Adjuvant Lenvatinib Plus PD-1 Antibody for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with High Recurrence Risks After Hepatectomy: A Retrospective Landmark Analysis

References

• Llovet JM, Kelley RK, Villanueva A, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):6. doi:10.1038/s41572-020-00240-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):182–236. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roayaie S, Obeidat K, Sposito C, et al. Resection of hepatocellular cancer ≤2 cm: results from two Western centers. Hepatology. 2013;57(4):1426–1435. doi:10.1002/hep.25832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang JH, Guo Z, Lu HF, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: propensity score analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(15):4627–4634. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i15.4627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran A, Ramos LF, Picado O, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: resection with adjuvant hepatic artery infusion therapy vs resection alone. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Surg Oncol. 2019;119(4):455–463. doi:10.1002/jso.25338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Mei J, Wang Q, et al. Postoperative adjuvant transarterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX could improve outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with microvascular invasion: a preliminary report of a phase III, randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2020;27(13):5183–5190. doi:10.1245/s10434-020-08601-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rong W, Yu W, Wang L, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy in central hepatocellular carcinoma after narrow-margin hepatectomy: a 10-year real-world evidence. Chin J Cancer Res. 2020;32(5):645–653. doi:10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.05.09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(Suppl 4):iv238–iv255. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruix J, Takayama T, Mazzaferro V, et al. Adjuvant sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation (STORM): a Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(13):1344–1354. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00198-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SN, Chuang SC, Lee KT. Efficacy of sorafenib as adjuvant therapy to prevent early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative surgery: a pilot study. Hepatol Res. 2014;44(5):523–531. doi:10.1111/hepr.12159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Ren Z, Chen Y, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma after resection: a randomized controlled study. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(9):2074–2081. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn RS, Ikeda M, Zhu AX, et al. Phase Ib study of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(26):2960–2970. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.00808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Shen J, Gu S, et al. Camrelizumab in combination with apatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (RESCUE): a nonrandomized, open-label, phase II trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(4):1003–1011. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JR, Cain KC, Gelber RD. Analysis of survival by tumor response. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1(11):710–719. doi:10.1200/JCO.1983.1.11.710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dafni U. Landmark analysis at the 25-year landmark point. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4(3):363–371. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.957951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin SW, Ahn KS, Kim SW, Kim TS, Kim YH, Kang KJ. Liver resection versus local ablation therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2021;273(4):656–666. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SH, Mei J, Cheng Y, et al. Postoperative adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with FOLFOX in hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a multicenter, phase III, randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(10):1898–1908. doi:10.1200/JCO.22.01142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Wu PS, Liang XM, et al. Adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors associated with higher recurrence-free survival in postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma (PREVENT): a prospective, multicentric cohort study. J Gastroenterol. 2023. doi:10.1007/s00535-023-02018-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Hu S, Liu Z, et al. Adjuvant anti-PD-1 antibody for hepatocellular carcinoma with high recurrence risks after hepatectomy. Hepatol Int. 2023;17(2):406–416. doi:10.1007/s12072-022-10478-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Wang WQ, Zhu RH, et al. Postoperative adjuvant tyrosine kinase inhibitors combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies improves surgical outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma with high-risk recurrent factors. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1202039. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilmi M, Neuzillet C, Calderaro J, Lafdil F, Pawlotsky JM, Rousseau B. Angiogenesis and immune checkpoint inhibitors as therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: current knowledge and future research directions. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7(1):333. doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0824-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan A, Zhong J, Berhane S, et al. Development of pre and post-operative models to predict early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection. J Hepatol. 2018;69(6):1284–1293. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YM, Zhou ZT, Liu GM. Factors predicting early recurrence after surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2019;70(3):571–572. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Ouyang W, Yang T. The association of microvascular invasion with satellite nodule, tumor multiplicity, tumor encapsulation and resection margin of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2022;77(3):890–891. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.03.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HI, An J, Kim JY, et al. Postresection period-specific hazard of recurrence as a framework for surveillance strategy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter outcome study. Liver Cancer. 2022;11(2):141–151. doi:10.1159/000518837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluger MD, Salceda JA, Laurent A, et al. Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in 313 Western patients: tumor biology and underlying liver rather than tumor size drive prognosis. J Hepatol. 2015;62(5):1131–1140. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Chen B, Wang Y, et al. Real-world efficacy and prognostic factors of lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitors in 378 unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Hepatol Int. 2023;17(3):709–719. doi:10.1007/s12072-022-10480-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XH, Zhou QF, Wang CM, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion. Br J Surg. 2023;110(8):913–916. doi:10.1093/bjs/znac376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi C, Li Y, Geng L, et al. Adjuvant stereotactic body radiotherapy after marginal resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2022;166:176–184. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XP, Chai ZT, Gao YZ, et al. Postoperative adjuvant sorafenib improves survival outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with microvascular invasion after R0 liver resection: a propensity score matching analysis. HPB. 2019;21(12):1687–1696. doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2019.04.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Du S, Zhu Z, et al. 724P Anti-PD-1 antibody SHR-1210 combined with apatinib as adjuvant treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma at high risk of recurrence after radical resection: preliminary results from a multicenter, randomized, controlled phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 2022;33:S873. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.848
   Google Scholar
• Liu S, Li H, Guo L, et al. Tumor size affects efficacy of adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and microvascular invasion. Oncologist. 2019;24(4):513–520. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JY, Wu JY, Li YN, et al. Lenvatinib combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies plus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for neoadjuvant treatment of resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with high risk of recurrence: a multicenter retrospective study. Front Oncol. 2022;12:985380. doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.985380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Y, Tang W, Qian X, et al. Efficacy and safety of camrelizumab plus apatinib during the perioperative period in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, open label, phase II clinical trial. J Immunother Cancer. 2022;10(4):e004656. doi:10.1136/jitc-2022-004656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda M, Okusaka T, Mitsunaga S, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of lenvatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(6):1385–1394. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar