Systemic Solutions for Addressing Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

References

• Non communicable diseases [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• The Global Economic Burden of Non-communicable Diseases [homepage on the internet]. Geneva: World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum. Available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Harvard_HE_GlobalEconomicBurdenNonCommunicableDiseases_2011.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Guidance note on the integration of noncommunicable diseases into the united nations development assistance framework [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/nmh/ncd-task-force/guidance-note.pdf. Accessed October 28, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Islam SM, Purnat TD, Phuong NT, Mwingira U, Schacht K, Fröschl G. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in developing countries: a symposium report. Global Health. 2014;10. doi:10.1186/s12992-014-0081-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein DJ, Benjet C, Gureje O, et al. Integrating mental health with other non-communicable diseases. BMJ. 2019;364:l295. doi:10.1136/bmj.l295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mental Health and Neurological Disorders [homepage on the internet] NCD Alliance. Available from: https://ncdalliance.org/why-ncds/ncd-management/mental-health-and-neurological-disorders. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Mascayano F, Armijo JE, Yang LH. Addressing stigma relating to mental illness in low- and middle-income countries. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6(38). doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett JE, Stevens GA, Mathers CD; NCD Countdown 2030 collaborators. NCD Countdown 2030: worldwide trends in non-communicable disease mortality and progress towards Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4. Lancet. 2018;392(10152):1072–1088. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31992-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCD countdown 2030 [homepage on internet]. Available from: http://www.ncdcountdown.org/. Accessed October 30, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• What legislators need to know [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/HIV-AIDS/NCDs/Legislators%20English.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Allen LN. Financing national non-communicable disease responses. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(1):1326687. doi:10.1080/16549716.2017.1326687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outcome document of the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Comprehensive Review and Assessment of the Progress Achieved in the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases [homepage on the internet]. UN General Assembly; 2014. Available from: http://digitallibrary.un.org/record/774662/files/A_68_L.53-EN.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Leading the Conversation on Noncommunicable Diseases Worldwide: an Evidence-Based Review of Key Research and Strategies to Develop Sustainable Solutions [homepage on internet]. Pfizer Upjohn. Available from: https://www.pfizer.com/upjohn_ncd_white_paper. Accessed May 26, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Horton R. Offline: chronic diseases—the social justice issue of our time. Lancet. 2015;386(10011):2378. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01178-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage [homepage on the internet]. Available from: https://www.un.org/pga/73/wp-content/uploads/sites/53/2019/07/FINAL-draft-UHC-Political-Declaration.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Wu F, Guo Y, Chatterji S, et al. Common risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases among older adults in China, Ghana, Mexico, India, Russia and South Africa: the study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) wave 1. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):88. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1407-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parascandola M, Xiao L. Tobacco and the lung cancer epidemic in China. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2019;8(Suppl 1):S21–S30. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2019.03.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328(7455):1519. doi:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirie K, Peto R, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V. Million Women Study Collaborators. The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK. Lancet. 2013;381(9861):133–141. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61720-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibai AM, Nasreddine L, Mokdad AH, Adra N, Tabet M, Hwalla N. Nutrition transition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Middle East and North Africa countries: reviewing the evidence. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;57(3–4):193–203. doi:10.1159/000321527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Value-based healthcare: A global assessment [homepage on the internet]. Economist Intelligence Unit. Available from: https://perspectives.eiu.com/sites/default/files/EIU_Medtronic_Findings-and-Methodology_1.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Chan JC, Lim LL, Luk AO, et al. From Hong Kong diabetes register to JADE program to RAMP-DM for data-driven actions. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(11):2022–2031. doi:10.2337/dci19-0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourmohammadi K, Shojaei P, Rahimi H, Bastani P. Evaluating the health system financing of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries using Grey Relation Analysis and Shannon Entropy. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2018;16(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s12962-018-0151-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health outcomes and cost: A 166-country comparison [homepage on the internet]. Economist Intelligence Unit. Available from: https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Healthoutcome2014. Accessed October 30, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Arokiasamy P, Uttamacharya U, Jain K, et al. The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low- and middle-income countries: what does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal? BMC Med. 2015;13(1):1–16. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0402-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adair T. Progress towards reducing premature NCD mortality - The Lancet Global Health. Lancet. 2018;6(12):E1254–E1255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2018 United Nations High-Level Meeting on Non-communicable Diseases [homepage on the internet]. ESMO. Available from: https://www.esmo.org/policy/world-health-organization-united-nations/united-nations-high-level-meetings/2018-United-Nations-High-Level-Meeting-on-Non-communicable-Diseases. Accessed May 26, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Allotey P, Davey T, Reidpath DD. NCDs in low and middle-income countries - assessing the capacity of health systems to respond to population needs. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(2):1–3. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-S2-S1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tham TY, Tran TL, Prueksaritanond S, Isidro JS, Setia S, Welluppillai V. Integrated health care systems in Asia: an urgent necessity. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2527–2538. doi:10.2147/CIA.S185048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendis S. The policy agenda for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. Br Med Bull. 2010;96(1):23–43. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldq037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Know the NCD targets [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/beat-ncds/take-action/targets/en/. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Wirtz VJ, Kaplan WA, Kwan GF, Laing RO. Access to medications for cardiovascular diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Circulation. 2016;133(21):2076–2085. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.008722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN High-Level Meeting on universal health coverage [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2019/09/23/default-calendar/un-high-level-meeting-on-universal-health-coverage. Accessed October 28, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Universal health coverage (UHC) [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/universal-health-coverage-(uhc). Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Bos M, Agyemang C. Prevalence and complications of diabetes mellitus in Northern Africa, a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):387. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotsiou O, Kotsios P, Srivastava D, Kotsios V, Gourgoulianis K, Exadaktylos A. Impact of the refugee crisis on the Greek healthcare system: a long road to Ithaca. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(8):1790. doi:10.3390/ijerph15081790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchet K, Fouad FM, Pherali T. Syrian refugees in Lebanon: the search for universal health coverage. Confl Health. 2016;10(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/s13031-016-0079-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Minh H, Pocock NS, Chaiyakunapruk N, et al. Progress toward universal health coverage in ASEAN. Glob Health Action. 2014;7(1):25856. doi:10.3402/gha.v7.25856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noncommunicable diseases and mental health: south East Asian Region [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/nmh/ncd-tools/who-regions-south-east-asia/en/. Accessed October 25, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Myint CY, Pavlova M, Thein KN, Groot W. A systematic review of the health-financing mechanisms in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries and the People’s Republic of China: lessons for the move towards universal health coverage. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0217278. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Annual Health Review 2016 [homepage on the internet]. Vietnam Ministry of Health. Available from: http://jahr.org.vn/downloads/JAHR2016/JAHR2016_Edraft.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Agustina R, Dartanto T, Sitompul R, et al. Universal health coverage in Indonesia: concept, progress, and challenges. Lancet. 2019;393(10166):75–102. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31647-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh PK, Travis P. Universal health coverage in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region: how can we make it “business unusual”? WHO South East Asia J Public Health. 2018;7:1–4. doi:10.4103/2224-3151.228420
   Google Scholar
• Tackling NCDs: best buys [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259232/WHO-NMH-NVI-17.9-eng.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• From Burden to “Best Buys”: reducing the Economic Impact of Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/best_buys_summary.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore AB, Fooks G, Drope J, Bialous SA, Jackson RR. Exposing and addressing tobacco industry conduct in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2015;385(9972):1029–1043. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60312-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebanon: needs assessment mission [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: http://www.who.int/fctc/implementation/needs/factsheet-na-fctc-lebanon.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ambient air pollution [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/gho/phe/outdoor_air_pollution/en/. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson L, Nyamurungi KN, Gravely S, et al. Implementation of 100% smoke-free law in Uganda: a qualitative study exploring civil society’s perspective. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5869-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Workforce Resources for Health in Developing Countries [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/media/KeyMessages_3GF.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Bangdiwala SI, Fonn S, Okoye O, Tollman S. Workforce resources for health in developing countries. Public Health Rev. 2010;32(1):296–318. doi:10.1007/BF03391604
   Google Scholar
• Lim LL, Lau ES, Kong AP, et al. Aspects of multicomponent integrated care promote sustained improvement in surrogate clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(6):1312–1320. doi:10.2337/dc17-2010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaire JB, Wallace JE. Burnout among doctors. BMJ. 2017;358:j3360. doi:10.1136/bmj.j3360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long H, Huang W, Zheng P, et al. Barriers and facilitators of engaging community health workers in non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention and control in China: a systematic review (2006–2016). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(11):2378. doi:10.3390/ijerph15112378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CSEM reflections on UHC global monitoring report [homepage on the internet]. Available from: https://www.uhc2030.org/fileadmin/uploads/uhc2030/Documents/Key_Issues/UHC2030_civil_society_engagement/CSEM_GMR_Commentary_2019_EN_WEB.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Expert group meeting on the science‐policy interface summary [homepage on the internet]. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2075Summary%20of%20science-policy%20interface%20EGM_final.pdf. Accessed November 6, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Approaches to establishing country-level multisectoral coordination mechanisms for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/entity/noncommunicable_diseases/documents/ncd-multisectoral-coordination.pdf?ua=1. Accessed October 30, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Heymann DL, Chen L, Takemi K, et al. Global health security: the wider lessons from the west African Ebola virus disease epidemic. Lancet. 2015;385(9980):1884–1901. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60858-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Xu J, Li H, Cao B. A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: a call for action. Chest. 2020;157(4):e99–e101. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.02.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls H, Smith R, Cuevas S, Hanefeld J. International trade and investment: still the foundation for tackling nutrition related non-communicable diseases in the era of Trump? BMJ. 2019;365:I2217. doi:10.1136/bmj.l2217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC’s Vision for Public Health Surveillance in the 21st Century [homepage on the internet]. Centers for Disease Control. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6103.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study [homepage on the internet]. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Available from: http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/2019/GBD_2017_Booklet.pdf. Accessed October. 30, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edition 2019 [homepage on the internet]. International Diabetes Federation. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Kroll M, Phalkey RK, Kraas F. Challenges to the surveillance of non-communicable diseases – a review of selected approaches. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2570-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A. Global research priorities for noncommunicable diseases prevention, management, and control. Int J Non-Commun Dis. 2017;2:107–112.
   Google Scholar
• Chia YC, Gray SY, Ching SM, Lim HM, Chinna K. Validation of the Framingham general cardiovascular risk score in a multiethnic Asian population: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(5):e007324. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO/ISH Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Charts Strengths and Limitations [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/cvd_qa.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• STEPS: A framework for surveillance [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/ncd_surveillance/en/steps_framework_dec03.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos-Cañizares IJ. E-Sakto: lowering the cardiovascular risk of patients with hypertension and diabetes through public–private partnership. KnE Social Sci. 2018;3(6):578. doi:10.18502/kss.v3i6.2406
   Google Scholar
• Joshi R, Alim M, Kengne AP, et al. Task shifting for non-communicable disease management in low and middle income countries – a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103754. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher EB, Coufal MM, Parada H, et al. Peer support in health care and prevention: cultural, organizational, and dissemination issues. Annu Rev Publ Health. 2014;35. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruk ME, Gage AD, Arsenault C, et al. High-quality health systems in the sustainable development goals era: time for a revolution. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(11):11. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30386-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beating non-communicable diseases in the community: the contribution of pharmacists [homepage on the internet]. International Pharmaceutical Federation. Available from: https://www.fip.org/files/content/publications/2019/beating-ncds-in-the-community-the-contribution-of-pharmacists.pdf. Accessed November 8, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Bizri LE The role of the community pharmacists in non-communicable diseases: it is time for change. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Congress of Lebanese Order of Pharmacists; November 16–18, 2018; Beirut, Lebanon.
   Google Scholar
• Primary Health Care Systems (PRIMASYS): comprehensive case study from Lebanon [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: http://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/projects/AHPSR-PRIMASYS-Lebanon-comprehensive.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Tuangratananon T, Wangmo S, Widanapathirana N, et al. Implementation of national action plans on noncommunicable diseases, Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Bull World Health Organ. 2018;97(2):129–141. doi:10.2471/BLT.18.220483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsiglia FF, Booth JM. Cultural adaptation of interventions in real practice settings. Res Soc Work Pract. 2015;25(4):423–432. doi:10.1177/1049731514535989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Tobacco Economics Consortium. The health, poverty, and financial consequences of a cigarette price increase among 500 million male smokers in 13 middle income countries: compartmental model study. BMJ. 2018;361:k1162. doi:10.1136/bmj.k1162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malta DC, Oliveira TP, Luz M, Stopa SR, da Silva Junior JB, Dos Reis AA. Smoking trend indicators in Brazilian capitals, 2006–2013. Cien Saude Colet. 2015;20(3):631–640. doi:10.1590/1413-81232015203.15232014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes LH, Machado CV, Turci SR, Figueiredo VC, Cavalcante TM, Silva VL. Tobacco Control Policies in Brazil: a 30-year assessment. Cien Saude Colet. 2018;23:1837–1848. doi:10.1590/1413-81232018236.05202018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Sin Tax” expands health coverage in the Philippines [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/features/2015/ncd-philippines/en/. Accessed November 6, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Follow-up to the high-level meetings of the United Nations General Assembly on health-related issues [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/327434. Accessed October 29, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Tools for implementing WHO PEN [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: who.int/ncds/management/pen_tools/en/. Accessed October 27, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Chang AY, Cowling K, Micah AE, et al. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050. Lancet. 2019;393(10187):2233–2260. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30841-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piot P, Caldwell A, Lamptey P, et al. Addressing the growing burden of non–communicable disease by leveraging lessons from infectious disease management. J Glob Health. 2016;6(1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaak S, Mantler E, Szeto A. Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare. Healthc Manage Forum. 2017;30(2):111–116. doi:10.1177/0840470416679413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quinn CC, Swasey KK, Crabbe JCF, et al. The impact of a mobile diabetes health intervention on diabetes distress and depression among adults: secondary analysis of a cluster randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2017;5(12):e183. doi:10.2196/mhealth.8910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy N, Chandrasekharan S, Prakash MP, et al. The Impact of an mHealth voice message service (mMitra) on infant care knowledge, and practices among low-income women in india: findings from a pseudo-randomized controlled trial. Matern Child Health J. 2019;23(12):1658–1669. doi:10.1007/s10995-019-02805-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Q, Van Stee SK. The comparative effectiveness of mobile phone interventions in improving health outcomes: meta-analytic review. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2019;7(4):e11244. doi:10.2196/11244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobe M. Health promotion for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases: unfinished agenda. Indian J Public Health. 2012;56(3):180. doi:10.4103/0019-557X.104199
   Google Scholar
• Woolf SH, Grol R, Hutchinson A, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. Potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999;318(7182):527–530. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7182.527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maneze D, Weaver R, Kovai V, et al. “Some say no, some say yes”: receiving inconsistent or insufficient information from healthcare professionals and consequences for diabetes self-management: A qualitative study in patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;156(107830):107830. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahdat S, Hamzehgardeshi L, Hessam S, Hamzehgardeshi Z. Patient involvement in health care decision making: a review. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(1). doi:10.5812/ircmj.12454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setia S, Ryan N, Nair PS, Ching E, Subramaniam K. Evolving role of pharmaceutical physicians in medical evidence and education. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2018;9:777–790. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S175683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setia S, Tay JC, Chia YC, Subramaniam K. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) for continuing medical education – why and how? Adv Med Educ Pract. 2019;10:805–812. doi:10.2147/AMEP.S219104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Martino I, D’Apolito R, McLawhorn AS, Fehring KA, Sculco PK, Gasparini G. Social media for patients: benefits and drawbacks. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(1):141–145. doi:10.1007/s12178-017-9394-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam SM, Tabassum R, Liu Y, et al. The role of social media in preventing and managing non-communicable diseases in low-and-middle income countries: hope or hype? Health Policy Technol. 2019;8(1):96–101. doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2019.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakkar AK, Sarma P, Medhi B. mHealth technologies in clinical trials: opportunities and challenges. Indian J Pharmacol. 2018;50(3):105–107. doi:10.4103/ijp.IJP_391_18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristau RA, Yang J, White JR. Evaluation and evolution of diabetes mobile applications: key factors for health care professionals seeking to guide patients. Diabetes Spectr. 2013;26(4):211–215. doi:10.2337/diaspect.26.4.211
   Google Scholar
• mHealth: new horizons for health through mobile technologies [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_mhealth_web.pdf. Accessed November 6, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi A, Rane M, Roy D, et al. Supporting treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS in resource limited settings with IVRs. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems; April 2014; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Mohiuddin AK. Diabetes fact: Bangladesh perspective. Int J Diabetes Res. 2019;2(1):14–20.
   Google Scholar
• Huckvale K, Wang CJ, Majeed A, Car J. Digital health at fifteen: more human (more needed). BMC Med. 2019;17(1):1–4. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1302-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran D, Pedersen HB, Robertson J. Noncommunicable diseases, access to essential medicines and universal health coverage. Glob Health Action. 2019;12(1):1670014. doi:10.1080/16549716.2019.1670014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs AM, Persaud JG, Deverell ML, et al. Integrated prevention and management of non-communicable diseases, including musculoskeletal health: a systematic policy analysis among OECD countries. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(5):e001806. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra SR, Sharma A, Kaplan WA, Adhikari B, Neupane D. Liberating data to combat NCDs. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(6):482–483. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30054-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roshandel G, Khoshnia M, Poustchi H, et al. Effectiveness of polypill for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394:672–683. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31791-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevalence of tobacco smoking [homepage on the internet]. World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/gho/tobacco/use/en/. Accessed February 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar ER, Gamino MN, Salazar RM, et al. National trends in alcohol consumption in Mexico: results of the National Survey on Drug, Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption 2016–2017. Salud Ment. 2018;41(1):7–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamah-Levy T, Romero-Martínez M, Cuevas-Nasu L, Méndez Gómez-Humaran IM, Antonio Avila-Arcos M, Rivera-Dommarco JA. The Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey as a Basis for Public Policy Planning: overweight and Obesity. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1727. doi:10.3390/nu11081727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar