271
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Comorbidities and Risk Factors for Severe Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 2169-2183 | Published online: 12 Aug 2021

References

  • Al-Khani AM, Khalifa MA, Almazrou A, Saquib N. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic course in Saudi Arabia: a dynamic epidemiological model. Infect Dis Model. 2020;5:766. doi:10.1016/j.idm.2020.09.006
  • Khan R, Saxena A, Shukla S, Sekar S, Goel P. Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on the water quality index of River Gomti, India, with potential hazard of faecal-oral transmission. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021:28:33021–33029. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13096-1
  • Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. COVID-19 in the eastern Mediterranean region and Saudi Arabia: prevention and therapeutic strategies. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105968. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105968
  • Al-Tawfiq JA, Sattar A, Al-Khadra H, et al. Incidence of COVID-19 among returning travelers in quarantine facilities: a longitudinal study and lessons learned. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;38:101901. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101901
  • World Health Organization. WHO coronavirus disease dashboard. WHO; 2020
  • Li H, Liu L, Zhang D, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses. Lancet. 2020;395(10235):1517–1520. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30920-X
  • Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):533–534. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1
  • Karimi-Zarchi M, Neamatzadeh H, Dastgheib SA, et al. Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) from infected pregnant mothers to neonates: a review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2020;39:246–250. doi:10.1080/15513815.2020.1747120
  • Shadmi E, Chen Y, Dourado I, et al. Health equity and COVID-19: global perspectives. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1):104. doi:10.1186/s12939-020-01218-z
  • Nzaji MK, Mwamba GN, Miema JM, et al. Predictors of non-adherence to public health instructions during the covid-19 pandemic in the democratic republic of the congo. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:2215. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S274944
  • Lai PH, Lancet EA, Weiden MD, et al. Characteristics associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and resuscitations during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in New York City. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:1554.
  • Rezende LFM, Thome B, Schveitzer MC, de Souza-júnior PRB, Szwarcwald CL. Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2020;54:50. doi:10.11606/S1518-8787.2020054002596
  • Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020:369. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1985
  • Nanda S, Chacin Suarez AS, Toussaint L, et al. Body mass index, multi-morbidity, and COVID-19 risk factors as predictors of severe COVID-19 outcomes. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:215013272110185. doi:10.1177/21501327211018559
  • Sahu KK, Siddiqui AD. A review on recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients with COVID-19 infection. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2021;8:20499361211013252. doi:10.1177/20499361211013252.
  • Al-Omari A, Alhuqbani WN, Zaidi ARZ, et al. Clinical characteristics of non-intensive care unit COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive cross-sectional study. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13:1639–1644. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.003
  • Al-Mohaithef M, Padhi BK. Determinants of covid-19 vaccine acceptance in Saudi Arabia: a web-based national survey. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:1657–1663. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S276771
  • Alsofayan YM, Althunayyan SM, Khan AA, Hakawi AM, Assiri AM. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: a national retrospective study. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(7):920–925. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.026
  • Omar SM, Musa IR, Salah SE, Elnur MM, Al-Wutayd O, Adam I. High mortality rate in adult covid-19 inpatients in Eastern Sudan: a retrospective study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:1887–1893. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S283900
  • Argenzian MG, Bruc SL, Slate CL, et al. Characterization and clinical course of 1000 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020:m1996. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1996.
  • Ortolan A, Lorenzin M, Felicetti M, Doria A, Ramonda R. Does gender influence clinical expression and disease outcomes in COVID-19? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;99:496–504. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.076
  • Yehia BR, Winegar A, Fogel R, et al. Association of race with mortality among patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 92 US Hospitals. JAMA Netw open. 2020;3:e2018039. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18039
  • Xie J, Zu Y, Alkhatib A, et al. Metabolic syndrome and covid-19 mortality among adult black patients in new orleans. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(1):188–193. doi:10.2337/dc20-1714
  • Conti P, Younes A. Coronavirus cov-19/sars-cov-2 affects women less than men: clinical response to viral infection. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34:339. doi:10.23812/Editorial-Conti-3
  • Auerbach JM, Khera M. Testosterone’s Role in COVID-19. J Sex Med. 2021;18(5):843–848. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.03.004
  • Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V. COVID-19 and individual genetic susceptibility/receptivity: role of ACE1/ACE2 genes, immunity, inflammation and coagulation. might the double x-chromosome in females be protective against SARS-COV-2 compared to the single x-chromosome in males? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(10):3474. doi:10.3390/ijms21103474
  • Jin JM, Bai P, He W, et al. Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: focus on Severity and Mortality. Front Public Heal. 2020;8:152. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152
  • Yanez ND, Weiss NS, Romand JA, Treggiari MM. COVID-19 mortality risk for older men and women. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1–7. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09826-8.
  • Dehingia N, Raj A. Sex differences in COVID-19 case fatality: do we know enough? Lancet Glob Heal. 2021;9(1):e14–e15. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30464-2
  • Pradhan A, Olsson PE. Sex differences in severity and mortality from COVID-19: are males more vulnerable? Biol Sex Differ. 2020;11:1–11. doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00330-7.
  • Peckham H, de Gruijter NM, Raine C, et al. Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6
  • Barry M, AlMohaya AE, AlHijji A, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a MERS-CoV endemic area. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10:214. doi:10.2991/jegh.k.200628.001
  • Alyami MH, Naser AY, Orabi MAA, Alwafi H, Alyami HS. Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia: an ecological study. Front Public Heal. 2020:8:506. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00506.
  • Feng Y, Ling Y, Bai T, et al. COVID-19 with different severities: a multicenter study of clinical features. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(11):1380–1388. doi:10.1164/rccm.202002-0445OC
  • Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K. Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Infect. 2020;80:e14–e18. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005
  • Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020;323:1775–1776. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4683
  • Porcheddu R, Serra C, Kelvin D, Kelvin N, Rubino S. Similarity in case fatality rates (CFR) of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020;14:125. doi:10.3855/jidc.12600
  • Nikolich-Zugich J, Knox KS, Rios CT, Natt B, Bhattacharya D, Fain MJ. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in older adults: what we may expect regarding pathogenesis, immune responses, and outcomes. GeroScience. 2020;42:505. doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00186-0
  • Joly BS, Siguret V, Veyradier A. Understanding pathophysiology of hemostasis disorders in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:1603–1606. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06088-1
  • Alqahtani AM, AlMalki ZS, Alalweet RM, et al. Assessing the severity of illness in patients with coronavirus disease in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study. Front Public Heal. 2020;8:775. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.593256
  • Memish ZA, El Bcheraoui CE, Tuffaha M, et al. Obesity and associated factors - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014;11:1. doi:10.5888/pcd11.140236
  • Alquaiz AM, Siddiqui AR, Kazi A, Batais MA, Al-Hazmi AM. Sedentary lifestyle and Framingham risk scores: a population-based study in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019;19(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12872-019-1048-9
  • Albawardi NM, Jradi H, Al-Hazzaa HM. Levels and correlates of physical activity, inactivity and body mass index among Saudi women working in office jobs in Riyadh city. BMC Womens Health. 2016;16(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12905-016-0312-8
  • Kass DA, Duggal P, Cingolani O. Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages. Lancet. 2020;395:1544–1545. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31024-2
  • Petrova D, Salamanca-Fernández E, Rodríguez Barranco M, Navarro Pérez P, Jiménez Moleón JJ, Sánchez MJ. Obesity as a risk factor in COVID-19: possible mechanisms and implications. Aten Primaria. 2020;52(7):496–500. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2020.05.003
  • Alkhamis A, Cosgrove P, Mohamed G, Hassan A. The personal and workplace characteristics of uninsured expatriate males in Saudi Arabia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:1. doi:10.1186/s12913-017-1985-x.
  • Alguwaihes AM, Al-Sofiani ME, Megdad M, et al. Diabetes and Covid-19 among hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia: a single-centre retrospective study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19:1. doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01184-4
  • Altayb HN, Altayeb NME, Hamadalnil Y, Elsayid M, Mahmoud NE. The current situation of COVID-19 in Sudan. New Microbes New Infect. 2020;37:100746. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100746
  • Caillard S, Anglicheau D, Matignon M, et al. An initial report from the French SOT COVID Registry suggests high mortality due to COVID-19 in recipients of kidney transplants. Kidney Int. 2020;98(6):1549–1558. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.08.005
  • AlJishi JM, Alhajjaj AH, Alkhabbaz FL, et al. Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(1):6–11. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.11.002
  • Al-Tawfiq JA, Leonardi R, Fasoli G, Rigamonti D. Prevalence and fatality rates of COVID-19: what are the reasons for the wide variations worldwide? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;35:101711. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101711
  • Baradaran A, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Baradaran A, Kachooei AR. Prevalence of comorbidities in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2020;8:247. doi:10.22038/abjs.2020.47754.2346
  • Khamis F, Al-Zakwani I, Al Naamani H, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of the first 63 adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19: an experience from Oman. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(7):906–913. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.002
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1054–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
  • Aggarwal S, Garcia-Telles N, Aggarwal G, Lavie C, Lippi G, Henry BM. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): early report from the United States. Diagnosis. 2020;7(2):91–96. doi:10.1515/dx-2020-0046
  • Varikasuvu SR, Dutt N, Thangappazham B, Varshney S. Diabetes and COVID-19: a pooled analysis related to disease severity and mortality. Prim Care Diabetes. 2021;15:24–27. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2020.08.015
  • Varikasuvu SR, Varshney S, Dutt N. Markers of coagulation dysfunction and inflammation in diabetic and non-diabetic COVID-19. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020;51:941–946. doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02270-w
  • Hillson R. COVID-19: diabetes and death. A call to action. Pract Diabetes. 2020;37:76–78. doi:10.1002/pdi.2271
  • Suleyman G, Fadel RA, Malette KM, et al. Clinical characteristics and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in a series of patients in metropolitan detroit. JAMA Netw open. 2020;3:e2012270. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12270
  • Shi Q, Zhang X, Jiang F, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality of COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Wuhan, China: a two-center, retrospective study. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(7):1382–1391. doi:10.2337/dc20-0598
  • Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(5):531–538. doi:10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9
  • Wang X, Fang X, Cai Z, et al. Comorbid chronic diseases and acute organ injuries are strongly correlated with disease severity and mortality among COVID-19 patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Research. 2020;2020:1–17. doi:10.34133/2020/2402961
  • De Almeida-pititto B, Dualib PM, Zajdenverg L, et al. Severity and mortality of COVID 19 in patients with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12(1):1–2. doi:10.1186/s13098-020-00586-4
  • Zhang T, Huang W-S, Guan W, et al. Risk factors and predictors associated with the severity of COVID-19 in China: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(12):7429–7441. doi:10.21037/jtd-20-1743
  • Bergamaschi G, Borrelli de Andreis F, Aronico N, et al. Anemia in patients with Covid-19: pathogenesis and clinical significance. Clin Exp Med. 2021;21(2):239–246. doi:10.1007/s10238-020-00679-4
  • Hariyanto TI, Kurniawan A. Anemia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59(6):102926. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102926
  • Khan A, Althunayyan S, Alsofayan Y, et al. Risk factors associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19: a retrospective study in Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Heal J. 2020;26:1371–1380. doi:10.26719/emhj.20.130
  • Abohamr SI, Abazid RM, Aldossari MA, et al. Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality of covid-19 adult patients in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2020;41(11):1217–1226. doi:10.15537/smj.2020.11.25495
  • Starke KR, Petereit-Haack G, Schubert M, et al. The age-related risk of severe outcomes due to covid-19 infection: a rapid review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5974. doi:10.3390/ijerph17165974
  • Barek MA, Aziz MA, Islam MS. Impact of age, sex, comorbidities and clinical symptoms on the severity of COVID-19 cases: a meta-analysis with 55 studies and 10014 cases. Heliyon. 2020;6(12):e05684. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05684