Association Between Increased Lipid Profiles and Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy in a Population-Based Case-Control Study

References

• Kobrin Klein BE. Overview of epidemiologic studies of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009;14(4):179–183. doi:10.1080/09286580701396720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Saaddine JB, Chou C-F, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2005–2008. JAMA. 2010;304(6):649–656. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua J, Lim CXY, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. Diabetic retinopathy in the Asia-Pacific. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol. 2018;7(1):3–16. doi:10.22608/APO.2017511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaxel CJ, Adelman RA, Bailey ST, et al. Diabetic retinopathy preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(1):P66–P145. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.09.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560–2572. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–853. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma R, Torres M, Peña F, Klein R, Azen SP. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in adult Latinos. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(7):1298–1306. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnisky CJ, Wong BK, Virani H, Tennant MTS. Risk factors for progression of diabetic retinopathy in Alberta First Nations communities. Can J Ophthalmol. 2017;52:S19–S29. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan GS, Gan A, Sabanayagam C, et al. Ethnic differences in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(4):529–536. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaghan BC, Xia R, Banerjee M, et al. Metabolic syndrome components are associated with symptomatic polyneuropathy independent of glycemic status. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(5):801–807. doi:10.2337/dc16-0081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eid S, Sas KM, Abcouwer SF, et al. New insights into the mechanisms of diabetic complications: role of lipids and lipid metabolism. Diabetologia. 2019;62(9):1539–1549. doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4959-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasongko MB, Wong TY, Nguyen TT, et al. Serum apolipoprotein AI and B are stronger biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy than traditional lipids. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):474–479. doi:10.2337/dc10-0793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui MK, Kennedy G, Carr F, et al. Lp-PLA2 activity is associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy: a longitudinal disease progression study. Diabetologia. 2018;61(6):1344–1353. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4601-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curovic VR, Suvitaival T, Mattila I, et al. Circulating metabolites and lipids are associated to diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2020;69(10):2217–2226. doi:10.2337/db20-0104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Wang C, Shi K, Yin X. Relationship between dyslipidemia and diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(36):e12283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo ZL, Tham Y-C, Yu M, et al. Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(11):1580–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Zhang T, Wang K, Xu G, Huang X. Changes in choroidal thickness after panretinal photocoagulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Retina. 2015;35(4):695–703. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes A. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Supplement 1):S14. doi:10.2337/dc20-S002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van leiden HA, Dekker JM, Moll AC, et al. Blood pressure, lipids, and obesity are associated with retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(8):1320. doi:10.2337/diacare.25.8.1320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolonen N, Hietala K, Forsblom C, et al. Associations and interactions between lipid profiles, retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: the FinnDiane Study. J Intern Med. 2013;274(5):469–479. doi:10.1111/joim.12111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chatziralli I, Sergentanis TN, Crosby-Nwaobi R, et al. Model for risk-based screening of diabetic retinopathy in people with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(6):BIO99. doi:10.1167/iovs.17-21713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Guo M, Wang Q, et al. The patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 7 facilitates VLDL secretion by modulating ApoE stability. Hepatology. 2020;72(5):1569–1585. doi:10.1002/hep.31161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos HO, Earnest CP, Tinsley GM, Izidoro LFM, Macedo RCO. Small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL-C): analysis, effects on cardiovascular endpoints and dietary strategies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(4):503–509. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogeveen RC, Gaubatz JW, Sun W, et al. Small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations predict risk for coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(5):1069–1077. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai MY, Steffen BT, Guan W, et al. New automated assay of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol identifies risk of coronary heart disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(1):196–201. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duran EK, Aday AW, Cook NR, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Pradhan AD. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol, small dense LDL cholesterol, and incident cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(17):2122–2135. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama A, Morita H, Sato T, et al. Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a potential marker for predicting laser treatment for retinopathy in diabetic patients. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2021:62889. DOI:10.5551/jat.62889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukkola O, Kervinen K, Salmela PI, von Dickhoff K, Laakso M, Kesäniemi YA. Apolipoprotein E phenotype is related to macro- and microangiopathy in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 1993;101(1):9–15. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(93)90096-D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowluru RA, Kowluru A, Mishra M, Kumar B. Oxidative stress and epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2015;48:40–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simó R, Sundstrom JM, Antonetti DA. Ocular anti-VEGF therapy for diabetic retinopathy: the role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(4):893. doi:10.2337/dc13-2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezzola S, Corsini M, Chiodelli P, et al. Inflammation and N-formyl peptide receptors mediate the angiogenic activity of human vitreous humour in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia. 2017;60(4):719–728. doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4204-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinuthia UM, Wolf A, Langmann T. Microglia and inflammatory responses in diabetic retinopathy. Front Immunol. 2020;11:564077. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.564077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semeraro F, Morescalchi F, Cancarini A, Russo A, Rezzola S, Costagliola C. Diabetic retinopathy, a vascular and inflammatory disease: therapeutic implications. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45(6):517–527. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2019.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikhonenko M, Lydic TA, Wang Y, et al. Remodeling of retinal Fatty acids in an animal model of diabetes: a decrease in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a decrease in fatty acid elongases Elovl2 and Elovl4. Diabetes. 2010;59(1):219–227. doi:10.2337/db09-0728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby-Nwaobi R, Chatziralli I, Sergentanis T, Dew T, Forbes A, Sivaprasad S. Cross talk between lipid metabolism and inflammatory markers in patients with diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:191382. doi:10.1155/2015/191382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herder C, Lankisch M, Ziegler D, et al. Subclinical inflammation and diabetic polyneuropathy: MONICA/KORA Survey F3 (Augsburg, Germany). Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):680–682. doi:10.2337/dc08-2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshinnia F, Rajendiran TM, Wernisch S, et al. Lipidomics and biomarker discovery in kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2018;38(2):127–141. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyal J-S, Sun Y, Gantner ML, et al. Retinal lipid and glucose metabolism dictates angiogenesis through the lipid sensor Ffar1. Nat Med. 2016;22(4):439–445. doi:10.1038/nm.4059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou T, Zhou KK, Lee K, et al. The role of lipid peroxidation products and oxidative stress in activation of the canonical wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) pathway in a rat model of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia. 2010;54(2):459–468. doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1943-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Zhang M, Zhou H. The morphological features and mitochondrial oxidative stress mechanism of the retinal neurons apoptosis in early diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res. 2014;2014:678123. doi:10.1155/2014/678123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Y, Miller CM, Kern TS. Hyperglycemia increases mitochondrial superoxide in retina and retinal cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;35(11):1491–1499. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam NM, Mills W, Wong AA, Douglas RM, Szeto HH, Prusky GT. A mitochondrial therapeutic reverses visual decline in mouse models of diabetes. Dis Model Mech. 2015;8(7):701–710. doi:10.1242/dmm.020248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårtensson CU, Doan KN, Becker T. Effects of lipids on mitochondrial functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2017;1862(1):102–113. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan P, Zhao H-X, Chen X. Suboptimal management of hypertriglyceridemia in the outpatient setting is associated with the recurrent pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine. 2020;99(43):e22887–e22887. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000022887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papsdorf K, Brunet A. Linking lipid metabolism to chromatin regulation in aging. Trends Cell Biol. 2019;29(2):97–116. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2018.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Rashed F, Sindhu S, Al Madhoun A, et al. Short sleep duration and its association with obesity and other metabolic risk factors in Kuwaiti urban adults. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021;13:1225–1241. doi:10.2147/NSS.S311415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang Z, Gao M, Yang R, et al. Association of physical activity, sedentary behaviours and sleep duration with cardiovascular diseases and lipid profiles: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):86. doi:10.1186/s12944-020-01257-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood G, Taylor E, Ng V, et al. Determining the effect size of aerobic exercise training on the standard lipid profile in sedentary adults with three or more metabolic syndrome factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2021:bjsports-2021-103999. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-103999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuboi H, Tatsumi A, Yamamoto K, Kobayashi F, Shimoi K, Kinae N. Possible connections among job stress, depressive symptoms, lipid modulation and antioxidants. J Affect Disord. 2006;91(1):63–70. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalina-Romero C, Calvo E, Sánchez-Chaparro MA, et al. The relationship between job stress and dyslipidemia. Scand J Public Health. 2013;41(2):142–149. doi:10.1177/1403494812470400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gun Kang M, Baek Koh S, Suk Cha B, Ku Park J, Koo Baik S, Jin Chang S. Job stress and cardiovascular risk factors in male workers. Prev Med. 2005;40(5):583–588. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams KJ. Molecular processes that handle - and mishandle - dietary lipids. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(10):3247–3259. doi:10.1172/JCI35206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorde R, Grimnes G. Vitamin D and metabolic health with special reference to the effect of vitamin D on serum lipids. Prog Lipid Res. 2011;50(4):303–312. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2011.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley AR, Sung YJ, Brown MR, et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-smoking interaction study of 387,272 individuals identifies new loci associated with serum lipids. Nat Genet. 2019;51(4):636–648. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0378-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes A. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2007. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl_1):S4–S41. doi:10.2337/dc07-S004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrie JR, Chaturvedi N, Ford I, et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of metformin in patients with type 1 diabetes (REMOVAL): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(8):597–609. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30194-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu T, Brandmaier S, Messias AC, et al. Effects of metformin on metabolite profiles and LDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(10):1858. doi:10.2337/dc15-0658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone R, Boyle JG, Petrie JR. A new perspective on metformin therapy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017;60(9):1594–1600. doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4364-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azad N, Bahn GD, Emanuele NV, et al. Association of blood glucose control and lipids with diabetic retinopathy in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Diabetes Care. 2016;39(5):816. doi:10.2337/dc15-1897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow C, Mancini F, Rajaobelina K, et al. Diet and risk of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;33(2):141–156. doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0338-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Z, Mi J, Wang Y, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and ketogenic diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice. Nutrition. 2021;89:111230. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yau JWY, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):556–564. doi:10.2337/dc11-1909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee R, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss. Eye Vision. 2015;2(1). doi:10.1186/s40662-015-0026-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Do DV, Wang X, Vedula SS, et al. Blood pressure control for diabetic retinopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD006127–CD006127. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006127.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisha Y, Terefe W, Assefa H, Lakew S. Prevalence and factors associated with diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients at Arbaminch General Hospital, Ethiopia: cross sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0171987–e0171987. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganjifrockwala FA, Joseph JT, George G. Evaluation of kidney function and risk factors of retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus people in South Africa. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;127:218–223. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar