Therapeutic Effects of Silibinin Against Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Induced by Letrozole in Rats via Its Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Activities

References

• Deligeoroglou E, Vrachnis N, Athanasopoulos N, et al. Mediators of chronic inflammation in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012;28(12):974–978. doi:10.3109/09513590.2012.683082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González F, Rote NS, Minium J, Kirwan JP. Increased activation of nuclear factor κB triggers inflammation and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(4):1508–1512. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repaci A, Gambineri A, Pasquali R. The role of low-grade inflammation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011;335(1):30–41. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González F, Rote NS, Minium J, Kirwan JP. Evidence of proatherogenic inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism. 2009;58(7):954–962. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.02.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirmans S, Pate K. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Epidemiol. 2013;1. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S37559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azziz R, Carmina E, Chen Z, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2016;2(1):16057. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azziz R. Diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome: the Rotterdam criteria are premature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):781–785. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt Solorzano CM, Beller JP, Abshire MY, Collins JS, McCartney CR, Marshall JC. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids. 2012;77(4):332–337. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCartney CR, Eagleson CA, Marshall JC. Regulation of gonadotropin secretion: implications for polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin Reprod Med. 2002;20(4):317–326. doi:10.1055/s-2002-36706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Du J, Feng R, et al. A possible new mechanism in the pathophysiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): the discovery that leukocyte telomere length is strongly associated with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(2):E234–E240. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulaiman M, Al-Farsi Y, Al-Khaduri M, Saleh J, Waly M. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is linked to increased oxidative stress in Omani women. Int J Womens Health. 2018;10:763–771. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S166461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archibong AE, Rideout ML, Harris KJ, Ramesh A. Oxidative stress in reproductive toxicology. Curr Opin Toxicol. 2018;7:95–101. doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2017.10.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohammadi M. Oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome: a brief review. Int J Prev Med. 2019;10:86. doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_576_17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo T, Zhu M, Xu W. Roles of oxidative stress in polycystic ovary syndrome and cancers. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:1–14. doi:10.1155/2016/8589318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang N, Zhuang L, Gai S, et al. Beneficial phytoestrogenic effects of resveratrol on polycystic ovary syndromein rat model. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2021;37(4):337–341. doi:10.1080/09513590.2020.1812569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourteymour Fard Tabrizi F, Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F, Vaezi M, Jafari-Vayghan H, Alizadeh M, Maleki V. Quercetin and polycystic ovary syndrome, current evidence and future directions: a systematic review. J Ovarian Res. 2020;13(1):11. doi:10.1186/s13048-020-0616-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taghvaee Javanshir S, Yaghmaei P, Hajebrahimi Z. Thymoquinone ameliorates some endocrine parameters and histological alteration in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2018;16(4):275–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslan MA, Samsulrizal N, Hashim N, Zin NSNM, Shirazi FH, Goh YM. Ficus deltoidea ameliorates biochemical, hormonal, and histomorphometric changes in letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rats. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):291. doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03452-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marouf BH, Zalzala MH, Al-Khalifa II, Aziz TA, Hussain SA. Free radical scavenging activity of silibinin in nitrite-induced hemoglobin oxidation and membrane fragility models. Saudi Pharm J. 2011;19(3):177–183. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2011.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong WW, Zhang C, Hong T, et al. Silibinin alleviates inflammation and induces apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes and has a therapeutic effect on arthritis in rats. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):3241. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21674-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavitha CV, Deep G, Gangar SC, Jain AK, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits prostate cancer cells- and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by targeting NFATc1, NF-κB, and AP-1 activation in RAW264.7 cells: SILIBININ INHIBITS PCA- AND RANKL-INDUCED OSTEOCLASTOGENESIS. Mol Carcinog. 2014;53(3):169–180. doi:10.1002/mc.21959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TH, Woo JS, Kim YK, Kim KH. Silibinin induces cell death through reactive oxygen species–dependent downregulation of Notch-1/ERK/Akt signaling in human breast cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014;349(2):268–278. doi:10.1124/jpet.113.207563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuis ML, Conti F, Maselli A, et al. The natural agonist of estrogen receptor β silibinin plays an immunosuppressive role representing a potential therapeutic tool in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1903. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YH, Chen CL, Liang CM, et al. Silibinin inhibits ICAM-1 expression via regulation of N-linked and O-linked glycosylation in ARPE-19 Cells. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:1–13. doi:10.1155/2014/701395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Shitany NA, Hegazy S, El-desoky K. Evidences for antiosteoporotic and selective estrogen receptor modulator activity of silymarin compared with ethinylestradiol in ovariectomized rats. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(2):116–125. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2009.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafali H, Iriadam M, Ozardalı I, Demir N. Letrozole-induced polycystic ovaries in the rat: a new model for cystic ovarian disease. Arch Med Res. 2004;35(2):103–108. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2003.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndeingang EC, Defo Deeh PB, Watcho P, Kamanyi A. Phyllanthus muellerianus (Euphorbiaceae) restores ovarian functions in letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:1–16. doi:10.1155/2019/2965821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Qi Y, Yang X, et al. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and gut microbiota. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153196. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CL, Chen JT, Liang CM, Tai MC, Lu DW, Chen YH. Silibinin treatment prevents endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0174971. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee B, Choi GM, Sur B. Silibinin prevents depression-like behaviors in a single prolonged stress rat model: the possible role of serotonin. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):70. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-2868-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mannerås L, Cajander S, Holmäng A, et al. A new rat model exhibiting both ovarian and metabolic characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinology. 2007;148(8):3781–3791. doi:10.1210/en.2007-0168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghafurniyan H, Azarnia M, Nabiuni M, Karimzadeh L. The effect of green tea extract on reproductive improvement in estradiol valerate-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rat. Iran J Pharm Res IJPR. 2015;14(4):1215–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks S, Hardy K. Androgen action in the ovary. Front Endocrinol. 2018;9:452. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakadia N, Patel P, Deshpande S, Shah G. Effect of Vitex negundo L. seeds in letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Tradit Complement Med. 2019;9(4):336–345. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.03.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozcan Dag Z, Dilbaz B. Impact of obesity on infertility in women. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2015;16(2):111–117. doi:10.5152/jtgga.2015.15232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khmil M, Khmil S, Marushchak M. Hormone imbalance in women with infertility caused by polycystic ovary syndrome: is there a connection with body mass index? Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020;8(B):731–737. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2020.4569
   Google Scholar
• Suh HJ, Cho SY, Kim EY, Choi HS. Blockade of lipid accumulation by silibinin in adipocytes and zebrafish. Chem Biol Interact. 2015;227:53–62. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duleba AJ, Dokras A. Is PCOS an inflammatory process? Fertil Steril. 2012;97(1):7–12. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.11.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spritzer PM, Lecke SB, Satler F, Morsch DM. Adipose tissue dysfunction, adipokines, and low-grade chronic inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Reproduction. 2015;149(5):R219–R227. doi:10.1530/REP-14-0435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnicka E, Suchta K, Grymowicz M, et al. Chronic low grade inflammation in pathogenesis of PCOS. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(7):3789. doi:10.3390/ijms22073789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alissa EM, Algarni SA, Khaffji AJ, Al Mansouri NM. Role of inflammatory markers in polycystic ovaries syndrome: in relation to insulin resistance. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2021;47(4):1409–1415. doi:10.1111/jog.14684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi S, Kayedpoor P, Karimzadeh-Bardei L, Nabiuni M. The effect of curcumin on TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP expression in a model of polycystic ovary syndrome as an inflammation state. J Reprod Infertil. 2017;18(4):352–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bannwart CF, Nakaira-Takahagi E, Golim MA, et al. Downregulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by silibinin in human monocytes challenged with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Life Sci. 2010;86(23–24):880–886. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2010.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijak M. Silybin, a major bioactive component of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)—chemistry, bioavailability, and metabolism. Molecules. 2017;22(11):1942. doi:10.3390/molecules22111942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkar F, Hassan Eftekhari M, Tanideh N, et al. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Berberis integerrima and resveratrol on ovarian morphology and biochemical parameters in Letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome rat model: an experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed IJRM. 2020;18:637–650. doi:10.18502/ijrm.v13i8.7505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furat Rencber S, Kurnaz Ozbek S, Eraldemır C, et al. Effect of resveratrol and metformin on ovarian reserve and ultrastructure in PCOS: an experimental study. J Ovarian Res. 2018;11(1):55. doi:10.1186/s13048-018-0427-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannwart CF, Peraçoli JC, Nakaira-Takahagi E, Peraçoli MTS. Inhibitory effect of silibinin on tumour necrosis factor-alpha and hydrogen peroxide production by human monocytes. Nat Prod Res. 2010;24(18):1747–1757. doi:10.1080/14786410903314492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednarska S, Siejka A. The pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: what’s new? Adv Clin Exp Med off Organ Wroclaw Med Univ. 2017;26(2):359–367. doi:10.17219/acem/59380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mvondo MA, Mzemdem Tsoplfack FI, Awounfack CF, Njamen D. The leaf aqueous extract of Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. (Cecropiaceae) improved letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome associated conditions and infertility in female Wistar rats. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):275. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03070-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rani R, Hajam YA, Kumar R, Bhat RA, Rai S, Rather MA. A landscape analysis of the potential role of polyphenols for the treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Phytomed Plus. 2022;2(1):100161. doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100161
   Google Scholar
• Stocco C, Telleria C, Gibori G. The molecular control of corpus luteum formation, function, and regression. Endocr Rev. 2007;28(1):117–149. doi:10.1210/er.2006-0022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra V, Kim JJ, Benbrook DM, Dwivedi A, Rai R. Therapeutic options for management of endometrial hyperplasia. J Gynecol Oncol. 2016;27(1):e8. doi:10.3802/jgo.2016.27.e8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson PA, Critchley HOD, Williams ARW, Arends MJ, Saunders PTK. New concepts for an old problem: the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia. Hum Reprod Update. 2016. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajan RK, Balaji B, Balaji B. Soy isoflavones exert beneficial effects on letrozole-induced rat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) model through anti-androgenic mechanism. Pharm Biol. 2017;55(1):242–251. doi:10.1080/13880209.2016.1258425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Guo X, Li L, Gao Z, Ji M. Treatment with metformin and sorafenib alleviates endometrial hyperplasia in polycystic ovary syndrome by promoting apoptosis via synergically regulating autophagy. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(2):1339–1348. doi:10.1002/jcp.29051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Liu J, Xu W. Naringenin and Morin reduces insulin resistance and endometrial hyperplasia in the rat model of polycystic ovarian syndrome through enhancement of inflammation and autophagic apoptosis. Acta Biochim Pol. 2022. doi:10.18388/abp.2020_5722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar