Association Between Depression or Anxiety and the Risk of Hepatitis B Flares: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

References

• Neuveut C, Wei Y, Buendia MA. Mechanisms of HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol. 2010;52(4):594–604. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang ML, Liaw YF. Hepatitis B flares in chronic hepatitis B: pathogenesis, natural course, and management. J Hepatol. 2014;61:1407–1417. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrillo RP, Gish R, Falck-Ytter YT. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:221–244. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.10.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrillo RP. Acute flares in chronic hepatitis B: the natural and unnatural history of an immunologically mediated liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:1009–1022. doi:10.1053/gast.2001.22461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw YF. Hepatitis B flare after cessation of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B: to retreat or not to retreat. Hepatology. 2021;73:843–852. doi:10.1002/hep.31525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson F, van Ommeren M, Flaxman A, Cornett J, Whiteford H, Saxena S. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394:240–248. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30934-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiller JW. Depression and anxiety. Med J Aust. 2013;199:S28–S31. doi:10.5694/mja12.10628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hert MDE, Correll CU, Bobes J, et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry. 2011;10:52–77. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00014.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume J, Douglas SD, Evans DL. Immune suppression and immune activation in depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25:221–229. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohleb ES, Franklin T, Iwata M, Duman RS. Integrating neuroimmune systems in the neurobiology of depression. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17:497–511. doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronfol Z. Immune dysregulation in major depression: a critical review of existing evidence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;5:333–343. doi:10.1017/S1461145702003024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson NW, Goodwin RD, Okkels N, et al. Depression and the risk of severe infections: prospective analyses on a nationwide representative sample. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45:131–139. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seminog OO, Goldacre MJ. Risk of pneumonia and pneumococcal disease in people with severe mental illness: English record linkage studies. Thorax. 2013;68:171–176. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godbout JP, Glaser R. Stress-induced immune dysregulation: implications for wound healing, infectious disease and cancer. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2006;1:421–427. doi:10.1007/s11481-006-9036-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng TM. Taiwan’s national health insurance system: high value for the dollar. In: Six Countries, Six Reform Models: The Healthcare Reform Experience of Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland and Taiwan. World Scientific; 2009:171–204. doi:10.1142/9789814261593_000710.1142/9789814261593_0007
   Google Scholar
• European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67:370–398. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spellberg B, Edwards JE Jr. Type 1/Type 2 immunity in infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:76–102. doi:10.1086/317537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couper KN, Blount DG, Riley EM. IL-10: the master regulator of immunity to infection. J Immunol. 2008;180:5771–5777. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehermann B. Pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis: differential roles of T cells and NK cells. Nat Med. 2013;19:859–868. doi:10.1038/nm.3251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw YF, Chu CM. Hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet. 2009;373:582–592. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60207-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das A, Ellis G, Pallant C, et al. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Immunol. 2012;189:3925–3935. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1103139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler CA, Freitas TH, Maes M, et al. Peripheral cytokine and chemokine alterations in depression: a meta-analysis of 82 studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;135:373–387. doi:10.1111/acps.12698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmerich H, Patsalos O, Lichtblau N, Ibrahim MAA, Dalton B. Cytokine research in depression: principles, challenges, and open questions. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:30. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge EA, Brandstetter K, Moshier S, Pollack MH, Wong KK, Simon NM. Broad spectrum of cytokine abnormalities in panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:447–455. doi:10.1002/da.20564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo M, Liu T, Guo JC, Jiang XL, Chen F, Gao YS. Study on serum cytokine levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012;5:323–325. doi:10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60048-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibney SM, Drexhage HA. Evidence for a dysregulated immune system in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2013;8:900–920. doi:10.1007/s11481-013-9462-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond M, Kelly JP, Connor TJ. Antidepressants suppress production of the Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma, independent of monoamine transporter blockade. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;16:481–490. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenis G, Maes M. Effects of antidepressants on the production of cytokines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;5:401–412. doi:10.1017/S1461145702003164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatteau JE, de Maistre S, Lambrechts K, Abraini J, Risso JJ, Vallée N. Fluoxetine stimulates anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine production and attenuates sensory deficits in a rat model of decompression sickness. J Appl Physiol. 2015;119:1393–1399. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00602.2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubera M, Lin AH, Kenis G, Bosmans E, van Bockstaele D, Maes M. Anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants through suppression of the interferon-gamma/interleukin-10 production ratio. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:199–206. doi:10.1097/00004714-200104000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubera M, Kenis G, Bosmans E, Scharpé S, Maes M. Effects of serotonin and serotonergic agonists and antagonists on the production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;23:89–98. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00150-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Kenis G, Kubera M, De Baets M, Steinbusch H, Bosmans E. The negative immunoregulatory effects of fluoxetine in relation to the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5:609–618. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Luo H, Wan X, et al. TNF-α/IFN-γ profile of HBV-specific CD4 T cells is associated with liver damage and viral clearance in chronic HBV infection. J Hepatol. 2020;72:45–56. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Perfect JR. Immune reconstitution syndrome and exacerbation of infections after pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1192–1199. doi:10.1086/522182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Gao H, Li X, Zhao Y. Psychological stress exerts effects on pathogenesis of hepatitis B via type-1/type-2 cytokines shift toward type-2 cytokine response. PLoS One. 2014;9:e105530. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu CM, Hung SJ, Lin J, Tai DI, Liaw YF. Natural history of hepatitis B e antigen to antibody seroconversion in patients with normal serum aminotransferase levels. Am J Med. 2004;116(12):829–834. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu CM, Liaw YF. HBsAg seroclearance in asymptomatic carriers of high endemic areas: appreciably high rates during a long-term follow-up. Hepatology. 2007;45:1187–1192. doi:10.1002/hep.21612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu CM, Liaw YF. Spontaneous relapse of hepatitis in inactive HBsAg carriers. Hepatol Int. 2007;1:311–315. doi:10.1007/s12072-007-9002-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Chauhan R, Gupta N, Hissar S, Sakhuja P, Sarin SK. Spontaneous increases in alanine aminotransferase levels in asymptomatic chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:1272–1280. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu C, Tsou HH, Lin SJ, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B reactivation in lymphoma patients with resolved HBV infection: a prospective study. Hepatology. 2014;59:2092–2100. doi:10.1002/hep.26718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda W, Hanyu T, Katayama M, et al. Incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with resolved infection on immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatic disease: a multicentre, prospective, observational study in Japan. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1051–1056. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Zhou Y, Chen C, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients with positive Hepatitis B surface antigen undergoing PD-1 inhibition. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7:322. doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0808-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy KR, Beavers KL, Hammond SP, Lim JK, Falck-Ytter YT. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:215–219. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.10.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomba R, Liang TJ. Hepatitis B reactivation associated with immune suppressive and biological modifier therapies: current concepts, management strategies, and future directions. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:1297–1309. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar