Prognostic Value of Serum Procalcitonin Based Model in Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients

References

• Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S, et al. Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2018;130:1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2(7872):81–84. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91639-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majdan M, Steyerberg EW, Nieboer D, Mauritz W, Rusnak M, Lingsma HF. Glasgow coma scale motor score and pupillary reaction to predict six-month mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury: comparison of field and admission assessment. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(2):101–108. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde EA, Wanner IB, Kenney K, et al. A framework to advance biomarker development in the diagnosis, outcome prediction, and treatment of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2022;39(7–8):436–457. doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas AI, Marmarou A, Murray GD, Teasdale SG, Steyerberg EW. Prognosis and clinical trial design in traumatic brain injury: the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(2):232–238. doi:10.1089/neu.2006.0024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLoS Med. 2008;5(8):e165; discussion e165. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan M, O’Keeffe T, Jehan F, et al. The impact of Glasgow Coma Scale-age prognosis score on geriatric traumatic brain injury outcomes. J Surg Res. 2017;216:109–114. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2017.04.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu SC, Rau CS, Kuo SCH, Chien PC, Hsieh HY, Hsieh CH. The reverse shock index multiplied by Glasgow coma scale score (rSIG) and prediction of mortality outcome in adult trauma patients: a cross-sectional analysis based on registered trauma data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(11):2346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan-Ting C, Chin-Hsien L, Cheng-Yu L, et al. Reverse shock index multiplied by Glasgow Coma Scale (rSIG) predicts mortality in severe trauma patients with head injury. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2095. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59044-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao JL, Du ZY, Yuan Q, et al. Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting the 6-month outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective study. World Neurosurg. 2019;124:e411–e416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festic E, Siegel J, Stritt M, Freeman WD. The utility of serum procalcitonin in distinguishing systemic inflammatory response syndrome from infection after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;20(3):375–381. doi:10.1007/s12028-014-9960-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corry JJ, Ho B, Marino E, et al. Utility of procalcitonin for diagnosis of bacterial infection-related systemic inflammatory response in the acute neurologic injury population. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019;186:105534. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debiane L, Hachem RY, Al Wohoush I, et al. The utility of proadrenomedullin and procalcitonin in comparison to C-reactive protein as predictors of sepsis and bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with cancer*. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(12):2500–2507. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000000526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon L, Saint-Louis P, Amre DK, Lacroix J, Gauvin F. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as markers of bacterial infection in critically ill children at onset of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008;9(4):407–413. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31817285a6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuetz P, Birkhahn R, Sherwin R, et al. Serial procalcitonin predicts mortality in severe sepsis patients: results from the multicenter procalcitonin monitoring sepsis (MOSES) study. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(5):781–789. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlRawahi AN, AlHinai FA, Doig CJ, et al. The prognostic value of serum procalcitonin measurements in critically injured patients: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):390. doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2669-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedef AM, Kose F, Mertsoylu H, Ozyilkan O. Procalcitonin as a biomarker for infection-related mortality in cancer patients. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2015;9(2):168–173. doi:10.1097/SPC.0000000000000142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter R, Valença M, Tschudin-Sutter S, Rüegg S, Marsch S. Procalcitonin and mortality in status epilepticus: an observational cohort study. Crit Care. 2015;19:361. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1072-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muroi C, Lemb JB, Hugelshofer M, Seule M, Bellut D, Keller E. Early systemic procalcitonin levels in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(1):73–77. doi:10.1007/s12028-013-9844-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He D, Zhang Y, Zhang B, et al. Serum procalcitonin levels are associated with clinical outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2018;38(3):727–733. doi:10.1007/s10571-017-0538-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Gao L, Zhang ZG, et al. Procalcitonin is a stronger predictor of long-term functional outcome and mortality than high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with ischemic stroke. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(3):1509–1517. doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9112-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YM, Liu XY. Serum levels of procalcitonin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein are associated with long-term mortality in acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2015;352(1–2):68–73. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng S, Zhu H, Wang K, Cao T. Procalcitonin as a marker of sepsis and outcome in patients with neurotrauma: an observation study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2013;13(1):48. doi:10.1186/1471-2253-13-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han YY, Carcillo JA, Ruppel RA, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid procalcitonin and severe traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2002;3(1):39–44. doi:10.1097/00130478-200201000-00010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauerland S, Hensler T, Bouillon B, et al. Plasma levels of procalcitonin and neopterin in multiple trauma patients with or without brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2003;20(10):953–960. doi:10.1089/089771503770195803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oconnor E, Venkatesh B, Mashongonyika C, Lipman J, Hall J, Thomas P. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as markers of sepsis and outcome in patients with neurotrauma and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2004;32(4):465–470. doi:10.1177/0310057X0403200402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos BA, Okano K, Deftos LJ. Evidence for a pro-calcitonin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974;60(3):1134–1140. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(74)90430-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs JW, Lund PK, Potts JT, Bell NH, Habener JF. Procalcitonin is a glycoprotein. J Biol Chem. 1981;256(6):2803–2807. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69685-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna P, Nedelníková K, Gürlich R. Physiology and genetics of procalcitonin. Physiol Res. 2000;49(Suppl 1):S57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce CD, Fiscus RR, Wang X, Dries DJ, Morris RC, Prinz RA. Calcitonin gene-related peptide levels are elevated in patients with sepsis. Surgery. 1990;108(6):1097–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensel M, Volk T, Döcke WD, et al. Hyperprocalcitonemia in patients with noninfectious SIRS and pulmonary dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 1998;89(1):93–104. doi:10.1097/00000542-199807000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selberg O, Hecker H, Martin M, Klos A, Bautsch W, Köhl J. Discrimination of sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome by determination of circulating plasma concentrations of procalcitonin, protein complement 3a, and interleukin-6. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(8):2793–2798. doi:10.1097/00003246-200008000-00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whang KT, Steinwald PM, White JC, et al. Serum calcitonin precursors in sepsis and systemic inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(9):3296–3301. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.9.5129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimoz O, Benoist JF, Edouard AR, Assicot M, Bohuon C, Samii K. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein during the early posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24(2):185–188. doi:10.1007/s001340050543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatherill M, Tibby SM, Turner C, Ratnavel N, Murdoch IA. Procalcitonin and cytokine levels: relationship to organ failure and mortality in pediatric septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(7):2591–2594. doi:10.1097/00003246-200007000-00068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakran JV, Michetti CP, Sheridan MJ, et al. The utility of procalcitonin in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(2):413–418; discussion 418. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31825ff5b7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand D, Das S, Bhargava S, et al. Procalcitonin as a rapid diagnostic biomarker to differentiate between culture-negative bacterial sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a prospective, observational, cohort study. J Crit Care. 2015;30(1):218.e217–212. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomio R, Akiyama T, Shibao S, Yoshida K. Procalcitonin as an early diagnostic marker for ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013;14(5):433–436. doi:10.1089/sur.2012.087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter R, Tschudin-Sutter S, Grize L, Widmer AF, Marsch S, Rüegg S. Acute phase proteins and white blood cell levels for prediction of infectious complications in status epilepticus. Crit Care. 2011;15(6):R274. doi:10.1186/cc10555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YR, Zheng QB, Wei GF, et al. Elevated PCT at ICU discharge predicts poor prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort study. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(5):300060520922456. doi:10.1177/0300060520922456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaikittisilpa N, Krishnamoorthy V, Lele AV, Qiu Q, Vavilala MS. Characterizing the relationship between systemic inflammatory response syndrome and early cardiac dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res. 2018;96(4):661–670. doi:10.1002/jnr.24100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacome T, Tatum D. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) score independently predicts poor outcome in isolated traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2018;28(1):110–116. doi:10.1007/s12028-017-0410-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore FA, Moore EE. Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of postinjury multiple organ failure. Surg Clin North Am. 1995;75(2):257–277. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(16)46587-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijsten MW, Olinga P, The TH, et al. Procalcitonin behaves as a fast responding acute phase protein in vivo and in vitro. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(2):458–461. doi:10.1097/00003246-200002000-00028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frugier T, Morganti-Kossmann MC, O’Reilly D, McLean CA. In situ detection of inflammatory mediators in post mortem human brain tissue after traumatic injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(3):497–507. doi:10.1089/neu.2009.1120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziebell JM, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Involvement of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7(1):22–30. doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2009.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sordillo PP, Sordillo LA, Helson L. Bifunctional role of pro-inflammatory cytokines after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury. 2016;30(9):1043–1053. doi:10.3109/02699052.2016.1163618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd E, Somera-Molina K, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Suppression of acute proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation by post-injury administration of a novel small molecule improves long-term neurologic outcome in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2008;5:28. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller B, White JC, Nylén ES, Snider RH, Becker KL, Habener JF. Ubiquitous expression of the calcitonin-i gene in multiple tissues in response to sepsis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(1):396–404. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.1.7089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russwurm S, Stonans I, Stonane E, et al. Procalcitonin and CGRP-1 mRNA expression in various human tissues. Shock. 2001;16(2):109–112. doi:10.1097/00024382-200116020-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragunow M, Sirimanne E, Lawlor PA, Williams C, Gluckman P. Accumulation of calcitonin-gene related peptide-like immunoreactivity after hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury in the infant rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1992;14(3):267–272. doi:10.1016/0169-328X(92)90182-B
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hensler T, Sauerland S, Lefering R, et al. The clinical value of procalcitonin and neopterin in predicting sepsis and organ failure after major trauma. Shock. 2003;20(5):420–426. doi:10.1097/01.shk.0000093541.78705.38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JJ, McCarthy MW. Novel applications for serum procalcitonin testing in clinical practice. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2018;18(1):27–34. doi:10.1080/14737159.2018.1407244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Hwang H, Yamal JM, et al. IMPACT probability of poor outcome and plasma cytokine concentrations are associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2019;131(6):1931–1937. doi:10.3171/2018.8.JNS18676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisel C, Schwab JM, Prass K, Meisel A, Dirnagl U. Central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(10):775–786. doi:10.1038/nrn1765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laborde G, Grosskopf U, Schmieder K, et al. Nosokomiale Infektionen auf einer neurochirurgischen Intensivstation [Nosocomial infections in a neurosurgical intensive care unit]. Der Anaesthesist. 1993;42(10):724–731. German.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dettenkofer M, Ebner W, Hans FJ, et al. Nosocomial infections in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. Acta neurochirurgica. 1999;141(12):1303–1308. doi:10.1007/s007010050434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piek J, Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, et al. Extracranial complications of severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1992;77(6):901–907. doi:10.3171/jns.1992.77.6.0901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Liu C, Xiao W, Song T, Wang S. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2020;32(1):272–285. doi:10.1007/s12028-019-00773-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesinger MR, Kumar RG, Wagner AK, et al. Hospital-acquired pneumonia is an independent predictor of poor global outcome in severe traumatic brain injury up to 5 years after discharge. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78(2):396–402. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000000526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schirmer-Mikalsen K, Moen KG, Skandsen T, Vik A, Klepstad P. Intensive care and traumatic brain injury after the introduction of a treatment protocol: a prospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2013;57(1):46–55. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02785.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaz TW, Jenks J, Raque GH, Shields CB. Outcome following moderate traumatic brain injury. Surg Neurol. 2003;60(4):285–291; discussion 291. doi:10.1016/S0090-3019(03)00378-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zygun DA, Zuege DJ, Boiteau PJ, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2006;5(2):108–114. doi:10.1385/NCC:5:2:108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carabias CS, Gomez PA, Panero I, et al. Chitinase-3-like protein 1, serum amyloid A1, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin are promising biomarkers for intracranial severity assessment of traumatic brain injury: relationship with Glasgow coma scale and computed tomography volumetry. World Neurosurg. 2020;134:e120–e143. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.09.143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou ZW, Li F, Zheng ZT, et al. Erythropoietin regulates immune/inflammatory reaction and improves neurological function outcomes in traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav. 2017;7(11):e00827. doi:10.1002/brb3.827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodney T, Osier N, Gill J. Pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers and traumatic brain injury outcomes: a review. Cytokine. 2018;110:248–256. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins CD, Brockhaus K, Sim T, Suneja A, Malani AN. Analysis to determine cost-effectiveness of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use in adult patients with suspected bacterial infection and sepsis. Am J Health System Pharm. 2019;76(16):1219–1225. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxz129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buendía JA, Guerrero Patiño D. Cost-effectiveness of procalcitonin for detection of serious bacterial infections in children presenting with fever without source. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):226. doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03293-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voermans AM, Mewes JC, Broyles MR, Steuten LMG. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a procalcitonin-guided decision algorithm for antibiotic stewardship using real-world U.S. hospital data. Omics. 2019;23(10):508–515. doi:10.1089/omi.2019.0113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelinka L, Petto H, Kroepfl A, Schmidhammer R, Redl H. Serum procalcitonin and S100B are associated with mortality after traumatic brain injury. Eur J Trauma. 2003;29:316–323. doi:10.1007/s00068-003-1314-4
   Google Scholar
• Goyal K, Tomar GS, Sengar K, et al. Prognostic value of serially estimated serum procalcitonin levels in traumatic brain injury patients with or without extra cranial injury on early in-hospital mortality: a longitudinal observational study. Neurocrit Care. 2021;34(1):182–192. doi:10.1007/s12028-020-01009-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svedung Wettervik T, Howells T, Ronne-Engström E, et al. High arterial glucose is associated with poor pressure autoregulation, high cerebral lactate/pyruvate ratio and poor outcome following traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2019;31(3):526–533. doi:10.1007/s12028-019-00743-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RL, Lin JC, Adelson PD, et al. Relationship between hyperglycemia and outcome in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012;13(1):85–91. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182192c30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong SL, Harjanto S, Testoni D, et al. Early hyperglycemia in pediatric traumatic brain injury predicts for mortality, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, and intensive care stay. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:719476. doi:10.1155/2015/719476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosarge PL, Shoultz TH, Griffin RL, Kerby JD. Stress-induced hyperglycemia is associated with higher mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;79(2):289–294. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000000716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamano S, Shimizu K, Ogura H, et al. Low total cholesterol and high total bilirubin are associated with prognosis in patients with prolonged sepsis. J Crit Care. 2016;31(1):36–40. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.09.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen CP, Lee YC, Sun YT, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage in Taiwan. Front Neurol. 2021;12:793471. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.793471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Lee JY, Hong TH, Kim BO, Lee YJ, Lee JG. Severe persistent hypocholesterolemia after emergency gastrointestinal surgery predicts in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with diffuse peritonitis. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200187. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong YH, Zheng BE, He RH, et al. Serum levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with diffuse axonal injury in patients with traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2021;34(2):465–472. doi:10.1007/s12028-020-01043-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingsma H, Andriessen TM, Haitsema I, et al. Prognosis in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: external validation of the IMPACT models and the role of extracranial injuries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74(2):639–646. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31827d602e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han J, King NK, Neilson SJ, Gandhi MP, Ng I. External validation of the CRASH and IMPACT prognostic models in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(13):1146–1152. doi:10.1089/neu.2013.3003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar