Experimental Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Asthma: A Systematic Review

References

• Quirce S, Bobolea I, Barranco P. Emerging drugs for asthma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2012;17(2):219–237. doi:10.1517/14728214.2012.683410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olin JT, Wechsler ME. Asthma: pathogenesis and novel drugs for treatment. BMJ. 2014;349:g5517. doi:10.1136/bmj.g5517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoloff SW, Kelly HW. Updates on the use of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11(4):337–344. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e328348a813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoes JN, Jacobs JW, Buttgereit F, Bijlsma JW. Current view of glucocorticoid co-therapy with DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(12):693. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2010.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westergaard CG, Porsbjerg C, Backer V. Emerging corticosteroid agonists for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2015;20(4):653–662. doi:10.1517/14728214.2015.1061503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strehl C, Buttgereit F. Optimized glucocorticoid therapy: teaching old drugs new tricks. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013;380(1–2):32–40. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber AN. Measuring safety of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016;117(6):577–581. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2016.05.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacke H, Schottelius A, Docke WD, et al. Dissociation of transactivation from transrepression by a selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist leads to separation of therapeutic effects from side effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(1):227–232. doi:10.1073/pnas.0300372101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundahl N, Bridelance J, Libert C, De Bosscher K, Beck IM. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulation: new directions with non-steroidal scaffolds. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;152:28–41. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bosscher K, Beck IM, Ratman D, Berghe WV, Libert C. Activation of the glucocorticoid receptor in acute inflammation: the SEDIGRAM concept. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2016;37(1):4–16. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2015.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4:1. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schardt C, Adams MB, Owens T, Keitz S, Fontelo P. Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007;7:16. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-7-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Norman GA. Drugs and devices: comparison of European and U.S. approval processes. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2016;1(5):399–412. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.06.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Guideline for good clinical practice E6(R2); 2016. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/ich-e-6-r2-guideline-good-clinical-practice-step-5_en.pdf. Accessed April 24, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gessi S, Merighi S, Andrea Borea P. Glucocorticoids’ pharmacology: past, present and future. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(32):3540–3553. doi:10.2174/138161210793797915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesovaya E, Yemelyanov A, Swart AC, Swart P, Haegeman G, Budunova I. Discovery of Compound A–a selective activator of the glucocorticoid receptor with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. Oncotarget. 2015;6(31):30730–30744. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5078
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luypaert A, Berghe WV, Tavernier J, Libert C, De Bosscher K. Strategies and compounds to circumvent glucocorticoid-induced side effects. In: Riccardi C, Levi-Schaffer F, Tiligada E, editors. Immunopharmacology and Inflammation. Springer, Cham; 2018:283–305.
   Google Scholar
• Meijer OC, Koorneef LL, Kroon J. Glucocorticoid receptor modulators. Annales d’endocrinologie. 2018;79(3). doi:10.1016/j.ando.2018.03.004
   Google Scholar
• Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(1):1–12. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higgins JPT, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JAC Chapter 8: assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.0 (updated July 2019). Cochrane; 2019. Available from: http://www.training.cochrane.org/handbook. Accessed July 3, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Kurimoto T, Tamai I, Miyai A, et al. JTP-117968, a novel selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, exhibits improved transrepression/transactivation dissociation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;803:179–186. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CW, Nakane M, Stashko M, et al. Trans-Activation and repression properties of the novel nonsteroid glucocorticoid receptor ligand 2, 5-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-methoxy-2, 2, 4-trimethyl-5-(1-methylcyclohexen-3-y1)-1H-[1] benzopyrano [3, 4-f] quinoline (A276575) and its four stereoisomers. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;62(2):297–303. doi:10.1124/mol.62.2.297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali A, Balkovec JM, Greenlee M, et al. Discovery of betamethasone 17α-carbamates as dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulators in the rat. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008;16(16):7535–7542. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrila A, Chachi L, Tliba O, Brightling CE, Amrani Y. Compound A (CpdA) supressed production of corticosteroid-resistant chemokines via GR-independent pathways including the inhibition of IRF-1 in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. In: D29. molecular signals and cellular mechanics: focus on asthma. American Thoracic Society; 2014:A5605–A5605.
   Google Scholar
• Gavrila A, Chachi L, Tliba O, Brightling C, Amrani Y. Effect of the plant derivative Compound A on the production of corticosteroid-resistant chemokines in airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2015;53(5):728–737. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0477OC
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrila A. Modulating Steroid Insensitive Pathways in Airway Smooth Muscle Cells; Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester: Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation. University of Leicester; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Chachi L, Gavrila A, Tliba O, Brightling C, Amrani Y. The Dissociated Steroid Receptor Ligand from Plant Origin Called Compound A (CpdA) Inhibits the Production of Steroid-Resistant Chemokines Induced by TNFα/IFNγ in Airway Smooth Muscle (ASM) Cells in Both Asthma and Healthy Subjects. European Respiratory Society; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Janka-Junttila M, Moilanen E, Hasala H, Zhang X, Adcock I, Kankaanranta H. The glucocorticoid RU24858 does not distinguish between transrepression and transactivation in primary human eosinophils. J Inflam (Lond). 2006;3:10. doi:10.1186/1476-9255-3-10
   Google Scholar
• Desmet SJ, Bougarne N, Van Moortel L, et al. Compound A influences gene regulation of the Dexamethasone-activated glucocorticoid receptor by alternative cofactor recruitment. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8063. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07941-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWhae A, Shah S, Karrman-Mardh C, Miller-Larsson A, Giembycz M, Newton R. The novel glucocorticoid receptor agonist, AZD5423, shows super-agonism relative to the conventional agonists, dexamethasone and budesonide. In: A31. the epithelium in lung inflammation. American Thoracic Society; 2015:A1293–A1293.
   Google Scholar
• Chivers JE, Gong W, King EM, et al. Analysis of the dissociated steroid RU24858 does not exclude a role for inducible genes in the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. Mol Pharmacol. 2006;70(6):2084–2095. doi:10.1124/mol.106.025841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider CF, Shah S, Miller-Larsson A, Giembycz MA, Newton R, Wang Z. Cytokine-induced loss of glucocorticoid function: effect of kinase inhibitors, long-acting β (2)-adrenoceptor [corrected] agonist and glucocorticoid receptor ligands. PLoS One. 2015;10(1):e0116773–e0116773. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janka-Junttila M, Hasala H, Adcock I, Moilanen E, Kankaanranta H. Dexamethasone and RU24858 induce survival and growth factor receptor bound protein 2, leukotriene B4 receptor 1 and annexin-1 expression in primary human neutrophils. J Cell Death. 2012;5:21–29. doi:10.4137/JCD.S9097
   Google Scholar
• Turner DL, Ferrari N, Ford WR, et al. TPI 1020, a novel anti-inflammatory, nitric oxide donating compound, potentiates the bronchodilator effects of salbutamol in conscious guinea-pigs. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;641(2–3):213–219. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner D, Ferrari N, Ford WR, et al. Bronchoprotection in conscious guinea pigs by budesonide and the NO-donating analogue, TPI 1020, alone and combined with tiotropium or formoterol. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;167(3):515–526. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02016.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevin BJ, Broadley KJ. Comparative effects of inhaled budesonide and the NO-donating budesonide derivative, NCX 1020, against leukocyte influx and airway hyperreactivity following lipopolysaccharide challenge. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2004;17(4):219–232. doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2004.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reber LL, Daubeuf F, Plantinga M, et al. A dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulator reduces airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. J Immunol. 2012;188(7):3478–3487. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1004227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belvisi MG, Wicks SL, Battram CH, et al. Therapeutic benefit of a dissociated glucocorticoid and the relevance of in vitro separation of transrepression from transactivation activity. J Immunol. 2001;166(3):1975–1982. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.1975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardh CK, Russell W, Gustavsson M, et al. A novel inhaled non-steroidal modulator of inflammation for the control of asthma; AZD7594. In: A31. Asthma Therapy: Glucocorticoids and Beyond. American Thoracic Society; 2016:A1329–A1329.
   Google Scholar
• Uings IJ, Needham D, Matthews J, et al. Discovery of GW870086: a potent anti-inflammatory steroid with a unique pharmacological profile. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;169(6):1389–1403. doi:10.1111/bph.12232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates CM, Brown PJ, Stewart EL, et al. Structure guided design of 5-arylindazole glucocorticoid receptor agonists and antagonists. J Med Chem. 2010;53(11):4531–4544. doi:10.1021/jm100447c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coghlan MJ, Kym PR, Elmore SW, et al. Synthesis and characterization of non-steroidal ligands for the glucocorticoid receptor: selective quinoline derivatives with prednisolone-equivalent functional activity. J Med Chem. 2001;44(18):2879–2885. doi:10.1021/jm010228c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT02479412. A multiple dosing (14 days) study to assess efficacy and safety of three dose levels of AZD7594, given once daily by inhalation, in patients with mild to moderate asthma; 2017. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02479412. Accessed December 11, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Brown MN, Fuhr R, Beier J, et al. Efficacy and safety of AZD7594, an inhaled non-steroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, in patients with asthma: a phase 2a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Respir Res. 2019;20(1):37. doi:10.1186/s12931-019-1000-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT02645253. A study to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of AZD7594 inhaled formulation in healthy Japanese men; 2016. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02645253. Accessed December 11, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Prothon S, Wahlby Hamren U, Tehler U, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator AZD7594, following inhalation in healthy Japanese volunteers. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:3845–3853. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S215170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT01310322. A study in healthy subjects and mild asthmatics to investigate pharmacokinetics of AZD5423 when administered in different ways; 2011. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01310322. Accessed July 3, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Melin J, Prothon S, Kloft C, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the inhaled selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator AZD5423 following inhalation using different devices. AAPS J. 2017;19(3):865–874. doi:10.1208/s12248-016-0042-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT01635985. A study in healthy subjects to investigate pharmacokinetics of AZD5423 when administered in different ways; 2012. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01635985. Accessed December 16, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Werkstrom V, Prothon S, Ekholm E, Jorup C, Edsbacker S. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator AZD5423 after inhalation in healthy volunteers. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;119(6):574–581. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT02648438. A study to assess the bioavailability and to compare the pharmacokinetics of AZD7594 inhaled via monodose inhaler and multiple-dose dry powder inhalers (DPI) or pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) in healthy male subjects; 2016. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02648438. Accessed December 11, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Prothon S, Eriksson U, et al. Pharmacokinetics (PK) of a Single Dose AZD7594 Administered Intravenously (IV), Orally, and Inhaled via Two Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI) and a Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhaler (pMDI). European Respiratory Society; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Leaker BR, O’Connor B, Singh D, Barnes PJ. The novel inhaled glucocorticoid receptor agonist GW870086X protects against adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(2):501–502.e506. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Leigh R, et al. A nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonist inhibits allergen-induced late asthmatic responses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(2):161–167. doi:10.1164/rccm.201404-0623OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT01225549. The study will evaluate the efficacy of AZD5423 in patients with mild asthma challenged with an inhaled allergen (allergen); 2010. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01225549. Accessed December 11, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Bareille P, Hardes K, Donald AC. Efficacy and safety of once-daily GW870086 a novel selective glucocorticoid in mild-moderate asthmatics: a randomised, two-way crossover, controlled clinical trial. J Asthma. 2013;50(10):1077–1082. doi:10.3109/02770903.2013.837480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT00945932. A study to evaluate the effect of repeat doses of GW870086X in mild to moderate asthmatics; 2009. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00945932. Accessed December 16, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• NCT01160003. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose ascending, 3-way crossover study to assess the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of repeat inhaled doses of nebulised GW870086X in healthy adult male volunteers; 2010. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01160003. Accessed December 11, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Allen A, Bareille P, Hardes K, Robertson J. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single and repeat doses of GW870086: two randomised studies. Curr Drug Ther. 2013;8(2):76–85. doi:10.2174/15748855113089990004
   Google Scholar
• NCT01245426. A phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, multicentre study to determine the efficacy and dose response of repeat inhaled doses of GW870086X on FEV1 in adults with persistent asthma; 2010. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01245426. Accessed December 11, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• NCT00857857. A randomised, placebo-controlled, incomplete block, three-way crossover study to evaluate the effect of treatment with repeat inhaled doses of GW870086 on the allergen-induced early and late asthmatic response in subjects with mild asthma; 2009. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00857857. Accessed December 11, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Boulet LP, Lemiere C, Gauvreau G, et al. Safety, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of TPI 1020 in smokers with asthma. Respir Med. 2009;103(8):1159–1166. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bareille P, Hardes K, Robertson J, Davis A, Allen A. Efficacy of a new selective steroid (GW870086) in asthma: an adaptive, randomised, controlled trial. Curr Drug Ther. 2013;8(2):69–75. doi:10.2174/1574885511308020001
   Google Scholar
• Bareille P, Allen A, Hardes K, Donald A. Effect of a novel selective inhaled steroid on the allergen-induced early and late asthmatic response in adults with mild asthma: a randomised study. Curr Drug Ther. 2013;8(3):155–163. doi:10.2174/15748855113089990005
   Google Scholar
• Elmore SW, Coghlan MJ, Anderson DD, et al. Nonsteroidal selective glucocorticoid modulators: the effect of C-5 alkyl substitution on the transcriptional activation/repression profile of 2, 5-dihydro-10-methoxy-2, 2, 4-trimethyl-1H-[1] benzopyrano [3, 4-f] quinolines. J Med Chem. 2001;44(25):4481–4491. doi:10.1021/jm010367u
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edman K, Ahlgren R, Bengtsson M, et al. The discovery of potent and selective non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators, suitable for inhalation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014;24(11):2571–2577. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT03976869. A study to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and safety of 2-week treatment with inhaled AZD7594 in adolescents (12 to 17 years) with asthma; 2020. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03976869?cond=AZD7594&draw=2&rank=5. Accessed June 23, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Beck IM, et al. A fully dissociated compound of plant origin for inflammatory gene repression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(44):15827–15832. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505554102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewint P, Gossye V, De Bosscher K, et al. A plant-derived ligand favoring monomeric glucocorticoid receptor conformation with impaired transactivation potential attenuates collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol. 2008;180(4):2608–2615. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazzola M, Coppola A, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Novel glucocorticoid receptor agonists in the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2015;24(11):1473–1482. doi:10.1517/13543784.2015.1078310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCT00483899. Examine the effect of repeat inhaled doses of GW870086X on lung function in mild asthmatic male subjects; 2007. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00483899. Last accessed December 16, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• NCT00549497. A randomized study evaluating steroid hormone levels, safety and tolerability of GW870086X in healthy volunteers; 2007. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00549497. Last accessed December 11, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Buttgereit F, Strand V, Lee EB, et al. Fosdagrocorat (PF-04171327) versus prednisone or placebo in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase IIb study. RMD Open. 2019;5(1):e000889. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock T, Fleishaker D, Wang X, Mukherjee A, Mebus C. Improved disease activity with fosdagrocorat (PF-04171327), a partial agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase 2 randomized study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(8):960–970. doi:10.1111/1756-185X.13053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezitter X, Fagart J, Taront S, et al. A structural explanation of the effects of dissociated glucocorticoids on glucocorticoid receptor transactivation. Mol Pharmacol. 2014;85(2):226–236. doi:10.1124/mol.113.085860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn JA, Deshpande K, Ortlund EA. Deciphering modern glucocorticoid cross-pharmacology using ancestral corticosteroid receptors. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(20):16267–16275. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.346411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar