Risk Assessment for Newly Diagnosed Fit Young Patients with Multiple Myeloma in the Era of Novel Treatment Modalities: Should There Be Additional Factors Taken into Consideration??

References

• Raab MS, Podar K, Breitkreutz I, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Multiple myeloma. Lancet. 2009;374(9686):324–339. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60221-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Anderson K. Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11):1046–1060. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1011442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touzeau C, Moreau P, Dumontet C. Monoclonal antibody therapy in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2017;31(5):1039–1047. doi:10.1038/leu.2017.60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson PG, Laubach JP, Munshi NC, Anderson KC. Early or delayed transplantation for multiple myeloma in the era of novel therapy: does one size fit all? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2014;2014(1):255–261. doi:10.1182/asheducation.V2014.1.255.3885263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson KC, Alsina M, Bensinger W, et al. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: multiple myeloma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2009;7(9):908–942. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2009.0061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeder CB, Reece DE, Kukreti V, et al. Cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone induction for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: high response rates in a Phase II clinical trial. Leukemia. 2009;23(7):1337–1341. doi:10.1038/leu.2009.26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson PG, Weller E, Lonial S, et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone combination therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2010;116(5):679–686. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-268862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, et al. Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem‐cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomized Phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010;376(9758):2075‐2085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakubowiak AJ, Dytfeld D, Griffith KA, et al. A Phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone as a frontline treatment for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012;120(9):1801–1809. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-04-422683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG, et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(15):3412–3420. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Avet-Loiseau H, Oliva S, et al. Revised international staging system for multiple myeloma: a report from international myeloma working group. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(26):2863–2869. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.2267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Touzeau C, Vij R, Goldsmith SR, Rosko AE. Newly diagnosed Myeloma in 2020. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2020;40:1–15. doi:10.1200/EDBK_280221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldman-Mazur S, Kumar SK. Current approaches to management of high-risk multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2021;96(7):854–871. doi:10.1002/ajh.26161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau P, Kumar SK, San Miguel J, et al. Treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: recommendations from the International Myeloma Working Group. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(3):e105–e118. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30756-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman JL. Roundtable: how I treat a newly diagnosed patient with high-risk myeloma. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2019;2019(1):120–124. doi:10.1182/hematology.2019000015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sonneveld P, Avet-Loiseau H, Lonial S, et al. Treatment of multiple myeloma with high-risk cytogenetics: a consensus of the International Myeloma Working Group. Blood. 2016;127(24):2955–2962. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-01-631200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. Eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2016. Bethesda, MD, USA: National Cancer Institute; 2018. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2016.
   Google Scholar
• Cancer Research UK Myeloma survival statistics; 2014. Available from: www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/myeloma/survival#heading-Two. Accessed October 4, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Gandolfi S, Prada CP, Richardson PG. How I treat the young patient with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2018;132(11):1114–1124. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-05-693606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar SK, Callander NS, Alsina M, et al. Multiple Myeloma, Version 3.2017, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15(2):230–269. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2017.0023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhael JR, Dingli D, Roy V, et al. Management of newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma: updated Mayo Stratification of Myeloma and Risk-Adapted Therapy (mSMART) consensus guidelines 2013. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(4):360–376. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Paiva B, Anderson KC, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(8):e328–e346. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30206-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gkotzamanidou M, Kastritis E, Gavriatopoulou MR, et al. Increased serum lactate dehydrogenase should be included among the variables that define very-high-risk multiple myeloma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2011;11(5):409–413. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2011.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chim CS, Sim J, Tam S, Tse E, Lie AK, Kwong YL. LDH is an adverse prognostic factor independent of ISS in transplant-eligible myeloma patients receiving bortezomib-based induction regimens. Eur J Haematol. 2015;94(4):330–335. doi:10.1111/ejh.12434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usmani SZ, Heuck C, Mitchell A, et al. Extramedullary disease portends poor prognosis in multiple myeloma and is over-represented in high-risk disease even in the era of novel agents. Haematologica. 2012;97(11):1761–1767. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.065698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagelmann N, Eikema DJ, Iacobelli S, et al. Impact of extramedullary disease in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation: a study from the chronic malignancies working party of the EBMT. Haematologica. 2018;103(5):890–897. doi:10.3324/haematol.2017.178434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagosky MH, Usmani SZ. Extramedullary Disease in Multiple Myeloma. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2020;15(2):62–71. doi:10.1007/s11899-020-00568-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majithia N, Rajkumar SV, Lacy MQ, et al. Early relapse following initial therapy for multiple myeloma predicts poor outcomes in the era of novel agents. Leukemia. 2016;30(11):2208–2213. doi:10.1038/leu.2016.147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giralt S, Garderet L, Durie B, et al. American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, European Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network, and International Myeloma Working Group Consensus Conference on Salvage hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21(12):2039–2051. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.09.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harousseau JL, Attal M, Avet-Loiseau H. The role of complete response in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2009;114(15):3139–3146. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-03-201053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Kim K, Cheong JW, et al. Complete remission status before autologous stem cell transplantation is an important prognostic factor in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing upfront single autologous transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009;15(4):463–470. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.12.512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon N, Sidana S, Rajkumar SV, et al. Outcomes with early response to first-line treatment in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood Adv. 2019;3(5):744–750. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2018022806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal M, Agrawal N, Yadav N, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation in first remission is associated with better progression-free survival in multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol. 2018;97(10):1869–1877. doi:10.1007/s00277-018-3370-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saudi Arabia: age structure from 2008 to 2018 (published by Plecher H, Feb 5, 2020). Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/262478/age-structure-in-saudi-arabia. Accessed July 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig H, Durie BG, Bolejack V, et al. Myeloma in patients younger than age 50 years presents with more favorable features and shows better survival: an analysis of 10 549 patients from the International Myeloma Working Group Blood. Blood. 2008;111(8):4039–4047. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-03-081018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bove V, Garrido D, Riva E. Young age and autologous stem cell transplantation are associated with improved survival in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2020;4:30113–30119.
   Google Scholar
• Nishimura KK, Barlogie B, van Rhee F, et al. Long-term outcomes after autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood Adv. 2020;4(2):422–431. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavo M, Gay F, Beksac M, et al. Autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation versus bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone, with or without bortezomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone consolidation therapy, and lenalidomide maintenance for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (EMN02/HO95): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(6):e456–e468. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30099-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Hulin C, et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone with transplantation for myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1311–1320. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurczyszyn A, Davila J, Kortüm KM, et al. Multiple myeloma in patients up to 30 years of age: a multicenter retrospective study of 52 cases. Leuk Lymphoma. 2019;60(2):471–476. doi:10.1080/10428194.2018.1480766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duek A, Trakhtenbrot L, Avigdor A, Nagler A, Leiba M. Multiple myeloma presenting in patients younger than 50 years of age: a single institution experience. Acta Haematol. 2021;144(1):58–65. doi:10.1159/000507414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd KD, Ross FM, Chiecchio L, et al. Gender disparities in the tumor genetics and clinical outcome of multiple myeloma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(8):1703–1707. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainou M, Madenidou AV, Liakos A, et al. Association between response rates and survival outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Eur J Haematol. 2017;98(6):563–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca R, Barlogie B, Bataille R, et al. Genetics and cytogenetics of multiple myeloma: a workshop report. Cancer Res. 2004;64(4):1546–1558. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2876
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fonseca R, Bergsagel PL, Drach J, et al. International Myeloma Working Group molecular classification of multiple myeloma: spotlight review. Leukemia. 2009;23(12):2210–2221. doi:10.1038/leu.2009.174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross FM, Avet-Loiseau H, Ameye G, et al. Report from the European Myeloma Network on interphase FISH in multiple myeloma and related disorders Haematologica. Haematologica. 2012;97(8):1272–1277. doi:10.3324/haematol.2011.056176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar