Pro-inflammatory agents released by pathogens, dying host cells, and neutrophils act synergistically to destroy host tissues: a working hypothesis

References

• BaueAEThe horror autotoxicus and multiple-organ failureArch Surg199212712145114621365693
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OpalSMThe current understanding of sepsis and research priorities for the futureVirulence2014511324153016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de OliveiraSRosowskiEEHuttenlocherANeutrophil migration in infection and wound repair: going forward in reverseNat Rev Immunol201616637839127231052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KolaczkowskaEKubesPNeutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammationNat Rev Immunol201313315917523435331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HamptonMBKettleAJWinterbournCCInside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial killingBlood1998929300730179787133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NeutrophilsLGMNETs, NETosis – old or new factors in sepsis and septic shock?Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther201749323524028803442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoomerJSGreenJMHotchkissRSThe changing immune system in sepsis is individualized immunomodulatory therapy the answer?Virulence201451454624067565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HornDLMorrisonDCOpalSMSilversteinRVisvanathanKZabriskieJBWhat are the microbial components implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis? Report on a symposiumClin Infect Dis200031485185811049761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIThe role of bacteriolysis in the pathophysiology of inflammation, infection and post-infectious sequelaeAPMIS20021101175377012588416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIAction of streptococcal haemolysins and proteolytic enzymes on Ehrlich ascites tumour cellsBr J Exp Pathol195940541742313850240
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GinsburgIRamMAction of antibodies and plasmin on ehrlich ascites tumour cellsNature19601854709328330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DallegriFOttonelloLTissue injury in neutrophilic inflammationInflamm Res199746103823919372309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HensonPMJohnstonRBTissue injury in inflammation. Oxidants, proteinases, and cationic proteinsJ Clin Invest19877936696743546374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BairdBRCheronisJCSandhausRABergerEMWhiteCWRepineJEO2 metabolites and neutrophil elastase synergistically cause edematous injury in isolated rat lungsJ Appl Physiol (1985)1986616222422293643211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OpalSMDellingerRPVincentJLMasurHAngusDCThe next generation of sepsis clinical trial designs: what is next after the demise of recombinant human activated protein C?*Crit Care Med20144271714172124717456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIMulti-drug strategies are necessary to inhibit the synergistic mechanism causing tissue damage and organ failure in post infectious sequelaeInflammopharmacology19997320721717638092
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GinsburgIMechanisms of cell and tissue injury induced by group a streptococci: relation to poststreptococcal sequelaeJ Infect Dis197212632943404627328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgICan hemolytic streptococci be considered “forefathers” of modern phagocytes? Both cell types freely migrate in tissues and destroy host cells by a “synergistic cross-talk” among their secreted agonistsComp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol199410921471587881816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIIs streptolysin S of group A streptococci a virulence factor?APMIS1999107121051105910660134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIRole of lipoteichoic acid in infection and inflammationLancet Infect Dis20022317117911944187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SelaMNLahavMGinsburgIEffect of leukocyte hydrolases on bacteria – IX. The release of lipoteichoic acid from group A streptococci and from Strep, mutans by leukocyte extracts and by lysozyme: relation to tissue damage in inflammatory sitesInflammation19772215116433119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GinsburgIFligielSEGWardPAVaraniJLipoteichoic acid-anti-lipoteichoic acid complexes induce superoxide generation by human neutrophilsInflammation19881265255482851550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIKorenEBacteriolysis – a mere laboratory curiosity?Crit Rev Microbiol201844560961829782199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwabJHCromartieWJOhanianSHCraddockJGAssociation of experimental chronic arthritis with the persistence of group A streptococcal cell walls in the articular tissueJ Bacteriol1967945172817354169223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgICan chronic and self-perpetuating arthritis in the human be caused by arthrotropic undegraded microbial cell wall constituents? A working hypothesisRheumatology1977163141149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FoxASchwabJHCochranTMuramic acid detection in mammalian tissues by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometryInfect Immun19802925265317011978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIKorenEFeuersteinOIs bacteriolysis in vivo a friend or a foe? relation to sepsis, chronic granulomatous inflammation and to oral disorders: an overview hypothesisSOJ Microbiol Infect Dis20153118
   Google Scholar
• GrumannDNübelUBrökerBMStaphylococcus aureus toxins – their functions and geneticsInfect Genet Evol20142158359223541411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GordonRJLowyFDPathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infectionClin Infect Dis200846Suppl 5S350S35918462090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RodellTCCheronisJCRepineJEEndothelial cell xanthine oxidase-derived toxic oxygen metabolites contribute to acute lung injury from neutrophil elastaseChest1988933 Suppl146S3342692
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VaraniJGinsburgISchugerLEndothelial cell killing by neutrophils. Synergistic interaction of oxygen products and proteasesAm J Pathol198913534354382675621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIGibbsDFSchugerLVascular endothelial cell killing by combinations of membrane-active agents and hydrogen peroxideFree Radic Biol Med1989743693762558061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIMisgavRPinsonAVaraniJWardPAKohenRSynergism among oxidants, proteinases, phospholipases, microbial hemolysins, cationic proteins, and cytokinesInflammation19921655195381428126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIMitraRSGibbsDFVaraniJKohenRKilling of endothelial cells and release of arachidonic acid – synergistic effects among hydrogen peroxide, membrane-damaging agents, cationic substances, and proteinases and their modulation by inhibitorsInflammation19931732953198330929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIKohenRSynergistic effects among oxidants, membrane-damaging agents, fatty acids, proteinases, and xenobiotics: killing of epithelial cells and release of arachidonic acidInflammation19951911011187705882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIKohenRInvited review: cell damage in inflammatory and infectious sites might involve a coordinated “cross-talk” among oxidants, microbial haemolysins and ampiphiles, cationic proteins, phospholipases, fatty acids, proteinases and cytokines (an overview)Free Radic Res19952264895177633573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgICould synergistic interactions among reactive oxygen species, proteinases, membrane-perforating enzymes, hydrolases, microbial hemolysins and cytokines be the main cause of tissue damage in infectious and inflammatory conditions?Med Hypotheses19985143373469824842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KorenEGinsburgISynergistic aspects to explain the pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock–an opinionJ Infect Dis Ther201536
   Google Scholar
• GinhouxFJungSMonocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasisNat Rev Immunol201414639240424854589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EsserREAnderleSKChettyCStimpsonSACromartieWJSchwabJHComparison of inflammatory reactions induced by intraarticular injection of bacterial cell wall polymersAm J Pathol198612223233343511727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIKorenEBacteriolysis – a mere laboratory curiosity?Crit Rev Microbiol201844560961829782199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KatchalskiEBichovski-SlomnitzkiLVolcaniBEAction of some water-soluble poly-α-amino-acids on bacteriaNature1952169431310951096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HirschJGBactericidal action of histoneJ Exp Med1958108692594413598820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgISadovnicMGamma globulin, Evan’s blue, aprotinin a PLA2 inhibitor, tetracycline and antioxidants protect epithelial cells against damage induced by synergism among streptococcal hemolysins, oxidants and proteinases: relation to the prevention of post-streptococcal sequelae and septic shockFEMS Immunol Med Microbiol19982232472569848686
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GinsburgIWardPAVaraniJLysophosphatides enhance super-oxide responses of stimulated human neutrophilsInflammation19891321631742547711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndersonBOBrownJMHarkenAHMechanisms of neutrophil-mediated tissue injuryJ Surg Res19915121701791650866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgICationic polyelectrolytes: a new look at their possible roles as opsonins, as stimulators of respiratory burst in leukocytes, in bacteriolysis, and as modulators of immune-complex diseases (a review hypothesis)Inflammation19871144895152961690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIvan HeerdenPKorenEFrom amino acids polymers, antimicrobial peptides, and histones, to their possible role in the pathogenesis of septic shock: a historical perspectiveJ Inflamm Res20171071528203100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XuJZhangXPelayoRExtracellular histones are major mediators of death in sepsisNat Med200915111318132119855397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChaputCZychlinskyASepsis: the dark side of histonesNat Med200915111245124619893552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIKorenEVaraniJKohenRNuclear histones: major virulence factors or just additional early sepsis markers? A commentInflammopharmacology201624528728927613722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FanGRongXWangXEffect of necrotic wound tissue decomposition products on serum inflammation factors in rabbitsNan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao201232710521055 Chinese22820598
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WildhagenKCGarcía de FrutosPReutelingspergerCPNon-anticoagulant heparin prevents histone-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and improves survival in sepsisBlood201412371098110124264231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SimmonsJPittetJFThe coagulopathy of acute sepsisCurr Opin Anaesthesiol201528222723625590467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoremMKorenEGinsburgIThe pathogenesis of sepsis: “If we cannot beat them alone join them?”Int J Microbiol Infect Dis20182315
   Google Scholar
• MuthasDReznichenkoABalendranCANeutrophils in ulcerative colitis: a review of selected biomarkers and their potential therapeutic implicationsScand J Gastroenterol201752212513527610713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrishinAPapillonSBellBWangJFordHRThe role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitisSemin Pediatr Surg2013222697523611609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HaFKhalilHCrohn’s disease: a clinical updateTherap Adv Gastroenterol201586352359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThompsonAMBizzarroMJNecrotizing enterocolitis in newborns: pathogenesis, prevention and managementDrugs20086891227123818547133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EckertJScottBLawrenceSIhnatMChaabanHFLLL32, a curcumin analog, ameliorates intestinal injury in necrotizing enterocolitisJ Inflamm Res201710758128652797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SodhiCPNealMDSiggersRIntestinal epithelial toll-like receptor 4 regulates goblet cell development and is required for necrotizing enterocolitis in miceGastroenterology2012143370871822796522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoffmanOWeberJRReview: pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitisTher Adv Neurol Disord200926401412
   Google Scholar
• Mook-KanamoriBBGeldhoffMvan der PollTvan de BeekDPathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitisClin Microbiol Rev201124355759121734248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van AalstMLötschFSpijkerRIncidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysisTravel Med Infect Dis2018248910029860151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoughmanJAHunstadDAAttenuation of human neutrophil migration and function by uropathogenic bacteriaMicrobes Infect201113655556521315174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClementsAYoungJCConstantinouNFrankelGInfection strategies of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coliGut Microbes201232718722555463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenbergSHorowitzRCoppenhagen-GlazerSIntravesical administration of green tea extract attenuates the inflammatory response of bacterial cystitis – a rat modelBJU Int2014114460160724712880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrançoisMLe CabecVDupontMASansonettiPJMaridonneau-PariniIInduction of necrosis in human neutrophils by Shigella flexneri requires type III secretion, IpaB and IpaC invasins, and actin polymerizationInfect Immun20006831289129610678940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StadtmanERLevineRLProtein oxidationAnn N Y Acad Sci2000899119120810863540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HalliwellBGutteridgeJMCFree Radicals in Biology and Medicine2nd edOxford University PressOxford1991
   Google Scholar
• RichardsRThe role of erythrocytes in the inactivation of free radicalsAust J Med Sci199650363367
   Google Scholar
• MorganMDHarperLLuXNashGWilliamsJSavageCOCan neutrophils be manipulated in vivo?Rheumatology200544559760115598708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIKorenEAre cationic antimicrobial peptides also ‘double-edged swords’?Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther20086445346218662113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UrbanCFLouridoSZychlinskyAHow do microbes evade neutrophil killing?Cell Microbiol20068111687169616939535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• do ValeACabanesDSousaSBacterial toxins as pathogen weapons against phagocytesFront Microbiol201674226870008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MadaniTAClinical infections and bloodstream isolates associated with fever in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemiaInfection200028636737411139156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CalandraTBaumgartnerJDGrauGEPrognostic values of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin-1, interferon-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the serum of patients with septic shock. Swiss-Dutch J5 Immunoglobulin Study GroupJ Infect Dis199016159829872109023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GroeneveldABTacxANBossinkAWvan MierloGJHackCECirculating inflammatory mediators predict shock and mortality in febrile patients with microbial infectionClin Immunol2003106210611512672401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrunialtiMKMartinsPSBarbosa de CarvalhoHMachadoFRBarbosaLMSalomaoRTLR2, TLR4, CD14, CD11B, and CD11C expressions on monocytes surface and cytokine production in patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shockShock200625435135716670636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PruittJHWelbornMBEdwardsPDIncreased soluble interleukin-1 type II receptor concentrations in postoperative patients and in patients with sepsis syndromeBlood1996878328232888605344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IskanderKNOsuchowskiMFStearns-KurosawaDJSepsis: multiple abnormalities, heterogeneous responses, and evolving understandingPhysiol Rev20139331247128823899564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZingarettiCFalugiFNardi-DeiVStreptococcus pyogenes SpyCEP: a chemokine-inactivating protease with unique structural and biochemical featuresFASEB J20102482839284820339024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XuDOlsonJColeJNHeparan sulfate modulates neutrophil and endothelial function in antibacterial innate immunityInfect Immun20158393648365626150541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HurleySMKahnFNordenfeltPMörgelinMSørensenOEShannonOPlatelet-dependent neutrophil function is dysregulated by M protein from Streptococcus pyogenesInfect Immun20158393515352526099589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UchiyamaSDöhrmannSTimmerAMStreptolysin O rapidly impairs neutrophil oxidative burst and antibacterial responses to Group A StreptococcusFront Immunol2015658126635795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SierigGCywesCWesselsMRAshbaughCDCytotoxic effects of streptolysin O and streptolysin S enhance the virulence of poorly encapsulated group A streptococciInfect Immun200371144645512496195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuchananJTSimpsonAJAzizRKDNase expression allows the pathogen group A Streptococcus to escape killing in neutrophil extracellular trapsCurr Biol200616439640016488874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AtoMIkebeTKawabataHTakemoriTWatanabeHIncompetence of neutrophils to invasive group A Streptococcus is attributed to induction of plural virulence factors by dysfunction of a regulatorPLoS One2008310e345518941623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIQuiePGModulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis by leukocyte extracts, bacterial products, inflammatory exudates, and polyelectrolytesInflammation1980433013117429609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LehrHAArforsKEMechanisms of tissue damage by leukocytesCurr Opin Hematol19941192999371265
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PfallerMAMesserSAMoetGJJonesRNCastanheiraMCandida bloodstream infections: comparison of species distribution and resistance to echinocandin and azole antifungal agents in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and non-ICU settings in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008–2009)Int J Antimicrob Agents2011552561566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GinsburgIWardPAVaraniJCan we learn from the pathogenetic strategies of group A hemolytic streptococci how tissues are injured and organs fail in post-infectious and inflammatory sequelae?FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol199925432533810497863
   PubMedGoogle Scholar