Physicians’ Attitudes and Ethical Obligations to Pharmacogenetic Testing

References

• Franceschini N, Frick A, Kopp JB. Genetic testing in clinical settings. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;72(4):569–581. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalow W. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: origin, status, and the hope for personalized medicine. Pharmacogenomics J. 2006;6(3):162–165. doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offit K, Groeger E, Turner S, Wadsworth E, Weiser M. The “duty to warn” a patient’s family members about hereditary disease risks. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(3):584. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.12.097
   Google Scholar
• Haga SB, Burke W, Ginsburg GS, Mills R, Agans R. Primary care physicians’ knowledge of and experience with pharmacogenetic testing. Clin Genet. 2012;82(4):388–394. doi:10.1111/cge.2012.82.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavljenić-rukavina A. 1. Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders-molecular aspects. EJIFCC. 2008;19(1):2.
   Google Scholar
• Lee CR, Goldstein JA, Pieper JA. Cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms: a comprehensive review of the in-vitro and human data. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2002;12(3):251–263. doi:10.1097/00008571-200204000-00010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugan RB, Wiesner GL, Juengst ET, O’riordan M, Matthews AL, Robin NH, editors. Duty to warn at‐risk relatives for genetic disease: genetic counselors’ clinical experience. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics; 2003: Wiley Online Library. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.10005
   Google Scholar
• Haga SB, Mills R. A review of consent practices and perspectives for pharmacogenetic testing. Pharmacogenomics. 2016;17(14):1595–1605. doi:10.2217/pgs-2016-0039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration. Table of pharmacogenomic biomarkers in drug labeling. Available from:https://www.fda.gov/drugs/science-and-research-drugs/table-pharmacogenomic-biomarkers-drug-labeling. Accessed February 16, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Dodson C. Diffusion of Innovation: Knowledge and Attitudes of Oncology Nurses Regarding Pharmacogenomic Testing. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Roederer MW, Van Riper M, Valgus J, Knafl G, McLeod H. Knowledge, attitudes and education of pharmacists regarding pharmacogenetic testing. Per Med. 2012;9(1):19–27. doi:10.2217/pme.11.87
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogausch A, Prause D, Schallenberg A, Brockmöller J, Himmel W. Patients’ and physicians’ perspectives on pharmacogenetic testing. Pharmacogenomics. 2006;7:49–59. doi:10.2217/14622416.7.1.49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw K, Amstutz U, Carleton BC. Using pharmacogenetics to understand adverse drug reactions in children. Paediatr Child Health. 2011;16(9):537–538. doi:10.1093/pch/16.9.537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber KAJ, Dickinson BD. Pharmacogenomic knowledge gaps and educational resource needs among physicians in selected specialties. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2014;7:145. doi:10.2147/PGPM
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Netzer C, Biller‐andorno N. Pharmacogenetic testing, informed consent and the problem of secondary information. Bioethics. 2004;18(4):344–360. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00401.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counselors N. Prenatal and Childhood testing for adult-onset disorders. Perspect Genet Couns. 1995;17:5.
   Google Scholar
• Bioethics N. Pharmacogenetics: Ethical Issues: a Guide to the Report: Nuffield Council on Bioethics; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Pett MA, Lackey NR, Sullivan JJ. Making Sense of Factor Analysis: The Use of Factor Analysis for Instrument Development in Health Care Research. Sage; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families. Science. 1993;261(5123):921–923. doi:10.1126/science.8346443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressler LG, Deal AM, Patel J, Markey J, Riper MV, McLeod HL. Cancer pharmacogenomics, adoption by oncologists and patient benefit. Per Med. 2014;11(2):143–153. doi:10.2217/pme.14.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walden LM, Brandl EJ, Changasi A, et al. Physicians’ opinions following pharmacogenetic testing for psychotropic medication. Psychiatry Res. 2015;229(3):913–918. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’donnell PH, Danahey K, Jacobs M, et al., editors. Adoption of a clinical pharmacogenomics implementation program during outpatient care–initial results of the University of Chicago “1,200 Patients Project”. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics; 2014: Wiley Online Library. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31385
   Google Scholar
• Botkin JR, Belmont JW, Berg JS, et al. Points to consider: ethical, legal, and psychosocial implications of genetic testing in children and adolescents. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;97(1):6–21. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.05.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews KR, Hicks JK, Pui CH, Relling MV, Evans WE. Pharmacogenomics and individualized medicine: translating science into practice. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92(4):467–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton A, Milne R, Howard H, et al. Members of the public in the USA, UK, Canada and Australia expressing genetic exceptionalism say they are more willing to donate genomic data. Eur J Hum Genet. 2019;1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson JA. Consent and privacy in pharmacogenetic testing. Nat Genet. 2001;28(3):207. doi:10.1038/90032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Directors A. Clinical utility of genetic and genomic services: a position statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Genet Med. 2015;17(6):505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haga SB, Burke W. Pharmacogenetic testing: not as simple as it seems. Genet Med. 2008;10(6):391. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e31817701d4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dheensa S, Fenwick A, Shkedi-rafid S, Crawford G, Lucassen A. Health-care professionals’ responsibility to patients’ relatives in genetic medicine: a systematic review and synthesis of empirical research. Genet Med. 2016;18(4):290–301. doi:10.1038/gim.2015.72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton A, Milne R, Robarts L, Roberts J, Patch C. Should doctors have a legal duty to warn relatives of their genetic risks? Lancet. 2019;394(10215):2133–2135. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32941-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians RCoP, British Society for, Medicine, G. Consent and confidentiality in genomic medicine. Guidance on the use of genetic and genomic information in the clinic. A report of the Joint Committee on Genomics in Medicine; 2019. Available from: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/consentand-confidentiality-genomic-medicine. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Brothers KB, Langanke M, Erdmann P. Implications of the incidentalome for clinical pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics. 2013;14(11):1353–1362. doi:10.2217/pgs.13.119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clift KE, Halverson CM, Fiksdal AS, Kumbamu A, Sharp RR, McCormick JB. Patients’ views on incidental findings from clinical exome sequencing. App Trans Genom. 2015;4:38–43. doi:10.1016/j.atg.2015.02.005
   Google Scholar
• Hippman C, Nislow C. Pharmacogenomic testing: clinical evidence and implementation challenges. J Pers Med. 2019;9(3):40. doi:10.3390/jpm9030040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green RC, Berg JS, Grody WW, et al. ACMG recommendations for reporting of incidental findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing. Genet Med. 2013;15(7):565–574. doi:10.1038/gim.2013.73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohn Z, Adam S, Birch P, Friedman J. Incidental findings from clinical genome-wide sequencing: a review. J Genet Couns. 2014;23(4):463–473. doi:10.1007/s10897-013-9604-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statement A. Professional disclosure of familial genetic information. The American Society of Human Genetics Social Issues Subcommittee on Familial Disclosure. Am J Hum Genet. 1998;62:474–483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godard B, Hurlimann T, Letendre M, Egalite N. Guidelines for disclosing genetic information to family members: from development to use. Fam Cancer. 2006;5(1):103–116. doi:10.1007/s10689-005-2581-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacroix M, Godard B, Knoppers BM. Warning Patients’ Relatives of Genetic Risks: Policy Approaches; 2005.
   Google Scholar