136
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current Perspectives on Diagnostic Assays and Anti-PF4 Antibodies for the Diagnosis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon &
Pages 267-277 | Published online: 17 Aug 2020

References

  • Jindal V, Singh A, Siddiqui AD, Leb L. The appropriateness of testing platelet factor 4/heparin antibody in patients suspected of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Cureus. 2018;10(10):e3532. doi:10.7759/cureus.353230648066
  • Martel N, Lee J, Wells PS. Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Blood. 2005;106(8):2710–2715. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-04-154615985543
  • Girolami B, Prandoni P, Stefani PM, et al. The incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in hospitalized medical patients treated with subcutaneous unfractionated heparin: a prospective cohort study. Blood. 2003;101(8):2955–2959. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-07-220112480713
  • Warkentin TE, Sheppard J-AI, Sigouin CS, Kohlmann T, Eichler P, Greinacher A. Gender imbalance and risk factor interactions in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2006;108(9):2937–2941. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-11-01245016857993
  • Yanamandra U, Sahu KK, Malhotra P, Varma S. Thrombocytopaenia with absent radius (not radii). BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014(jun02 1):bcr2014204844–bcr2014204844. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-204844
  • Dhibar DP, Sahu KK, Dhir V, Singh S. Immune thrombocytopenia as a presenting manifestation of tuberculosis- challenge in resource constraint settings. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(10):OD01–OD02. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/20911.8612
  • Sahu KK, Siddiqui AD, Rezaei N, Cerny J. Challenges for Management of Immune Thrombocytopenia during COVID-19 Pandemic. J Med Virol. 2020. doi:10.1002/jmv.26251
  • Chen W, Ha JP, Hong H, Maitta RW. Absolute immature platelet counts in the setting of suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia may predict anti-PF4-heparin immunoassay testing results. Transfus Apher Sci. 2018;57(4):507–511. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2018.04.00129661682
  • Linkins L-A, Dans AL, Moores LK, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: american college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e495S–e530S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-230322315270
  • Sahu KK, Yanamandra U, Bhar V, Dhibar DP, Varma SC, Malhotra P. Dasatinib and dysfunction of platelets. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2016;32(Suppl S1):246–247. doi:10.1007/s12288-016-0659-x27408403
  • Sahu KK, Mishra AK, George SV, Siddiqui AD. Managing retroperitoneal hematoma: associated complexities and its challenges. Am J Emerg Med. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.02.003
  • Sahu KK, Mishra AK, Lal A. Update on retroperitoneal hematoma in children. World J Emerg Med. 2020;11(1):64. doi:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2020.01.01031893006
  • Sahu KK, Lal A, Mishra AK. Additional insights regarding aortic intramural hematoma. Can J Anaesth. 2020;67(3):382–383. doi:10.1007/s12630-019-01490-w31576515
  • Sahu KK, Mishra AK, Lal A, Davuluri V. An interesting case of gluteal haematoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(8):8. doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-230282
  • Sahu KK, Maradana S, Mishra A, Chastain I. A spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;13(8):1341–1343. doi:10.1007/s11739-018-1932-930159697
  • Dhibar DP, Sahu KK, Deo P, Varma S. Haemophilia-A-related haematoma: management in resource constraint settings. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-215933.
  • Greinacher A, Alban S, Omer-Adam MA, Weitschies W, Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a stoichiometry-based model to explain the differing immunogenicities of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and fondaparinux in different clinical settings. Thromb Res. 2008;122(2):211–220. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2007.11.00718262226
  • Prechel MM, Walenga JM. Emphasis on the Role of PF4 in the Incidence, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia. Thromb J. 2013;11(1):7. doi:10.1186/1477-9560-11-723561460
  • Poncz M, Rauova L, Cines DB. The role of surface PF4: glycosaminoglycan complexes in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2006;35(1–2):46–49. doi:10.1159/00009354316855346
  • Amiral J, Peynaud-Debayle E, Wolf M, Bridey F, Vissac AM, Meyer D. Generation of antibodies to heparin-PF4 complexes without thrombocytopenia in patients treated with unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin. Am J Hematol. 1996;52(2):90–95. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199606)52:2<90::AID-AJH4>3.0.CO;2-08638647
  • Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(20):1330–1335. doi:10.1056/NEJM1995051833220037715641
  • Dhibar DP, Sahu KK, Varma SC, et al. Intra-cardiac thrombus in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: an unusual cause of fever of unknown origin with review of literature. J Cardiol Cases. 2016;14(5):153–156. doi:10.1016/j.jccase.2016.07.00530546682
  • Sahu KK, Varma SC. Cortical vein thrombosis in a case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Platelets. 2015;26(4):374–375. doi:10.3109/09537104.2014.89818024678621
  • Fathi M. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): identification and treatment pathways. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2018;2018(2):15. doi:10.21542/gcsp.2018.1530083545
  • Lo GK, Juhl D, Warkentin TE, Sigouin CS, Eichler P, Greinacher A. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T’s) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(4):759–765. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01787.x16634744
  • Cuker A, Arepally G, Crowther MA, et al. The HIT Expert Probability (HEP) Score: a novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinion. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(12):2642–2650. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04059.x20854372
  • Lillo-le Louët A, Boutouyrie P, Alhenc-Gelas M, et al. Diagnostic score for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2(11):1882–1888. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00949.x15550015
  • Piednoir P, Allou N, Provenchère S, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiac surgery: an observational study of 1722 patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;26(4):585–590. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2011.11.00922265338
  • Messmore HL, Fabbrini N, Bird ML, et al. Simple scoring system for early management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2011;17(2):197–201. doi:10.1177/107602961038712621159704
  • Nagler M, Bachmann LM, Ten Cate H, Ten Cate-Hoek A. Diagnostic value of immunoassays for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2016;127(5):546–557. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-07-66121526518436
  • Nagler M, Bakchoul T. Clinical and laboratory tests for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost. 2016;116(5):823–834. doi:10.1160/TH16-03-024027604316
  • Ribatti D, Crivellato E. Giulio Bizzozero and the discovery of platelets. Leuk Res. 2007;31(10):1339–1341. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2007.02.00817383722
  • McLEAN J. The discovery of heparin. Circulation. 1959;19(1):75–78. doi:10.1161/01.cir.19.1.7513619023
  • Jorpes E. The chemistry of heparin. Biochem J. 1935;29(8):1817–1830. doi:10.1042/bj029181716745848
  • Weismann RE, Tobin RW. Arterial embolism occurring during systemic heparin therapy. AMA Arch Surg. 1958;76(2):219–225. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1958.0128020004100513497418
  • Roberts B, Rosato FE, Rosato EF. HEPARIN–A CAUSE OF ARTERIAL EMBOLI? Surgery. 1964;55:803–808.14168000
  • Rhodes GR, Dixon RH, Silver D. Heparin induced thrombocytopenia with thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1973;136(3):409–416.4688805
  • Towne JB, Bernhard VM, Hussey C, Garancis JC. White clot syndrome. Peripheral vascular complications of heparin therapy. Arch Surg. 1979;114(4):372–377. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1979.01370280026004435052
  • Cines DB, Tomaski A, Tannenbaum S. Immune endothelial-cell injury in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(10):581–589. doi:10.1056/NEJM1987030531610043807952
  • Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, et al. Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost. 1992;68(1):95–96. doi:10.1055/s-0038-16563291514184
  • Greinacher A, Pötzsch B, Amiral J, Dummel V, Eichner A, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen. Thromb Haemost. 1994;71(2):247–251.8191407
  • Reilly MP, Sinha U, André P, et al. PRT-060318, a novel Syk inhibitor, prevents heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in a transgenic mouse model. Blood. 2011;117(7):2241–2246. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-03-27496921088136
  • Cai Z, Yarovoi SV, Zhu Z, et al. Atomic description of the immune complex involved in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):8277. doi:10.1038/ncomms927726391892
  • Arepally GM, Kamei S, Park KS, et al. Characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody that mimics heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies. Blood. 2000;95(5):1533–1540. doi:10.1182/blood.V95.5.1533.005k01_1533_154010688805
  • Kizlik-Masson C, Vayne C, McKenzie SE, et al. 5B9, a monoclonal antiplatelet factor 4/heparin IgG with a human Fc fragment that mimics heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(10):2065–2075. doi:10.1111/jth.1378628771917
  • Pouplard C, Amiral J, Borg JY, Laporte-Simitsidis S, Delahousse B, Gruel Y. Decision analysis for use of platelet aggregation test, carbon 14-serotonin release assay, and heparin-platelet factor 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;111(5):700–706. doi:10.1093/ajcp/111.5.70010230362
  • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI, Moore JC, Sigouin CS, Kelton JG. Quantitative interpretation of optical density measurements using PF4-dependent enzyme-immunoassays. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(8):1304–1312. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03025.x18489711
  • Kataria V, Moore L, Harrison S, Hernandez O, Vaughan N, Schwartz G. Evaluation of serotonin release assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay optical density thresholds for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(2):e82–e86. doi:10.1097/CCM.000000000000409031939806
  • Baroletti S, Hurwitz S, Conti NAS, Fanikos J, Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ. Thrombosis in suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia occurs more often with high antibody levels. Am J Med. 2012;125(1):44–49. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.06.02522075045
  • Bankova A, Andres Y, Horn MP, Alberio L, Nagler M. Rapid immunoassays for diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: comparison of diagnostic accuracy, reproducibility, and costs in clinical practice. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0178289. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.017828928594835
  • Bashover EM, Stefaniuk CM, Harding CV, Maitta RW. Use of a whole-cell ELISA to detect additional antibodies in setting of suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Eur J Haematol. 2019;103(2):99–106. doi:10.1111/ejh.1326331107976
  • Minet V, Dogné J-M, Mullier F. Functional Assays in the Diagnosis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Review. Molecules. 2017;22:4. doi:10.3390/molecules22040617
  • Warkentin TE, Arnold DM, Nazi I, Kelton JG. The platelet serotonin-release assay. Am J Hematol. 2015;90(6):564–572. doi:10.1002/ajh.2400625775976
  • Li ZQ, Liu W, Park KS, et al. Defining a second epitope for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis antibodies using KKO, a murine HIT-like monoclonal antibody. Blood. 2002;99(4):1230–1236. doi:10.1182/blood.v99.4.123011830470
  • Morel-Kopp M-C, Mullier F, Gkalea V, et al. Heparin-induced multi-electrode aggregometry method for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia testing: communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14(12):2548–2552. doi:10.1111/jth.1351627864862
  • Althaus K, Hron G, Strobel U, et al. Evaluation of automated immunoassays in the diagnosis of heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res. 2013;131(3):e85–e90. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2013.01.00523351665
  • Minet V, Baudar J, Bailly N, et al. Rapid exclusion of the diagnosis of immune HIT by AcuStar HIT and heparin-induced multiple electrode aggregometry. Thromb Res. 2014;133(6):1074–1078. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2014.01.01424485951
  • Caton S, O’Brien E, Pannelay AJ, Cook RG. Assessing the clinical and cost impact of on-demand immunoassay testing for the diagnosis of heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res. 2016;140:155–162. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2016.01.02526919960