“Severe Anemia: A Case Report of an Uncommon Precipitant of Schizophrenia Relapse”

References

• Vieth JT, Lane DR. Anemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2017;31(6):1045–1060. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2017.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beghé C, Wilson A, Ershler WB. Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in geriatrics: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med. 2004;116(Suppl 7A):3S–10S. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucca U, Tettamanti M, Mosconi P, et al. Association of mild anemia with cognitive, functional, mood and quality of life outcomes in the elderly: the “Health and Anemia” study. PLoS One. 2008;3(4):e1920. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal S, Kumar S, Ingole V, et al. Does anemia affects cognitive functions in neurologically intact adult patients: two year cross sectional study at rural tertiary care hospital. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2019;8(9):3005–3008. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_599_19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nazari M, Mohammadnejad E, Dalvand S, Ghanei Gheshlagh R. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Iranian children under 6 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Blood Med. 2019;10:111–117. doi:10.2147/JBM.S196102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang SY, Kim HB, Sunwoo S. Association between anemia and maternal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;122:88–96. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hector M, Burton JR. What are the psychiatric manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;36(12):1105–1112. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb04397.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachner C, Steinle NI, Regenold WT. The neuropsychiatry of vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(1):5–15. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11020052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huemer M, Baumgartner MR. The clinical presentation of cobalamin-related disorders: from acquired deficiencies to inborn errors of absorption and intracellular pathways. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2019;42(4):686–705. doi:10.1002/jimd.12012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutto BR. Folate and cobalamin in psychiatric illness. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38(6):305–314. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(97)90925-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kale A, Naphade N, Sapkale S, et al. Reduced folic acid, vitamin B12 and docosahexaenoic acid and increased homocysteine and cortisol in never-medicated schizophrenia patients: implications for altered one-carbon metabolism. Psychiatry Res. 2010;175(1–2):47–53. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiser M, Levkowitch Y, Neuman M, Yehuda S. Decrease of serum iron in acutely psychotic schizophrenic patients. Int J Neurosci. 1994;78(1–2):49–52. doi:10.3109/00207459408986045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah HE, Bhawnani N, Ethirajulu A, et al. Iron deficiency-induced changes in the hippocampus, corpus striatum, and monoamines levels that lead to anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and psychotic disorders. Cureus. 2021. doi:10.7759/cureus.18138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Tenth ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Wysokiński A, Szczepocka E. Red blood cells parameters in patients with acute schizophrenia, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Danub. 2018;30(3):323–330. doi:10.24869/psyd.2018.323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley AW, Waddell CC. Crisis in sickle cell trait. Hum Pathol. 1991;22(6):616–618. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(91)90242-H
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telen MJ, Roberts KB, Bartlett JA. HIV-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia: report of a case and review of the literature. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990;3(10):933–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry M, Howe JL, Back DJ, et al. Zidovudine pharmacokinetics in zidovudine-induced bone marrow toxicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;37(1):7–12. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04231.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koduri PR, Singa P, Nikolinakos P. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1. Am J Hematol. 2002;70(2):174–176. doi:10.1002/ajh.10096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balakrishnan A, Valsalan R, Sheshadri S, Pandit VR, Medep V, Agrawal RK. Zidovudine-induced reversible pure red cell aplasia. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42(3):189–191. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.66845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insiripong S. HIV infection complicated by autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA): a case report. J Hematol Transfus Med. 2017;27:159–163.
   Google Scholar
• Iordache L, Launay O, Bouchaud O, et al. Autoimmune diseases in HIV-infected patients: 52 cases and literature review. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(8):850–857. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebede SS, Yalew A, Yesuf T, Melku M, Bambo GM, Woldu B. The magnitude and associated factors of immune hemolytic anemia among human immuno deficiency virus infected adults attending University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital north west Ethiopia 2021 GC, cross sectional study design. PLoS One. 2022;17(10):e0274464. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan M, Ozdemir O, Sal EA, et al. Psychotic disorder and extrapyramidal symptoms associated with vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. J Trop Pediatr. 2009;55(3):205–207. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmn112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ende M, Klauber B, Gendel BR. Electric shock therapy of acute psychosis associated with pernicious anemia; report of a case. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1950;63(1):110–112. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1950.02310190116009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Betts WC. The use of electroshock therapy in a psychosis associated with pernicious anemia. N C Med J. 1952;13(7):321–324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tripathi AK, Verma SP, Himanshu D. Acute psychosis: a presentation of cyanocobalamin deficiency megaloblastic anemia. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2010;26(3):99–100. doi:10.1007/s12288-010-0032-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payinda G, Hansen T. Vitamin B(12) deficiency manifested as psychosis without anemia. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(4):660–661. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masalha R, Chudakov B, Morad M, Rudoy I, Volkov I, Wirguin I. Cobalamin-responsive psychosis as the sole manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency. Isr Med Assoc J. 2001;3(9):701–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva B, Velosa A, Barahona-Corrêa JB. Reversible dementia, psychotic symptoms and epilepsy in a patient with vitamin B12 deficiency. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(5):e229044. doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-229044
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green R, Miller JW. Vitamin B12 deficiency. In: Vitamins and Hormones. Vol. 119. Elsevier; 2022:405–439.
   Google Scholar
• Insel BJ, Schaefer CA, McKeague IW, Susser ES, Brown AS. Maternal iron deficiency and the risk of schizophrenia in offspring. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(10):1136–1144. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.10.1136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen HJ, Nielsen PR, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB. Association between prepartum maternal iron deficiency and offspring risk of schizophrenia: population-based cohort study with linkage of Danish national registers. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(5):982–987. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell AM, Rao RB. Perinatal iron deficiency as an early risk factor for schizophrenia. Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25(10):2218–2227. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2021.1943996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisansky MT, Wickham RJ, Su J, et al. Iron deficiency with or without anemia impairs prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex: iron deficiency impairs prepulse inhibition. Hippocampus. 2013;23(10):952–962. doi:10.1002/hipo.22151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SW, Stewart R, Park WY, et al. Latent iron deficiency as a marker of negative symptoms in patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1707. doi:10.3390/nu10111707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui YV, McKenna F, Bertisch H, et al. Decreased basal ganglia and thalamic iron in early psychotic spectrum disorders are associated with increased psychotic and schizotypal symptoms. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(12):5144–5153. doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01740-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egyed M, Rajnics P, Kollár B, Sinkó J, Zsoldos E, Repa I. Severe hemolytic anemia and acute psychosis caused by Clostridium perfringens sepsis. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14(3):CS13–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vucelić V, Stancić V, Ledinsky M, et al. Combined megaloblastic and immunohemolytic anemia associated--a case report. Acta Clin Croat. 2008;47(4):239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall RP, Slade PD. Reality testing and auditory hallucinations: a signal detection analysis. Br J Clin Psychol. 1985;24(3):159–169. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1985.tb01331.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDannald M, Schoenbaum G. Toward a model of impaired reality testing in rats. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(4):664–667. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDannald MA, Whitt JP, Calhoon GG, et al. Impaired reality testing in an animal model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(12):1122–1126. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon TD. How schizophrenia develops: cognitive and brain mechanisms underlying onset of psychosis. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(12):744–756. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskopf RB, Kramer JH, Viele M, et al. Acute severe isovolemic anemia impairs cognitive function and memory in humans. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(6):1646–1652. doi:10.1097/00000542-200006000-00023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskopf RB, Feiner J, Hopf HW, et al. Oxygen reverses deficits of cognitive function and memory and increased heart rate induced by acute severe isovolemic anemia. Anesthesiology. 2002;96(4):871–877. doi:10.1097/00000542-200204000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskopf RB, Toy P, Hopf HW, et al. Acute isovolemic anemia impairs central processing as determined by P300 latency. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116(5):1028–1032. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allali S, Brousse V, Sacri AS, Chalumeau M, de Montalembert M. Anemia in children: prevalence, causes, diagnostic work-up, and long-term consequences. Expert Rev Hematol. 2017;10(11):1023–1028. doi:10.1080/17474086.2017.1354696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi S, O’Neil SH, Joshi AA, et al. Anemia predicts lower white matter volume and cognitive performance in sickle and non‐sickle cell anemia syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2019;94(10):1055–1065. doi:10.1002/ajh.25570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew DA, Weiner DE, Sarnak MJ. Cognitive impairment in CKD: pathophysiology, management, and prevention. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019;74(6):782–790. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prussien KV, Compas BE, Siciliano RE, et al. Cerebral hemodynamics and executive function in sickle cell anemia. Stroke. 2021;52(5):1830–1834. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limpawattana P, Juntararuangtong T, Teawtrakul N, et al. Cognitive impairment in thalassemia and associated factors. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2022;51(2):128–134. doi:10.1159/000522655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham RS. Anemia in the oncology patient: cognitive function and cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2003;26:38S???42S. doi:10.1097/00002820-200312001-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kung WM, Yuan SP, Lin MS, et al. Anemia and the risk of cognitive impairment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Sci. 2021;11(6):777. doi:10.3390/brainsci11060777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adomaitienė V, Jaras A, Lauciūtė E, Liugailaitė S, Dambrauskienė K. P03-16 - causes and first symptoms of schizophrenia relapse. Eur psychiatr. 2010;25(S1):1.
   Google Scholar
• Emsley R, Chiliza B, Asmal L, Harvey BH. The nature of relapse in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13(1):50. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momtazmanesh S, Zare-Shahabadi A, Rezaei N. Cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: an updated review. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:892. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pothimas N, Tungpunkom P, Chanprasit C, Kitsumban V, Cross-sectional A. Study of factors predicting relapse in people with schizophrenia. PRIJNR. 2020;24(4):448–459.
   Google Scholar
• Fond G, Lançon C, Korchia T, Auquier P, Boyer L. The role of inflammation in the treatment of schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:160. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahpolat M, Ayar D, Ari M, Karaman MA. Elevated monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratios as an inflammation markers for schizophrenia patients. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2021;19(1):112–116. doi:10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parksepp M, Haring L, Kilk K, et al. A marked low-grade inflammation and a significant deterioration in metabolic status in first-episode schizophrenia: a five-year follow-up study. Metabolites. 2022;12(10):983. doi:10.3390/metabo12100983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portilla I, Reus S, León R, et al. Neurocognitive impairment in well-controlled HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2019;35(7):634–641. doi:10.1089/aid.2018.0279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmuro N, Katsura M, Obara C, et al. The relationship between cognitive insight and cognitive performance among individuals with at-risk mental state for developing psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2018;192:281–286. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daleiden E. An information-processing perspective on childhood anxiety. Clin Psychol Rev. 1997;17(4):407–429. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00010-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda AE, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Marttunen M, Suvisaari J, Lönnqvist J. A review on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders with a focus on young adults. J Affect Disord. 2008;106(1–2):1–27. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murrough JW, Iacoviello B, Neumeister A, Charney DS, Iosifescu DV. Cognitive dysfunction in depression: neurocircuitry and new therapeutic strategies. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2011;96(4):553–563. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2011.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho A, Miskowiak K, Hyphantis T, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in depression – pathophysiology and novel targets. CNSNDDT. 2015;13(10):1819–1835. doi:10.2174/1871527313666141130203627
   Google Scholar
• Hur J, Stockbridge MD, Fox AS, Shackman AJ. Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: an integrative translational neuroscience framework. In: Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 247. Elsevier; 2019:375–436.
   Google Scholar
• Shi R, Sharpe L, Abbott M. A meta-analysis of the relationship between anxiety and attentional control. Clin Psychol Rev. 2019;72:101754. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar