, Forno E, Cardenas A, et al. Exposure to violence, chronic stress, nasal DNA methylation, and atopic asthma in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(7):1896–1905. doi:10.1002/ppul.25372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller GE, Chen E. Life stress and diminished expression of genes encoding glucocorticoid receptor and beta2-adrenergic receptor in children with asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(14):5496–5501. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506312103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey MT, Kierstein S, Sharma S, et al. Social stress enhances allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice and inhibits corticosteroid responsiveness of cytokine production. J Immunol. 2009;182(12):7888–7896. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0800891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsythe P, Ebeling C, Gordon JR, Befus AD, Vliagoftis H. Opposing effects of short- and long-term stress on airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(2):220–226. doi:10.1164/rccm.200307-979OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa-Pinto FA, Basso AS, Russo M. Role of mast cell degranulation in the neural correlates of the immediate allergic reaction in a murine model of asthma. Brain Behav Immun. 2007;21(6):783–790. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germundson DL, Nagamoto-Combs K. Potential Role of Intracranial Mast Cells in Neuroinflammation and Neuropathology Associated with Food Allergy. Cells. 2022;11(4):738. doi:10.3390/cells11040738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriyama S, Brestoff JR, Flamar AL, et al. β(2)-adrenergic receptor-mediated negative regulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cell responses. Science. 2018;359(6379):1056–1061. doi:10.1126/science.aan4829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galle-Treger L, Suzuki Y, Patel N, et al. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist attenuates ILC2-dependent airway hyperreactivity. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13202. doi:10.1038/ncomms13202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaki M, Ichinose M, Miura M, et al. Elevated substance P content in induced sputum from patients with asthma and patients with chronic bronchitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(3 Pt 1):613–617. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.3.7533601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay AB, Ali FR, Heaney LG, et al. Airway expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in T-cell peptide-induced late asthmatic reactions in atopics. Allergy. 2007;62(5):495–503. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01342.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot S, Abdulnour REE, Burkett PR, et al. Silencing Nociceptor Neurons Reduces Allergic Airway Inflammation. Neuron. 2015;87(2):341–354. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caceres AI, Brackmann M, Elia MD, et al. A sensory neuronal ion channel essential for airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(22):9099–9104. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900591106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia J, Lasiter PS, Bermudez-Rattoni F, Deems DA. A general theory of aversion learning. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1985;443:8–21. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb27060.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker LA. The role of nausea in taste avoidance learning in rats and shrews. Auton Neurosci. 2006;125(1–2):34–41. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2006.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto A, Yanai M, Sekizawa K, Aikawa T, Sasaki H. Conditioned enhancement of cough response in awake Guinea pigs. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1995;108(1):95–98. doi:10.1159/000237124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller M, Murray DR, Bangerter A. Implications of the behavioural immune system for social behaviour and human health in the modern world. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370:1669. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denholm L, Gallagher G. Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia Intensive Care Med. 2018;19(9):513–516. doi:10.1016/J.MPAIC.2018.06.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berin MC. Immunopathophysiology of food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(5):1108–1113. doi:10.1016/J.JACI.2014.12.1948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook T, Keet CA, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Wood RA. Use of ondansetron for food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(5):1219–1220. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miceli Sopo S, Battista A, Greco M, Monaco S. Ondansetron for food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2014;164(2):137–139. doi:10.1159/000363384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo-Neto J, Guimarães RK. Pavlovian conditioning of lung anaphylactic response in rats. Life Sci. 2000;68(6):611–623. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00966-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germundson DL, Nookala S, Smith NA, Warda Y. HLA-II Alleles Influence Physical and Behavioral Responses to a Whey Allergen in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Cow’s Milk Allergy. Front Allergy. 2022;3:870513. doi:10.3389/falgy.2022.870513
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schemann M, Michel K, Ceregrzyn M, Zeller F, Seidl S, Bischoff SC. Human mast cell mediator cocktail excites neurons in human and Guinea-pig enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005;17(2):281–289. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2004.00591.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieling T, Cooke HJ, Wood JD. Neuroimmune communication in the submucous plexus of Guinea pig colon after sensitization to milk antigen. Am J Physiol. 1994;267(6 Pt 1):G1087–93. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1994.267.6.G1087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell A, Althaus M, Diener M. Communication between mast cells and rat submucosal neurons. Pflugers Arch. 2015;467(8):1809–1823. doi:10.1007/s00424-014-1609-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Wood JD. Effects of prolonged exposure to histamine on Guinea pig intestinal neurons. Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37(7):1084–1088. doi:10.1007/BF01300291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Palmer JM, Wood JD. Presynaptic inhibition produced by histamine at nicotinic synapses in enteric ganglia. Neuroscience. 1988;25(1):171–179. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(88)90016-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Hu HZ, Gao N, et al. Neuroimmune interactions in Guinea pig stomach and small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003;284(1):G154–64. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00241.2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang GD, Wang XY, Liu S, et al. Innervation of enteric mast cells by primary spinal afferents in Guinea pig and human small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;307(7):G719–31. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00125.2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao C, Liu S, Hu HZ, et al. Serine proteases excite myenteric neurons through protease-activated receptors in Guinea pig small intestine. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(5):1554–1564. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.36581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed DE, Barajas-Lopez C, Cottrell G, et al. Mast cell tryptase and proteinase-activated receptor 2 induce hyperexcitability of Guinea-pig submucosal neurons. J Physiol. 2003;547(Pt 2):531–542. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.032011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng Y, Yamamoto T, Kadowaki M. Alteration of cholinergic, purinergic and sensory neurotransmission in the mouse colon of food allergy model. Neurosci Lett. 2008;445(3):195–198. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Geldre LA, Lefebvre RA. Interaction of NO and VIP in gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(20):2483–2497. doi:10.2174/1381612043383890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai NY, Mills K, Chiu IM. Sensory neuron regulation of gastrointestinal inflammation and bacterial host defence. J Intern Med. 2017;282(1):5–23. doi:10.1111/joim.12591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lothe L, Ivarsson SA, Lindberg T. Motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastrin in infantile colic. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1987;76(2):316–320. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10467.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Yamamoto T, Hayashi S, Kuramoto H, Kadowaki M. Enhancement of CGRP sensory afferent innervation in the gut during the development of food allergy in an experimental murine model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;430(3):895–900. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DYM, Berdyshev E, Goleva E. Cutaneous barrier dysfunction in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1485–1497. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yosipovitch G, Berger T, Fassett MS. Neuroimmune interactions in chronic itch of atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(2):239–250. doi:10.1111/jdv.15973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cevikbas F, Wang X, Akiyama T, et al. A sensory neuron-expressed IL-31 receptor mediates T helper cell-dependent itch: involvement of TRPV1 and TRPA1. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(2):448–460. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feld M, Garcia R, Buddenkotte J, et al. The pruritus- and TH2-associated cytokine IL-31 promotes growth of sensory nerves. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(2):500–508.e24. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guseva D, Rüdrich U, Kotnik N, et al. Neuronal branching of sensory neurons is associated with BDNF-positive eosinophils in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2020;50(5):577–584. doi:10.1111/cea.13560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campion M, Smith L, Gatault S, Métais C, Buddenkotte J, Steinhoff M. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 evoke scratching behaviour in mice. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(12):1501–1504. doi:10.1111/exd.14034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oetjen LK, Mack MR, Feng J, et al. Sensory Neurons Co-opt Classical Immune Signaling Pathways to Mediate Chronic Itch. Cell. 2017;171(1):217–228.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braz JM, Dembo T, Charruyer A, Ghadially R, Fassett MS, Basbaum AI. Genetic priming of sensory neurons in mice that overexpress PAR2 enhances allergen responsiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(8):548. doi:10.1073/pnas.2021386118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu B, Tai Y, Achanta S, et al. IL-33/ST2 signaling excites sensory neurons and mediates itch response in a mouse model of poison ivy contact allergy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(47):E7572–E7579. doi:10.1073/pnas.1606608113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Trier AM, Li F, et al. A basophil-neuronal axis promotes itch. Cell. 2021;184(2):422–440.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng J, Wang J, Steinhoff M, Dolly JO. TNFα induces co-trafficking of TRPV1/TRPA1 in VAMP1-containing vesicles to the plasmalemma via Munc18-1/syntaxin1/SNAP-25 mediated fusion. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21226. doi:10.1038/srep21226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra SK, Wheeler JJ, Pitake S, et al. Periostin Activation of Integrin Receptors on Sensory Neurons Induces Allergic Itch. Cell Rep. 2020;31(1):107472. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo CJ, Mack MR, Oetjen LK, et al. Kallikrein 7 Promotes Atopic Dermatitis-Associated Itch Independently of Skin Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(6):1244–1252.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2019.10.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry DM, Munanairi A, Chen ZF. Spinal Mechanisms of Itch Transmission. Neurosci Bull. 2018;34(1):156–164. doi:10.1007/s12264-017-0125-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding W, Stohl LL, Wagner JA, Granstein RD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide biases Langerhans cells toward Th2-type immunity. J Immunol. 2008;181(9):6020–6026. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serhan N, Basso L, Sibilano R, et al. House dust mites activate nociceptor-mast cell clusters to drive type 2 skin inflammation. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(11):1435–1443. doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0493-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meixiong J, Anderson M, Limjunyawong N, et al. Activation of Mast-Cell-Expressed Mas-Related G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Drives Non-histaminergic Itch. Immunity. 2019;50(5):1163–1171.e5. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapaliya M, Chompunud Na Ayudhya C, Amponnawarat A, Roy S, Ali H. Mast Cell-Specific MRGPRX2: a Key Modulator of Neuro-Immune Interaction in Allergic Diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2021;21(1):3. doi:10.1007/s11882-020-00979-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlov VA, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Molecular and Functional Neuroscience in Immunity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2018;36:783–812. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu L, Fu K, Yang J, Shimada SG, LaMotte RH. CXCR3 chemokine receptor signaling mediates itch in experimental allergic contact dermatitis. Pain. 2015;156(9):1737–1746. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh CM, Hill RZ, Schwendinger-Schreck J, et al. Neutrophils promote CXCR3-dependent itch in the development of atopic dermatitis. eLife. 2019:8. doi:10.7554/eLife.48448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yosipovitch G, Goon ATJ, Wee J, Chan YH, Zucker I, Goh CL. Itch characteristics in Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis using a new questionnaire for the assessment of pruritus. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(4):212–216. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01460.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrostowska-Plak D, Reich A, Szepietowski JC. Relationship between itch and psychological status of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(2):e239–42. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04578.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theoharides TC. Effect of Stress on Neuroimmune Processes. Clin Ther. 2020;42(6):1007–1014. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters EMJ, Liezmann C, Klapp BF, Kruse J. The neuroimmune connection interferes with tissue regeneration and chronic inflammatory disease in the skin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1262:118–126. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06647.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson-Cowan L, Cole EF, Silverberg JI, Lawley LP. Childhood atopic dermatitis is associated with cognitive dysfunction: a National Health Interview Survey study from 2008 to 2018. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;126(6):661–665. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billeci L, Tonacci A, Tartarisco G, Ruta L, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Systematic Review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(5):371–388. doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0145-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinou GN, Konstantinou GN. Psychological Stress and Chronic Urticaria: a Neuro-immuno-cutaneous Crosstalk. A Systematic Review of the Existing Evidence. Clin Ther. 2020;42(5):771–782. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinou GN, Konstantinou GN. Psychiatric comorbidity in chronic urticaria patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2019;9:42. doi:10.1186/s13601-019-0278-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vena GA, Cassano N, Di Leo E, Calogiuri GF, Nettis E. Focus on the role of substance P in chronic urticaria. Clin Mol Allergy. 2018;16:24. doi:10.1186/s12948-018-0101-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruppenstein A, Limberg MM, Loser K, Kremer AE, Homey B, Raap U. Involvement of Neuro-Immune Interactions in Pruritus With Special Focus on Receptor Expressions. Front Med. 2021;8:139. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.627985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theoharides TC, Kalogeromitros D. The critical role of mast cells in allergy and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1088:78–99. doi:10.1196/annals.1366.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak AM. Ultrastructural studies of human basophils and mast cells. J Histochem Cytochem. 2005;53(9):1043–1070. doi:10.1369/jhc.5R6647.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti P, Pregliasco FE, Bellomo RG, et al. Mast Cell Cytokines IL-1, IL-33, and IL-36 Mediate Skin Inflammation in Psoriasis: a Novel Therapeutic Approach with the Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-37, IL-38, and IL-1Ra. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:15. doi:10.3390/ijms22158076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulka M, Sheen CH, Tancowny BP, Grammer LC, Schleimer RP. Neuropeptides activate human mast cell degranulation and chemokine production. Immunology. 2008;123(3):398–410. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02705.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulut K, Felderbauer P, Deters S, et al. Sensory neuropeptides and epithelial cell restitution: the relevance of SP- and CGRP-stimulated mast cells. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23(5):535–541. doi:10.1007/s00384-008-0447-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng W, Wang J, Zhu W, Xu C, He S. Upregulated expression of substance P in basophils of the patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: induction of histamine release and basophil accumulation by substance P. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2016;32(3):217–228. doi:10.1007/s10565-016-9330-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arck P, Paus R. From the brain-skin connection: the neuroendocrine-immune misalliance of stress and itch. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2006;13(5–6):347–356. doi:10.1159/000104863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JE, Cho BK, Cho DH, Park HJ. Expression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in common skin diseases: evidence of its association with stress-related disease activity. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93(4):387–393. doi:10.2340/00015555-1557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasool R, Ashiq I, Shera IA, Yousuf Q, Shah ZA. Study of serum interleukin (IL) 18 and IL-6 levels in relation with the clinical disease severity in chronic idiopathic urticaria patients of Kashmir (North India). Asia Pac Allergy. 2014;4(4):206–211. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.4.206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puxeddu I, Italiani P, Giungato P, et al. Free IL-18 and IL-33 cytokines in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Cytokine. 2013;61(3):741–743. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2013.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HY, Sun CC, Wu YC, Wang JD. Stress, insomnia, and chronic idiopathic urticaria–a case-control study. J Formosan Med Assoc. 2005;104(4):254–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varghese R, Rajappa M, Chandrashekar L, et al. Association among stress, hypocortisolism, systemic inflammation, and disease severity in chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016;116(4):344–348.e1. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2016.01.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graubard R, Perez-Sanchez A, Katta R. Stress and Skin: an Overview of Mind Body Therapies as a Treatment Strategy in Dermatology. Dermatol Practical Conceptual. 2021;11(4):e2021091. doi:10.5826/dpc.1104a91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papadopoulou N, Kalogeromitros D, Staurianeas NG, Tiblalexi D, Theoharides TC. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-1 and histidine decarboxylase expression in chronic urticaria. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(5):952–955. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23913.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W, et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation for its proinflammatory effects. Endocrinology. 1998;139(1):403–413. doi:10.1210/endo.139.1.5660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar