Outcomes of Antibiotics in Adults with “Difficult to Treat” Asthma or the Overlap Syndrome

References

• GINA. Difficult-to-treat and severe asthma in adolescent and adult patients: diagnosis and management. 2019. Available from: https://ginasthma.org/severeasthma/. Accessed June 20, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Holguin F, Cardet JC, Chung KF, et al. Management of severe asthma: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(1):1900588. doi:10.1183/13993003.00588-2019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith D, Du Rand IA, Addy C, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for the use of long-term macrolides in adults with respiratory disease. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020;7(1):e000489. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers J, Marsh S, Williams M, et al. External validity of randomised controlled trials in asthma: to whom do the results of the trials apply? Thorax. 2007;62:219–223. doi:10.1136/thx.2006.066837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travers J, Marsh S, Caldwell B, et al. External validity of randomised controlled trials in COPD. Respir Med. 2007;101:1313–1320. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson PG, Simpson JL. The overlap syndrome of asthma and COPD: what are its features and how important is it? BMJ. 2009;64:728–735. doi:10.1136/thx.2008.108027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva GE, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Barbee RA. Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study. Chest. 2004;126:59–65. doi:10.1378/chest.126.1.59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Marco R, Marcon A, Rossi A, et al. Asthma, COPD and overlap syndrome: a longitudinal study in young European adults. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(3):671–679. doi:10.1183/09031936.00008615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson PG, Yang IA, Upham JW, et al. Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10095):659–668. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31281-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson PG, Yang IA, Upham JW, et al. Efficacy of azithromycin in severe asthma from the AMAZES randomised trial. ERJ Open Res. 2019;5(4):4. doi:10.1183/23120541.00056-2019
   Google Scholar
• Albert RK, Connett J, Bailey WC, et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(8):689–698. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1104623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft M, Cassell GH, Pak J, Martin RJ. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in asthma: effect of clarithromycin. Chest. 2002;121(6):1782–1788. doi:10.1378/chest.121.6.1782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn DL. Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in adult asthma: a before-after trial. J Fam Pract. 1995;41:345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Medical Association. World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuhlbrigge A, Peden D, Apter AJ, et al. Asthma outcomes: exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(3 Suppl):S34–S48. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, et al. Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(1):59–65. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn DL. Infectious asthma: a reemerging clinical entity? J Fam Pract. 1995;41(2):153–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn DL, Peeling RW, Dillon E, McDonald R, Saikku P. Serologic markers for Chlamydia pneumoniae in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000;84(2):227–233. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62760-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz M, Kosinski M, Yarlas AS, Hanlon J, Watson ME, Jhingran P. The minimally important difference of the asthma control test. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(4):719–723 e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alshabanat A, Zafari Z, Albanyan O, Dairi M, FitzGerald JM, Short P. Asthma and COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS): a systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0136065. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herland K, Akselsen J-P, Skjønsberg OH, Bjermer L. How representative are clinical study patients with asthma or COPD for a larger “real life” population of patients with obstructive lung disease? Respir Med. 2005;99(1):11–19. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2004.03.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows B, Knudson RJ, Leibowitz M. The relationship of childhood respiratory illness to adult obstructive airway disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977;115:751–760. doi:10.1164/arrd.1977.115.5.751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge R, Burrows B, Lebowitz MD, Cline MG. Antecedent features of children in whom asthma develops during the second decade of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993;92:744–749. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(93)90018-B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebowitz MD, Burrows B. The relationship of acute respiratory illness history to the prevalence and incidence of obstructive lung disorders. Am J Epidemiol. 1977;105:544–554. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantala A, Jaakkola JJ, Jaakkola MS. Respiratory infections precede adult-onset asthma. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e27912. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel HC, Theron AJ, Cockeran R, Anderson R, Feldman C. Pathogen- and host-directed anti-inflammatory activities of macrolide antibiotics. Mediators Inflamm. 2012;2012:584262. doi:10.1155/2012/584262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiles SA, McDonald VM, Guilhermino M, Brusselle GG, Gibson PG. Does maintenance azithromycin reduce asthma exacerbations? An individual participant data meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2019;54(5):1901381. doi:10.1183/13993003.01381-2019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzin II, Snyder JE, Ugine GD, et al. Tetracyclines inhibit activated B cell function. Int Immunol. 2001;13(7):921–931. doi:10.1093/intimm/13.7.921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S-P, Grayston JT. Population prevalence antibody to Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR. In: Bowie WR, Caldwell HD, Jones RP, editors. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990:402–405.
   Google Scholar
• Parrott GL, Kinjo T, Fujita J. A compendium for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:513. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowell SF, Peeling RW, Boman J, et al. Standardizing Chlamydia pneumoniae assays: recommendations from the centers for disease control and prevention (USA) and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada). Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(4):492–503. doi:10.1086/322632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, FitzGerald JM, et al. Reevaluation of diagnosis in adults with physician-diagnosed asthma. JAMA. 2017;317(3):269–279. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter JD, Espinoza LR, Inman RD, et al. Combination antibiotics as a treatment for chronic Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(5):1298–1307. doi:10.1002/art.27394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvien TK, Gaston JSH, Bardin T, et al. Three month treatment of reactive arthritis with azithromycin: a EULAR double blind, placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1113–1119. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.010710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn DL, Schure A, Patel K, Childs T, Drizik E, Webley W. Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific IgE is prevalent in asthma and is associated with disease severity. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35945. doi:10.31371/journal.pone.0035945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn DL. Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic asthma: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of population attributable risk. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0250034. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn DL, Plane MB, Mahdi OS, Byrne GI. Secondary outcomes of a pilot randomized trial of azithromycin treatment for asthma. PLoS Clin Trials. 2006;1(2):e11. doi:10.1371/journal.pctr.0010011
   Google Scholar
• Rahman KS, Kaltenboeck B. Multi-peptide ELISAs overcome cross-reactivity and inadequate sensitivity of conventional Chlamydia pneumoniae serology. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):15078. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51501-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters J, Singh H, Brooks EG, et al. Persistence of community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin-producing Mycoplasma pneumoniae in refractory asthma. Chest. 2011;140(2):401–407. doi:10.1378/chest.11-0221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn D. When guideline treatment of asthma fails, consider a macrolide antibiotic. J Fam Pract. 2019;68(10):536–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar