434
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
EXPERT OPINION

Pharmacological Management of Allergic Rhinitis: A Consensus Statement from the Malaysian Society of Allergy and Immunology

, ORCID Icon, , , , , , ORCID Icon, , , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 983-1003 | Received 11 May 2022, Accepted 06 Jul 2022, Published online: 02 Aug 2022

References

  • Passali D, Cingi C, Staffa P, Passali F, Muluk NB, Bellussi ML. The international study of the allergic rhinitis survey: outcomes from 4 geographical regions. Asia Pac Allergy. 2018;8(1):e7. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2018.8.e7
  • Cingi C, Gevaert P, Mösges R, et al. Multi-morbidities of allergic rhinitis in adults: European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology task force report. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7(1):17. doi:10.1186/s13601-017-0153-z
  • Katelaris CH, Lai CKW, Rhee CS, et al. Nasal allergies in the Asian-Pacific population: results from the allergies in Asia-Pacific survey. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011;25(Suppl 1):S3–S15. doi:10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3674
  • Ho TM, Murad S, Kesavapillai R, Singaram SP. Prevalence of allergy to some inhalants among rhinitis patients in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1995;13(1):11–16.
  • Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma guidelines – 2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(4):950–958. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.050
  • Tosca MA, Marseglia GL, Ciprandi G, et al. The treatment of allergic rhinitis in asthmatic children and adolescents: practical outcomes from the real-world “ContoL’Asma” study. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;53(03):143–145. doi:10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.171
  • Bousquet J, Schunemann HJ, Togias A, Bachert C, Erhola M, Hellings PW. Next-generation allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on grading of recommendations assessment development and evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(1):70–80.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.049
  • Abdullah B, Snidvongs K, Recto M, Poerbonegoro NL, Wang Y. Primary care management of allergic rhinitis: a cross-sectional study in four ASEAN countries. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2020;15:726. doi:10.4081/mrm.2020.726
  • Licari A, Castagnoli R, Tosca MA, Marseglia G, Ciprandi G. Personalized therapies for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Exp Rev Prec Med Drug Dev. 2019;4(5):275–281. doi:10.1080/23808993.2019.1681896
  • Rudmik L, Smith TL. Development of an evidence based review with recommendations using an online iterative process. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2011;1(6):431–437. doi:10.1002/alr.20095
  • Simons FER, Simons KJ. Histamine and H1-antihistamines: celebrating a century of progress. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(6):1139–1150. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.005
  • May JR, Dolen WK. Management of allergic rhinitis: a review for the community pharmacist. Clin Ther. 2017;39(12):2410–2419. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.10.006
  • Fein MN, Fischer DA, O’Keefe AW, Sussman GL. CSACI position statement: newer generation H1-antihistamines are safer than first-generation H1-antihistamines and should be the first-line antihistamines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2019;15(1):61. doi:10.1186/s13223-019-0375-9
  • Morgan MM, Khan DA, Nathan RA. Treatment for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria: focus on oral antihistamines. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(12):2056–2064. doi:10.1345/aph.1E638
  • Small P, Keith PK, Kim H. Allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018;14(Suppl 2):51. doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0280-7
  • Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Amrol DJ, et al. Rhinitis 2020: a practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(4):721–767. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.007
  • Bilastine. Full prescribing information. A. Menarini; 2021.
  • Cetirizine. Full prescribing information. GlaxoSmithKline. Available from: https://www.mims.com/malaysia/drug/info/zyrtec?type=full. Accessed April 14, 2022.
  • Desloratidine. Full prescribing information. Organon. Available from: https://www.mims.com/malaysia/drug/info/aerius?type=full. Accessed April 14, 2022.
  • Fexofenadine. Full prescribing information. Available from: https://www.mims.com/malaysia/drug/info/fexofenadine?mtype=generic. Accessed April 14, 2022.
  • Levocetirizine. Full prescribing information. Organon. Available from: https://www.mims.com/malaysia/drug/info/levocetirizine?mtype=generic. Accessed April 14, 2022.
  • Loratadine. Full prescribing information. Organon. Available from: https://www.mims.com/malaysia/drug/info/loratadine?mtype=generic. Accessed April14, 2022.
  • Tiligada E, Ennis M. Histamine pharmacology: from Sir Henry Dale to the 21st century. Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(3):469–489. doi:10.1111/bph.14524
  • Singh Randhawa A, Mohd Noor N, Md Daud MK, Abdullah B. Efficacy and safety of bilastine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;12:731201. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.731201
  • Snidvongs K, Seresirikachorn K, Khattiyawittayakun L, Chitsuthipakorn W. Sedative effects of levocetirizine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Drugs. 2017;7(2):175–186. doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0682-0
  • Scadding GK, Kariyawasam HH, Scadding G, et al. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis (Revised Edition 2017; First edition 2007). Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(7):856–889. doi:10.1111/cea.12953
  • Kawauchi H, Yanai K, Wang D-Y, Itahashi K, Okubo K. Antihistamines for allergic rhinitis treatment from the viewpoint of nonsedative properties. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(1):213. doi:10.3390/ijms20010213
  • Benninger MS, Ahmad N, Marple BF. The safety of intranasal steroids. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129(6):739–750. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2003.10.001
  • Weiner JM, Abramson MJ, Puy RM. Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 1998:317:1624–1629.
  • Marple BF. Targeting congestion in allergic rhinitis: the importance of intranasal corticosteroids. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2008;29(3):232–240. doi:10.2500/aap.2008.29.3110
  • Meltzer EO, Ratner PH, McGraw T. Oral phenylephrine HCl for nasal congestion in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(5):702–708. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2015.05.007
  • Mygind N, Nielsen LP, Hoffmann H, et al. Mode of action of intranasal corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(1):16–25. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.115561
  • Rot P, Rapiejko P, Jurkiewicz D. Intranasal steroid therapy – EPOS 2020. Otolaryngol Pol. 2020;74(3):41–44. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.2449
  • Lieberman P. Intranasal antihistamines for allergic rhinitis: mechanism of action. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2009;30(4):345–348. doi:10.2500/aap.2009.30.3263
  • Chipps BE, Harder JM. Antihistamine treatment for allergic rhinitis: different routes, different outcomes? Allergy Asthma Proc. 2009;30(6):589–594. doi:10.2500/aap.2009.30.3287
  • Kaliner M, Berger WE, Ratner PH, Siegel CJ. The efficacy of intranasal antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;106(2):6–11. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2010.08.010
  • Feng A, Deng C, Li L, et al. Efficacy of intranasal antihistamine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2014;49(10):832–838.
  • Du K, Qing H, Zheng M, Wang X, Zhang L. Intranasal antihistamines is superior to oral H1 antihistamines as an add-on therapy to intranasal corticosteroids for treating allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125(5):589–596.e3. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.06.038
  • Seresirikachorn K, Chitsuthipakorn W, Kanjanawasee D, Khattiyawittayakun L, Snidvongs K. Effects of H1 antihistamine addition to intranasal corticosteroid for allergic rhinitis: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018;8(10):1083–1092. doi:10.1002/alr.22166
  • Neffen H, Wingertzah MA. Ciclesonide, a hypotonic intranasal corticosteroid. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2010;31(31 Suppl 1):S29–S37. doi:10.2500/aap.2010.31.3348
  • Sharpe SA, Sandweiss V, Tuazon J, et al. Comparison of the flow properties of aqueous suspension corticosteroid nasal sprays under differing sampling conditions. Drugs Div Ind Pharm. 2003;29:1005–1012.
  • Holm AF, Fokkens WJ, Godthelp T, Mulder PG, Vroom TM, Rijntjes E. A 1-year placebo-controlled study of intranasal fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a safety and biopsy study. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1998;23(1):69–73. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2273.1998.00096.x
  • Minshall W, Ghaffar O, Cameron L, et al. Assessment by nasal biopsy of long-term use of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (Nasonex) in the treatment of perennial rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;118(5):648–654. doi:10.1177/019459989811800514
  • Pipkorn U, Pukander J, Suonpaa J, Makinen J, Lindqvist N. Long-term safety of budesonide nasal aeroson: a 5.5-year follow-up study. Clin Allergy. 1988;18(3):253–259. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02867.x
  • Gradman J, Caldwell MF, Wolthers OD. A 2-week, crossover study to investigate the effect of fluticasone furoate nasal spray on short-term growth in children with allergic rhinitis. Clin Ther. 2007;29:1738–1747.
  • Mener DJ, Shargorodsky J, Varadhan R, Lin SY. Topical intranasal corticosteroids and growth velocity in children: a meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5(2):95–103. doi:10.1002/alr.21430
  • Valenzuela C, Liu JC, Vila PM, Simon L, Doering M, Lieu JEC. Intranasal corticosteroids do not lead to ocular changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(1):6–12. doi:10.1002/lary.27209
  • Vervloet D, Charpin D, Desfougeres JL. Intranasal fluticasone once daily compared with once-daily cetirizine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: results of a multicentre, double-blind study. Clin Drug Investig. 1997;13(6):291–298. doi:10.2165/00044011-199713060-00001
  • Ratner PH, Van Bavel JH, Martin BG, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratidine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Fam Pract. 1998;47(2):118–125.
  • Di Lorenzo G, Pacor ML, Pellitteri ME, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing fluticasone aqueous nasal spray in monotherapy, fluticasone plus cetirizine, fluticasone plus montelukast and cetirizine plus montelukast for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:259–267.
  • Benedek TG. History of the development of corticosteroid therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(5 Suppl 68):S-5-1.
  • Siegel SC. Topical intranasal corticosteroid therapy in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;81(5 Pt 2):984–991. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(88)90166-2
  • Hox V, Lourijsen E, Jordens A, et al. Benefits and harm of systemic steroids for short- and long-term use in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis: an EAACI position paper. Clin Transl Allergy. 2020;10(1):1. doi:10.1186/s13601-019-0303-6
  • Brooks CD, Karl KJ, Francom SF. Oral methylprednisolone acetate (Medrol Tablets) for seasonal rhinitis: examination of dose and symptom response. J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;33(9):816–822. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb01957.x
  • Laursen LC, Faurschou PH, Svendsen UG, Weeke B. Intramuscular betamethasone dipropionate vs oral prednisolone in hay fever patients. Allergy. 1987;42(3):168–172. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb02194.x
  • Karaki M, Akiyama K, Mori N. Efficacy of intranasal steroid spray (mometasone furoate) on treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: comparison with oral corticosteroids. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2013;40(3):277–281. doi:10.1016/j.anl.2012.09.004
  • Wise SK, Lin SY, Toskala E, et al. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018;8(2):108–352. doi:10.1002/alr.22073
  • Klimeka L, Sperla A, Beckerb S, Mösgesc R, Tomazicd PV. Current therapeutical strategies for allergic rhinitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20(1):83–89. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1543401
  • Kaya Z, Tuncez A. Adverse cardiac effects of decongestant agents. Eur J Gen Med. 2013;10:32–35.
  • Pritchard S, Glover M, Guthrie G, et al. Effectiveness of 0.05% oxymetazoline (Vicks Sinex Micromist) nasal spray in the treatment of objective nasal congestion demonstrated to 12 h post-administration by magnetic resonance imaging. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2014;27(1):121–126. doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2013.08.002
  • Shao IH, Wu CC, Tseng HJ, et al. Voiding dysfunction in patients with nasal congestion treated with pseudoephedrine: a prospective study. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016;10:2333–2339. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S108819
  • Yuta A, Ogawa Y. Clinical review of 33 cases of rhinitis medicamentosa by decongestant nasal spray. Arerugi. 2013;62:1623–1630.
  • Deckx L, de Sutter AI, Guo L, Mir NA, van Driel ML. Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10:CD009612. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009612.pub2
  • Malone M, Kennedy TM. Side effects of some commonly used allergy medications (decongestants, anti-leukotriene agents, antihistamines, steroids and zinc) and their safety in pregnancy. Int J Aller Medications. 2017;3(1):024. doi:10.23937/2572-3308.1510024
  • Thongngarm T, Assanasen P, Pradubpongsa P, Tantilipikorn P. The effectiveness of oxymetazoline plus intranasal steroid in the treatment of chronic rhinitis: a randomised controlled trial. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2016;34(1):30–37. doi:10.12932/AP0649.34.1.2016
  • Baroody F, Brown D, Gavanescu L, DeTineo M, Naclerio RM. Oxymetazoline adds to the effectiveness of fluticasone furoate in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(4):927–934. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.037
  • Khattiyawittayakun L, Seresirikachorn K, Chitsuthipakorn W, Kanjanawasee D, Snidvongs K. Effects of decongestant addition to intranasal corticosteroid for chronic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018;8(12):1445–1453. doi:10.1002/alr.22193
  • Scadding G. Cytokine profiles in allergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014;14(5):435. doi:10.1007/s11882-014-0435-7
  • Pfaar O, Bachert C, Bufe A, et al. Guideline on allergen-specific immunotherapy in IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Allergo J Int. 2014;23(8):282–319. doi:10.1007/s40629-014-0032-2
  • Singulair (montelukast sodium) [prescribing information]. Whitehouse Station N.J.: Merck & Co.; 2006.
  • United States Department of Health and Human Services – Food and Drug Administration. Use of real-world evidence to support regulatory decision making for medical devices. guidance for industry and food and drug administration staff; 2017. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/99447/download. Accessed October 12, 2021.
  • Scadding GK. Optimal management of allergic rhinitis. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(6):576–582. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-306300
  • Roberts G, Pfaar O, Akdis CA, et al. EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Allergy. 2018;73(4):765–798. doi:10.1111/all.13317
  • Zielen S, Devillier P, Heinrich J, Richter H, Wahn U. Sublingual immunotherapy provides long-term relief in allergic rhinitis and reduces the risk of asthma: a retrospective, real-world database analysis. Allergy. 2018;73(1):165–177. doi:10.1111/all.13213
  • Meltzer EO. The treatment of vasomotor rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;2(8):166–179. doi:10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181af7c93
  • Wilson AM, O’Byrne PM, Parameswaran K. Leukotriene receptor antagonists for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2004;116(5):338–344. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.10.030
  • Krishnamoorthy M, Mohd Noor N, Mat Lazim N, Abdullah B. Efficacy of montelukast in allergic rhinitis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs. 2020;80:1831–1851.
  • Hirano K, Suzaki I, Uruma S, et al. Impact of omalizumab on pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis: an observational study in clinical practice. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2021;11(11):1588–1591. doi:10.1002/alr.22827
  • Wright JD, Chu H-M, Huang C-H, Ma C, Chang TW, Lim C. Structural and physical basis for anti-IgE therapy. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):11581. doi:10.1038/srep11581
  • Vignola AM, Humbert M, Bousquet J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of anti-immunoglobulin E therapy with omalizumab in patients with concomitant allergic asthma and persistent allergic rhinitis: SOLAR. Allergy. 2004;59(7):709–717. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00550.x
  • Gevaert P, Van Bruaene N, Cattaert T, et al. Mepolizumab, a humanized anti-IL-5 mAb, as a treatment option for severe nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(5):989–995. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.056
  • Long AA. Monoclonal antibodies and other biologic agents in the treatment of asthma. MAbs. 2009;1(3):237–246. doi:10.4161/mabs.1.3.8352
  • Pelaia C, Calabrese C, Vatrella A, et al. Benralizumab: from the basic mechanism of action to the potential use in the biological therapy of severe eosinophilic asthma. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:4839230. doi:10.1155/2018/4839230
  • Ghadersohi S, Tan BK. Contemporary pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2017;50(6):1135–1151. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2017.08.009
  • Adelroth E, Rak S, Haahtela T, et al. Recombinant humanized mAb-E25, an anti-IgE mAb, in birch pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(2):253–259. doi:10.1067/mai.2000.108310
  • Chervinsky P, Casale T, Townley R, et al. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in the treatment of adults and adolescents with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;91(2):160–167. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62171-0
  • Kuehr J, Brauburger J, Zielen S, et al. Efficacy of combination treatment with anti-IgE plus specific immunotherapy in polysensitized children and adolescents with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(2):274–280. doi:10.1067/mai.2002.121949
  • Rolinck-Werninghaus C, Hamelmann E, Keil T, et al. The co-seasonal application of anti-IgE after preseasonal specific immunotherapy decreases ocular and nasal symptom scores and rescue medication use in grass pollen allergic children. Allergy. 2004;59(9):973–979. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00552.x
  • Casale TB, Busse WW, Kline JN, et al. Omalizumab pretreatment decreases acute reactions after rush immunotherapy for ragweed-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(1):134–140. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.09.036
  • Klunker S, Saggar LR, Seyfert-Margolis V, et al. Combination treatment with omalizumab and rush immunotherapy for ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis: inhibition of IgE-facilitated allergen binding. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(3):688–695. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.034
  • Kopp MV, Brauburger J, Riedinger F, et al. The effect of anti-IgE treatment on in vitro leukotriene release in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(5):728–735. doi:10.1067/mai.2002.128804
  • Massanari M, Nelson H, Casale T, et al. Effect of pretreatment with omalizumab on the tolerability of specific immunotherapy in allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2):383–389. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.022
  • Kopp MV, Hamelmann E, Zielen S, et al. Combination of omalizumab and specific immunotherapy is superior to immunotherapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and comorbid seasonal allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(2):271–279. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03121.x
  • Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Baena-Cagnani CE, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(3):466–476. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.047
  • Tsabouri S, Tseretopoulou X, Priftis K, Ntzani EE. Omalizumab for the treatment of inadequately controlled allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014;2:332–340.e1.
  • Pinto JM, Mehta N, DiTineo M, Wang J, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of anti-IgE for chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 2010;48(3):318–324. doi:10.4193/Rhino09.144
  • Durham SR, Walker SM, Varga EM, et al. Long-term clinical efficacy of grass-pollen immunotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(7):468–475. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908123410702
  • Didier A, Malling HJ, Worm M, et al. Post-treatment efficacy of discontinuous treatment with 300IR 5-grass pollen sublingual tablet in adults with grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;43(5):568–577. doi:10.1111/cea.12100
  • Durham SR, Emminger W, Kapp A, et al. SQ-standardized sublingual grass immunotherapy: confirmation of disease modification 2 years after 3 years of treatment in a randomized trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(3):717–725. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.973
  • Bousquet J, Lockey R, Malling HJ. Allergen immunotherapy: therapeutic vaccines for allergic diseases. A WHO position paper. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;1:558–562. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70271-4
  • Canonica GW, Cox L, Pawankar R, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy: World Allergy Organization position paper 2013 update. World Allergy Organ J. 2014;7(1):6. doi:10.1186/1939-4551-7-6
  • Passalacqua G, Durham SR. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma update: allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(4):881–891. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.01.045
  • Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A, Durham S, Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;1:CD001936. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001936.pub2
  • Eifan AO, Calderon MA, Durham SR. Allergen immunotherapy for house dust mite: clinical efficacy and immunological mechanisms in allergic rhinitis and asthma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13(11):1543–1556. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.844226
  • Alvarez-Cuesta E, Cuesta-Herranz J, Puyana-Ruiz J, Cuesta-Herranz C, Blanco-Quiros A. Monoclonal antibody-standardized cat extract immunotherapy: risk-benefit effects from a double-blind placebo study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;93(3):556–566. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(94)70067-2
  • Varney VA, Edwards J, Tabbah K, Brewster H, Mavroleon G, Frew AJ. Clinical efficacy of specific immunotherapy to cat dander: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27(8):860–867. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01225.x
  • Epstein TG, Murphy-Berendts K, Liss GM, Bernstein DI. Risk factors for fatal and nonfatal reactions to immunotherapy (2008–2018): postinjection monitoring and severe asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;127(1):64–69.e1. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2021.03.011
  • Dhami S, Nurmatov U, Arasi S, et al. Allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2017;72:1597–1631.
  • Bufe A, Eberle P, Franke-Beckmann E, et al. Safety and efficacy in children of an SQ-standardized grass allergen tablet for sublingual immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(1):167–173. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.044
  • Didier A, Malling H-J, Worm M, et al. Optimal dose, efficacy, and safety of once-daily sublingual immunotherapy with a 5-grass pollen tablet for seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(6):1338–1345. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.046
  • Halken S, Agertoft L, Seidenberg J, et al. Five-grass pollen 300IR SLIT tablets: efficacy and safety in children and adolescents. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(6):970–976. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01050.x
  • Maloney J, Bernstein DI, Nelson H, et al. Efficacy and safety of grass sublingual immunotherapy tablet, MK-7243: a large randomized controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;112(2):146–153. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2013.11.018
  • Calderon MA, Simons FE, Malling HJ, Lockey RF, Moingeon P, Demoly P. Sublingual allergen immunotherapy: mode of action and its relationship with the safety profile. Allergy. 2012;67(3):302–311. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02761.x
  • Jacobsen L, Niggemann B, Dreborg S, et al. Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy. 2007;62(8):943–948. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01451.x
  • Des RA, Paradis L, Menardo JL, Bouges S, Daures JP, Bousquet J. Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. VI. Specific immunotherapy prevents the onset of new sensitizations in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99(4):450–453. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70069-1
  • Pajno GB, Barberio G, De LF, Morabito L, Parmiani S. Prevention of new sensitizations in asthmatic children monosensitized to house dust mite by specific immunotherapy. A six-year follow-up study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31(9):1392–1397. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01161.x
  • Incorvaia C, Masieri S, Berto P, Scurati S, Frati F. Specific immunotherapy by the sublingual route for respiratory allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2010;6(1):29. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-6-29
  • Scurati S, Frati F, Passalacqua G, Puccinelli P, Hilaire C, Incorvaia C. Italian Study Group on SLIT Compliance. Adherence issues related to sublingual immunotherapy as perceived by allergists. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2010;4:141–145. doi:10.2147/ppa.s10217
  • Egert-Schmidt AM, Kolbe JM, Mussler S, Thum-Oltmer S. Patients’ compliance with different administration routes for allergen immunotherapy in Germany. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014;8:1475–1481. doi:10.2147/PPA.S70326
  • Kiel MA, Röder E, van Wijk RG, Al MJ, Hop WC, Rutten-van Mölken MP. Real-life compliance and persistence among users of subcutaneous and sublingual allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(2):353–360. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.013
  • Vaswani R, Garg A, Parikh L, Vaswani S. Non-adherence to subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy: inadequate health insurance coverage is the leading cause. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115(3):241–243. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2015.06.018
  • Leader BA, Rotella M, Stillman L, DelGaudio JM, Patel ZM, Wise SK. Immunotherapy compliance: comparison of subcutaneous versus sublingual immunotherapy. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016;6(5):460–464. doi:10.1002/alr.21699
  • Savi E, Peveri S, Senna G, Passalacqua G. Causes of SLIT discontinuation and strategies to improve the adherence: a pragmatic approach. Allergy. 2013;68(9):1193–1195. doi:10.1111/all.12198
  • Makatsori M, Scadding GW, Lombardo C, et al. Dropouts in sublingual allergen immunotherapy trials – a systematic review. Allergy. 2014;69(5):571–580. doi:10.1111/all.12385
  • Berman BA, MM Fenton, Girsh LS, et al. Cromolyn sodium in the treatment of children with severe perennial asthma. Pediatrics. 1975;55(5):621–629.
  • Howell JBL, Altounyan RE. A double-blind trial of disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma. Lancet. 1967;2(7515):539–542. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90499-0
  • Storms W, Kaliner MA. Cromolyn sodium: fitting an old friend into current asthma treatment. J Asthma. 2005;42:79.
  • Ratner PH, Ehrlich PM, Fineman SM, Meltzer EO, Skoner DP. Use of intranasal cromolyn sodium for allergic rhinitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77(4):350–354. doi:10.4065/77.4.350
  • Long A, McFadden C, DeVine D, Chew P, Kupelnick B, Lau J. Management of Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2002;54:1–6.
  • Lejeune M, Lefebvre PP, Delvenne P, et al. Nasal sodium cromoglycate (Lomusol) modulates the early phase reaction of mild to moderate persistent allergic rhinitis in patient. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015;26(1):272–276. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.004
  • Lange B, Lukat KF, Rettig K, Holtappels G, Bachert C. Efficacy, cost- effectiveness, and tolerability of mometasone furoate, levocabastine, and disodium cromoglycate nasal sprays in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;95(3):272–282. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61225-2
  • Keleş N. Treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy. Am J Rhinol. 2004;18(1):23–28. doi:10.1177/194589240401800106
  • NasalCrom. Cromolyn nasal. [drug monograph]. Epocrates Inc.; 2021.
  • Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, et al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(3):S1–S84. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003
  • Tran NP, Vickery J, Blaiss MS. Management of rhinitis: allergic and non-allergic. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011;3(3):148–156. doi:10.4168/aair.2011.3.3.148
  • Quraishi SA, Davies MJ, Craig TJ. Inflammatory responses in allergic rhinitis: traditional approaches and novel treatment strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2004;104:7–15.
  • Meltzer EO, Orgel HA, Bronsky EA. Perennial allergic rhinitis: a study of its effect on their symptoms, quality of life, and nasal cytology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;90:242–249. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(92)90078-G
  • Dockhorn R, Aaronson D, Bronsky E, et al. Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03% and beclomethasone nasal spray alone and in combination for the treatment of rhinorrhea in perennial rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999;82(4):349–359. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63284-X
  • Kim KT, Kerwin E, Landwehr L, et al.; Pediatric Atrovent Nasal Spray Study Group. Use of 0.06% ipratropium bromide nasal spray in children aged 2 to 5 years with rhinorrhea due to a common cold or allergies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;94(1):73–79. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61289-6
  • Ensing K, de Zeeuw RA, Nossent GD, Koeter GH, Cornelissen PJ. Pharmacokinetics of ipratropium bromide after single dose inhalation and oral and intravenous administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;36(2):189–194. doi:10.1007/BF00609193
  • Slavin RG. Special considerations in treatment of allergic rhinitis in the elderly: role of intranasal corticosteroids. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2010;31(3):179–184. doi:10.2500/aap.2010.31.3342