Associations Between Obesity, Physical Inactivity, Healthcare Capacity, and the Built Environment: Geographic Information System Analysis

References

• Resolution A/RES/70/1. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York: Seventieth United Nations General Assembly; 2015. Available from: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Acharya S, Lin V, Dhingra N. The role of health in achieving the sustainable development goals. Bull World Health Organ. 2018;96(9):591–591A. doi:10.2471/BLT.18.221432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gualdi-Russo E, Rinaldo N, Toselli S, Zaccagni L. Associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviour assessed by accelerometer with body composition among children and adolescents: a scoping review. Sustainability. 2021;13(1):335. doi:10.3390/su13010335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjӕrgård B, Land B, Bransholm Pedersen K. Health and sustainability. Health Promot Int. 2014;29(3):558–568. doi:10.1093/heapro/das071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kickbusch I. Triggering debate, White paper: the food system—a prism of present and future challenges for health promotion and sustainable development. Health Promotion Switzerland; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• A-Mansia Biotech. Obesity and diabetes in the world; 2021. Available from: https://www.a-mansia.com/obesity-and-diabetes-in-the-world. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen F, Bardoutsos A, Vidra N. Obesity prevalence in the long-term future in 18 European countries and in the USA. Obes Facts. 2020;13(5):514–527. doi:10.1159/000511023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-álvarez MA, Lázaro-Alquézar A, Simón-Fernández MB. Global trends in child obesity: are figures converging? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):9252. doi:10.3390/ijerph17249252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim HJ, Xue H, Wang Y. Global trends in obesity. In: Meiselman HL, editor. Handbook of Eating and Drinking: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer International Publishing; 2020:1217–1235. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14504-0_157
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz LD, Zuelch ML, Dimitratos SM, Scherr RE. Adolescent obesity: diet quality, psychosocial health, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):43. doi:10.3390/nu12010043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(10):e1077–e1086. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl HW 3rd, Craig CL, Lambert EV, et al. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet Lond Engl. 2012;380(9838):294–305. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60898-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreyeva T, Luedicke J, Wang YC. State-level estimates of obesity-attributable costs of absenteeism. J Occup Environ Med Am Coll Occup Environ Med. 2014;56(11):1120–1127. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Puett RC, Hart JE, Starnes HA, Laden F, Troped PJ. Spatial clustering of physical activity and obesity in relation to built environment factors among older women in three U.S. states. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1322. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seboka B, Hailegebreal S, Yehualashet D, et al. Exploring spatial variations and determinants of dietary diversity among children in Ethiopia: spatial and multilevel analysis using EDHS (2011–2016). J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;14:2633–2650. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S327456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawloski LR, Curtin KM, Gewa C, Attaway D. Maternal-child overweight/obesity and undernutrition in Kenya: a geographic analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(11):2140–2147. doi:10.1017/S1368980012000110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Bureau of the Census American Fact Finder; 2010. Available from: http://factfinder.census.gov. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Census Bureau. 2011 TIGER/line shapefiles [machine-readable data files] and technical documentation prepared by the U.S; 2011. Available from: http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-line.html. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Health Resources and Services Administration. Area health resources files. Available from: https://data.hrsa.gov/topics/health-workforce/ahrf. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.html. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• County health rankings & roadmaps. Available from: https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlin SJ, Morrill BD, Nafziger AN, Jenkins PL, Lewis C, Pearson TA. Validity of cardiovascular disease risk factors assessed by telephone survey: the behavioral risk factor survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(6):561–571. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90129-o
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlin SJ, Morrill BD, Nafziger AN, Lewis C, Pearson TA. Reliability and changes in validity of self-reported cardiovascular disease risk factors using dual response: the behavioral risk factor survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(5):511–517. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(96)00010-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG): summary of design and data collection methods. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Penchansky R, Thomas JW. The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care. 1981;19(2):127–140. doi:10.1097/00005650-198102000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guagliardo MF. Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges. Int J Health Geogr. 2004;3(1):3. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-3-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. SC GIS data clearinghouse. Available from: https://sc-department-of-health-and-environmental-control-gis-sc-dhec.hub.arcgis.com/. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Roubal AM, Jovaag A, Park H, Gennuso KP. Development of a nationally representative built environment measure of access to exercise opportunities. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12:E09. doi:10.5888/pcd12.140378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton PL, Kumanyika SK, Gregg EW, et al. New research directions on disparities in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020;1461(1):5–24. doi:10.1111/nyas.14270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okour AM, Saadeh RA, Hijazi MH, Khalaileh HEA, Alfaqih MA. Socioeconomic status, perceptions and obesity among adolescents in Jordan. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;34:148. doi:10.11604/pamj.2019.34.148.19641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healthy People. Nutrition and weight status; 2020. Available from: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/nutrition-and-weight-status/objectives. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Guidelines for investigating clusters of health events. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001797.htm. Accessed March 2, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson PD, Moore CG, Probst JC, Shinogle JA. Obesity and physical inactivity in rural America. J Rural Health. 2004;20(2):151–159. doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2004.tb00022.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin SL, Kirkner GJ, Mayo K, Matthews CE, Durstine JL, Hebert JR. Urban, rural, and regional variations in physical activity. J Rural Health. 2005;21(3):239–244. doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2005.tb00089.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Beydoun MA. The obesity epidemic in the United States–gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:6–28. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probst J, Moore C, Baxley E, Lammie J. Rural-urban differences in visits to primary care physicians. Fam Med. 2002;34:609–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke RD, Luke T, Muller N. Urban hospital ‘clusters’ do shift high-risk procedures to key facilities, but more could be done. Health Aff. 2011;30(9):1743–1750. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinh HQ, Begun JW, Luke RD. Service duplication within urban hospital clusters. Health Care Manage Rev. 2014;39:41–49. doi:10.1097/HMR.0b013e318282660d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Marth NJ, Goodman DC. Regionalization of high-risk surgery and implications for patient travel times. JAMA. 2003;290(20):2703–2708. doi:10.1001/jama.290.20.2703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimick JB, Finlayson SRG, Birkmeyer JD. Regional availability of high-volume hospitals for major surgery. Health Aff Proj Hope. 2004;23:VAR45–VAR53. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.var.45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckee M. Measuring the efficiency of health systems - the world health report sets the agenda, but there’s still a long way to go. BMJ. 2001;323:295–296. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7308.295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Shi L, Yin A, et al. Contribution of primary care to health: an individual level analysis from Tibet, China. Int J Equity Health. 2015;14:107. doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0255-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83(3):457–502. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases and mental health cluster. A Global Review of Primary Health Care: Emerging Messages: Global Report. World Health Organization; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Ward MC, Miller BF, Marconi VC, Kaslow NJ, Farber EW. The role of behavioral health in optimizing care for complex patients in the primary care setting. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(3):265–267. doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3499-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis KH, Gudzune KA. Overcoming challenges to obesity counseling: suggestions for the primary care provider. J Clin Outcomes Manag. 2014;21:123–133.
   Google Scholar
• Theodorakis PN, Mantzavinis GD. Inequalities in the distribution of rural primary care physicians in two remote neighboring prefectures of Greece and Albania. Rural Remote Health. 2005;5(3):457.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petterson S, Robert L, Phillips J, Bazemore A, Koinis GT. Unequal distribution of the U.S. primary care workforce. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87:11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mistretta MJ. Differential effects of economic factors on specialist and family physician distribution in Illinois: a county-level analysis. J Rural Health. 2007;23(3):215–221. doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2007.00093.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frehywot S, Mullan F, Payne PW, Ross H. Compulsory service programmes for recruiting health workers in remote and rural areas: do they work? Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(5):364–370. doi:10.2471/BLT.09.071605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meliala A, Hort K, Trisnantoro L. Addressing the unequal geographic distribution of specialist doctors in Indonesia: the role of the private sector and effectiveness of current regulations. Soc Sci Med. 2013;82:30–34. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isabel C, Paula V. Geographic distribution of physicians in Portugal. Eur J Health Econ. 2010;11(4):383–393. doi:10.1007/s10198-009-0208-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Health workforce requirements for universal health coverage and the sustainable development goals. (Human resources for health observer, 17). World Health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hann M, Gravelle H. The maldistribution of general practitioners in England and Wales: 1974–2003. Br J Gen Pract. 2004;54(509):894–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Han P, Sun Y, Zhao J, Yang L. Assessing spatial accessibility to primary health care services in Beijing, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(24):13182. doi:10.3390/ijerph182413182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinzone M, Lettieri E, Masella C. Sustainability in healthcare: combining organizational and architectural levers. Int J Eng Bus Manag. 2012;4:38. doi:10.5772/54841
   Google Scholar
• Matsumoto M, Inoue K, Farmer J, Inada H, Kajii E. Geographic distribution of primary care physicians in Japan and Britain. Health Place. 2010;16(1):164–166. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ünal E. How the government intervention affects the distribution of physicians in Turkey between 1965 and 2000. Int J Equity Health. 2015;14(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0131-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BA, Oh DJ. The effects of health perception on living health belief, living satisfaction and wellbeing-oriented activities according to swimming participation with middle-aged women. J Exerc Rehabil. 2013;9(3):381–388. doi:10.12965/jer.130047
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oh DJ, Lee BA. Effects of participation in swimming lessons on health perception and belief. J Exerc Rehabil. 2015;11(1):48–56. doi:10.12965/jer.150185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardcastle SJ, Hancox J, Hattar A, Maxwell-Smith C, Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Hagger MS. Motivating the unmotivated: how can health behavior be changed in those unwilling to change? Front Psychol. 2015;6:835. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boer R, Zheng Y, Overton A, Ridgeway GK, Cohen DA. Neighborhood design and walking trips in ten U.S. metropolitan areas. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(4):298–304. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon-Larsen P, Nelson MC, Page P, Popkin BM. Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):417–424. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li F, Fisher K, Brownson R, Bosworth M. Multilevel modelling of built environment characteristics related to neighbourhood walking activity in older adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(7):558. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.028399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chigbu CO, Berger U, Aniebue U, Parhofer KG. Physical activity and outdoor leisure time physical exercise: a population study of correlates and hindrances in a resource-constrained African setting. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:1791–1799. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S281518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang W, Spears K, Zhang F, Lee W, Himler HL. Evaluation of personal and built environment attributes to physical activity: a multilevel analysis on multiple population-based data sources. J Obes. 2012;2012:548910. doi:10.1155/2012/548910
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Handy SL, Boarnet MG, Ewing R, Killingsworth RE. How the built environment affects physical activity: views from urban planning. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23(2 Suppl):64–73. doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00475-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar