Increased eEF2K Promotes Glycolysis and Aggressive Behaviors of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis

References

• Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TW. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2010;376:1094–1108. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60826-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygaard G, Firestein GS. Restoring synovial homeostasis in rheumatoid arthritis by targeting fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16:316–333. doi:10.1038/s41584-020-0413-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconer J, Murphy AN, Young SP, et al. Review: synovial cell metabolism and chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70:984–999. doi:10.1002/art.40504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustamante MF, Garcia-Carbonell R, Whisenant KD, Guma M. Fibroblast-like synoviocyte metabolism in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19:110. doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1303-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Dikshit M. Metabolic insight of neutrophils in health and disease. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2099. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perl A. Review: metabolic control of immune system activation in rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69:2259–2270. doi:10.1002/art.40223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou Y, Zeng S, Huang M, et al. Inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase suppresses fibroblast-like synoviocytes-mediated synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174:893–908. doi:10.1111/bph.13762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Carbonell R, Divakaruni AS, Lodi A, et al. Critical role of glucose metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1614–1626. doi:10.1002/art.39608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakas D, Ozpolat B. Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K) signaling in tumor and microenvironment as a novel molecular target. J Mol Med. 2020;98:775–787. doi:10.1007/s00109-020-01917-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao M, Xie J, Wu Y, et al. The eEF2 kinase-induced STAT3 inactivation inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation by phosphorylation of PKM2. Cell Commun Signal. 2020;18:25. doi:10.1186/s12964-020-0528-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong S, Zhou T, Meng Y, Xu D, Chen J. AMPK decreases ERK1/2 activity and cancer cell sensitivity to nutrition deprivation by mediating a positive feedback loop involving eEF2K. Oncol Lett. 2020;20:61–66. doi:10.3892/ol.2020.11554
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim IK. Cunning maneuver regulating chemotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer by eEF2K and autophagy. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:845. doi:10.21037/atm.2020.04.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Huang G, Wang Z, Qin H, Mo B, Wang C. Elongation factor-2 kinase acts downstream of p38 MAPK to regulate proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy in human lung fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res. 2018;363:291–298. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao M, Dang F, Deng C. Beta-Cryptoxanthin induced anti-proliferation and apoptosis by G0/G1 arrest and AMPK signal inactivation in gastric cancer. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;859:172528. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y, Ren X, Yuan Y, et al. EEF-2 kinase is a critical regulator of Warburg effect through controlling PP2A-A synthesis. Oncogene. 2016;35:6293–6308. doi:10.1038/onc.2016.166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Lenardo MJ, Baltimore D. 30 years of NF-kappaB: a blossoming of relevance to human pathobiology. Cell. 2017;168:37–57. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2569–2581. doi:10.1002/art.27584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, et al. Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:1039–1049. doi:10.1002/art.1780290816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lao M, Shi M, Zou Y, et al. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 regulates migration, invasion, and activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol. 2016;196:596–606. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1403254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Schaftingen E, Lederer B, Bartrons R, Hers HG. A kinetic study of pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate phosphotransferase from potato tubers. Application to a microassay of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Eur J Biochem. 1982;129:191–195. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb07039.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li N, Xu Q, Liu Q, et al. Leonurine attenuates fibroblast-like synoviocyte-mediated synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2017;56:1417–1427. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang L, Huang M, Xiao Y, et al. Inhibitory effects of niclosamide on inflammation and migration of fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm Res. 2015;64:225–233. doi:10.1007/s00011-015-0801-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Ali T, Zheng C, et al. Fluoxetine regulates eEF2 activity (phosphorylation) via HDAC1 inhibitory mechanism in an LPS-induced mouse model of depression. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18:38. doi:10.1186/s12974-021-02091-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi M, Wang J, Xiao Y, et al. Glycogen metabolism and rheumatoid arthritis: the role of glycogen synthase 1 in regulation of synovial inflammation via blocking AMP-Activated protein kinase activation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1714. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang M, Wu K, Zeng S, et al. Punicalagin inhibited inflammation and migration of Fibroblast-Like synoviocytes through NF-kappaB pathway in the experimental study of rheumatoid arthritis. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:1901–1913. doi:10.2147/JIR.S302929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leprivier G, Remke M, Rotblat B, et al. The eEF2 kinase confers resistance to nutrient deprivation by blocking translation elongation. Cell. 2013;153:1064–1079. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang RX, Xu XE, Huang L, Chen S, Shao ZM. EEF2 kinase mediated autophagy as a potential therapeutic target for paclitaxel-resistant triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7:783. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.11.39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Song H, Chen G, et al. EEF2K promotes progression and radioresistance of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2017;124:439–447. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2017.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Zhao Y, Wang G, et al. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a focused library of beta-phenylalanine derivatives as novel eEF2K inhibitors with apoptosis-inducing mechanisms in breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;143:402–418. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Li Y, Bai Y. What is the impact of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase on cancer: a systematic review. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;857:172470. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Li Y, Xu S, et al. Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase promotes angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma via PI3K/Akt and STAT3. Int J Cancer. 2020;146:1383–1395. doi:10.1002/ijc.32560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogan MA, Ashour A, Yuca E, Gorgulu K, Ozpolat B. Targeting eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase suppresses the growth and peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer. Cell Signal. 2021;81:109938. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott MF. TNF and TNFR biology in health and disease. Cell Mol Biol. 2001;47:619–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer R, Kontermann RE, Pfizenmaier K. Selective targeting of TNF receptors as a novel therapeutic approach. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:401. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biniecka M, Canavan M, McGarry T, et al. Dysregulated bioenergetics: a key regulator of joint inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:2192–2200. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Solt LA. Metabolism of murine TH 17 cells: impact on cell fate and function. Eur J Immunol. 2016;46:807–816. doi:10.1002/eji.201545788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang D, Tang Z, Huang H, et al. Metabolic regulation of gene expression by histone lactylation. Nature. 2019;574:575–580. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1678-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Lu S, Chen Y, et al. AKT2 phosphorylation of hexokinase 2 at T473 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in colon cancer cells via NF-kappaB, HIF1alpha, MMP2, and MMP9 upregulation. Cell Signal. 2019;58:99–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abebayehu D, Spence AJ, Qayum AA, et al. Lactic acid suppresses IL-33-Mediated mast cell inflammatory responses via Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha-Dependent miR-155 suppression. J Immunol. 2016;197:2909–2917. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houddane A, Bultot L, Novellasdemunt L, et al. Role of Akt/PKB and PFKFB isoenzymes in the control of glycolysis, cell proliferation and protein synthesis in mitogen-stimulated thymocytes. Cell Signal. 2017;34:23–37. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar