Clinical Benefits of Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy on the Postoperative Recurrence of Centrally Located Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Real-World Evidence Based on Phase II Clinical Trial

References

• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Sun HC, Wang Z, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer in China (2017 Edition). Liver Cancer. 2018;7(3):235–260. doi:10.1159/000488035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagtegaal ID, Odze RD, Klimstra D, et al. The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Histopathology. 2020;76(2):182–188. doi:10.1111/his.13975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimbach JK, Kulik LM, Finn RS, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):358–380. doi:10.1002/hep.29086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanueva A. Hepatocellular Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(15):1450–1462. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1713263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu W, Rong W, Wang L, Wu F, Xu Q, Wu J. R1 hepatectomy with exposure of tumor surface for centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg. 2014;38(7):1777–1785. doi:10.1007/s00268-013-2429-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu F, Chen B, Dong D, et al. Phase 2 evaluation of neoadjuvant intensity-modulated radiotherapy in centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma: a nonrandomized controlled trial. JAMA Surg. 2022;157:1089. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2022.4702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng CH, Yu MC, Wu TH, et al. Surgical resection of centrally located large hepatocellular carcinoma. Chang Gung Med J. 2012;35(2):178–191. doi:10.4103/2319-4170.106153
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shi M, Guo RP, Lin XJ, et al. Partial hepatectomy with wide versus narrow resection margin for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2007;245(1):36–43. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000231758.07868.71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2006;243(3):321–328. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000201480.65519.b8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu XL, Liu XD, Liang M, Luo BM. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Radiology. 2018;287(2):461–472. doi:10.1148/radiol.2017162756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rong W, Yu W, Wang L, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy in central hepatocellular carcinoma after narrow-margin hepatectomy: a 10-year real-world evidence. Chin J Cancer Res. 2020;32(5):645–653. doi:10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.05.09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WH, Wang Z, Wu JX, et al. Survival benefit with IMRT following narrow-margin hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma close to major vessels. Liver Int. 2015;35(12):2603–2610. doi:10.1111/liv.12857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B, Wu JX, Cheng SH, et al. Phase 2 study of adjuvant radiotherapy following narrow-margin hepatectomy in patients with HCC. Hepatology. 2021;74(5):2595–2604. doi:10.1002/hep.31993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Feng X, Zhang T, et al. Prospective evaluation of microscopic extension using whole-mount preparation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: definition of clinical target volume for radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol. 2010;5:73. doi:10.1186/1748-717X-5-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao YT, Liu ZK, Wu QW, et al. Observation of different tumor motion magnitude within liver and estimate of internal motion margins in postoperative patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res. 2017;9:839–848. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S147185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General Office of National Health Commission. 原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2022年版) [Standardization for diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2022 edition)]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2022;30(4):367–388. Chinese. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20220413-00193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1495–1499. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookhart MA, Schneeweiss S, Rothman KJ, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Stürmer T. Variable selection for propensity score models. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(12):1149–1156. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haneuse S, VanderWeele TJ, Arterburn D. Using the E-value to assess the potential effect of unmeasured confounding in observational studies. JAMA. 2019;321(6):602–603. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.21554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitz KM, Marroquin OC, Zenati MS, et al. Association between preoperative metformin exposure and postoperative outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(6):e200416. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radice R, Ramsahai R, Grieve R, Kreif N, Sadique Z, Sekhon JS. Evaluating treatment effectiveness in patient subgroups: a comparison of propensity score methods with an automated matching approach. Int J Biostat. 2012;8(1):25. doi:10.1515/1557-4679.1382
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurth T, Walker AM, Glynn RJ, et al. Results of multivariable logistic regression, propensity matching, propensity adjustment, and propensity-based weighting under conditions of nonuniform effect. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(3):262–270. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins JM, Hernán MA, Brumback B. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology. 2000;11(5):550–560. doi:10.1097/00001648-200009000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung SM, Kim JM, Choi GS, et al. Characteristics of early recurrence after curative liver resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2019;23(2):304–311. doi:10.1007/s11605-018-3927-2
   Google Scholar
• Portolani N, Coniglio A, Ghidoni S, et al. Early and late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications. Ann Surg. 2006;243(2):229–235. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000197706.21803.a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto Y, Ikoma H, Morimura R, et al. Optimal duration of the early and late recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(4):1207–1215. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i4.1207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan A, Zhong J, Berhane S, et al. Development of pre and post-operative models to predict early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection. J Hepatol. 2018;12(6):1284–1293. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.027
   Google Scholar
• Xing H, Zhang WG, Cescon M, et al. Defining and predicting early recurrence after liver resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-institutional study. HPB. 2019;22(5):677–689. doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2019.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu XF, Xing H, Han J, et al. Risk factors, patterns, and outcomes of late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study from China. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(3):209–217. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2018.4334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon RT, Fan ST, Ng IO, Lo CM, Liu CL, Wong J. Different risk factors and prognosis for early and late intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89(3):500–507. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20000801)89:3<500::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-O
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singal AG, Rich NE, Mehta N, et al. Direct-acting antiviral therapy not associated with recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a multicenter north American cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(6):1683–1692.e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CC, Ho WL, Chen JT, et al. Mesohepatectomy for centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma: an appraisal of a rare procedure. J Am Coll Surg. 1999;188(5):508–515. doi:10.1016/S1072-7515(99)00026-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu W, Wang W, Rong W, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy in centrally located hepatocellular carcinomas after hepatectomy with narrow margin (<1 cm): a prospective randomized study. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;218(3):381–392. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.11.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu YL, Zhai Y, Li M, et al. Long-term outcome of centrally located hepatocellular carcinomas treated by radical resection combined with intraoperative electron radiotherapy (IOERT). Front Oncol. 2022;12:773301. doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.773301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin H, Li X, Liu Y, Hu Y. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy provided survival benefit compared to adjuvant radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. ANZ J Surg. 2018;88(10):E718–E724. doi:10.1111/ans.14387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei X, Jiang Y, Zhang X, et al. Neoadjuvant three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a randomized, open-label, multicenter controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(24):2141–2151. doi:10.1200/JCO.18.02184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llovet JM, Lencioni R. mRECIST for HCC: performance and novel refinements. J Hepatol. 2020;72(2):288–306. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.09.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki T, Kubota K, Hasegawa K, et al. Significance of the surgical hepatic resection margin in patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg. 2020;107(1):113–120. doi:10.1002/bjs.11329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong FP, Zhang YJ, Liu Y, Zou SB. Prognostic impact of surgical margin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Medicine. 2017;96(37):e8043. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luskin MR, Murakami MA, Manalis SR, Weinstock DM. Targeting minimal residual disease: a path to cure. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18(4):255–263. doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Murillas I, Schiavon G, Weigelt B, et al. Mutation tracking in circulating tumor DNA predicts relapse in early breast cancer. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(302):302ra133. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aab0021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar