681
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Machine Learning in Cardiology: A Potential Real-World Solution in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

ORCID Icon, , , , &
Pages 285-295 | Received 28 Jul 2022, Accepted 07 Nov 2022, Published online: 28 Jan 2023

References

  • Bohr A, Memarzadeh K. The rise of artificial intelligence in healthcare applications. In: Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. Academic Press; 2020:25–60.
  • Peters DH, Garg A, Bloom G, Walker DG, Brieger WR, Hafizur Rahman M. Poverty and access to health care in developing countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136(1):161–171. doi:10.1196/annals.1425.011
  • Hasan BS, Rasheed MA, Wahid A, Kumar RK, Zuhlke L. Generating evidence from contextual clinical research in low- to middle income countries: a roadmap based on theory of change. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:764239. doi:10.3389/fped.2021.764239
  • Anand S, Bradshaw C, Prabhakaran D. Prevention and management of CVD in LMICs: why do ethnicity, culture, and context matter? BMC Med. 2020;18(1):7. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1480-9
  • Reichert HA, Rath TE. Cardiac surgery in developing countries. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2017;49(2):98.
  • Saxena A. Status of pediatric cardiac care in developing countries. Children. 2019;6(2):34. doi:10.3390/children6020034
  • Dictionary.apa.org. n.d. APA dictionary of psychology. Available from: https://dictionary.apa.org/learning. Accessed December 13, 2020.
  • Mathur P, Srivastava S, Xu X, Mehta JL. Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Cardiovascular Disease. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2020;14:1179546820927404. doi:10.1177/1179546820927404
  • Hoodbhoy Z, Jiwani U, Sattar S, Salam R, Hasan B, Das JK. Diagnostic accuracy of machine learning models to identify congenital heart disease: a meta-analysis. Front Artificial Intelligence. 2021;8(4):97.
  • Amisha PM, Pathania M, Rathaur VK. Overview of artificial intelligence in medicine. J Family Med Primary Care. 2019;8(7):2328. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_440_19
  • Behzadi-khormouji H, Rostami H, Salehi S, et al. Deep learning, reusable and problem-based architectures for detection of consolidation on chest X-ray images. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2020;185:105162. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105162
  • Yuan Q, Zhang H, Deng T, et al. Role of Artificial Intelligence in Kidney Disease. Int J Med Sci. 2020;17(7):970. doi:10.7150/ijms.42078
  • Patel UK, Anwar A, Saleem S, et al. Artificial intelligence as an emerging technology in the current care of neurological disorders. J Neurol. 2019;26:1–20.
  • Gomolin A, Netchiporouk E, Gniadecki R, Litvinov IV, Liangpunsakul S. Artificial Intelligence Applications in Dermatology: where Do We Stand? Front Med. 2020;7:7. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00007
  • Gubbi S, Hamet P, Tremblay J, Koch CA, Hannah-Shmouni F. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in endocrinology and metabolism: the Dawn of a new era. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;28(10):185. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00185
  • Jarvis T, Thornburg D, Rebecca AM, Teven CM. Artificial Intelligence in Plastic Surgery: current Applications, Future Directions, and Ethical Implications. Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Global Open. 2020;8(10):e3200. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003200
  • Iftikhar P, Kuijpers MV, Khayyat A, Iftikhar A, De Sa MD. Artificial Intelligence: a New Paradigm in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research and Clinical Practice. Cureus. 2020;12(2):548.
  • Dananjayan S, Raj GM. Artificial Intelligence during a pandemic: the COVID‐19 example. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2020;1:20.
  • Wynants L, Van Calster B, Collins GS, et al. Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19: systematic review and critical appraisal. BMJ. 2020;7:369.
  • Benjamens S, Dhunnoo P, Meskó B. The state of artificial intelligence-based FDA-approved medical devices and algorithms: an online database. NPJ Digital Med. 2020;3(1):1–8. doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00324-0
  • Fernholz T The World Bank is eliminating the term “developing country” from its data vocabulary [Internet]. Quartz; 2016. Available from: https://qz.com/685626/the-world-bank-is-eliminating-The-term-developing-country-from-its-data-vocabulary/. Accessed January 17, 2023.
  • Vasconcellos AG. Revisiting the Concept of Innovative Developing Countries (Idcs) for Its Relevance to Health Innovation and Neglected Tropical Diseases and for the Prevention and Control of Epidemics. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2018;12(7):e0006469.
  • Owolabi M, Miranda JJ, Yaria J, Ovbiagele B. Controlling cardiovascular diseases in low and middle income countries by placing proof in pragmatism. BMJ Global Health. 2016;1(3):e000105. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000105
  • Bovet P, Paccaud F. Cardiovascular disease and the changing face of global public health: a focus on low and middle income countries. Public Health Rev. 2011;33(2):397–415. doi:10.1007/BF03391643
  • Bloomfield GS, Peña MS. Five Reasons Why Global Health Matters to Cardiologists. Cardiol Clin. 2017;35(1):xiii–v. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2016.10.001
  • Rosengren A, Smyth A, Rangarajan S, et al. Socioeconomic status and risk of cardiovascular disease in 20 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiologic (PURE) study. Lancet Global Health. 2019;7(6):e748–60. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30045-2
  • World Health Statistics 2020 visual summary [Internet]. Who.int. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/whs-2020-visual-summary. Accessed January 17, 2023.
  • Cooper RA. States With More Physicians Have Better-Quality Health Care: at the state level, increased numbers of both family physicians and specialists per capita are associated with higher quality of health care. Health Aff. 2008;27(Suppl1):w91–102. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.w91
  • Chow CK, Nguyen TN, Marschner S, et al. Availability and affordability of medicines and cardiovascular outcomes in 21 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5(11):e002640. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002640
  • Celermajer DS, Chow CK, Marijon E, Anstey NM, Woo KS. Cardiovascular disease in the developing world: prevalences, patterns, and the potential of early disease detection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(14):1207–1216. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.074
  • Attia ZI, Noseworthy PA, Lopez-Jimenez F, et al. An artificial intelligence-enabled ECG algorithm for the identification of patients with atrial fibrillation during sinus rhythm: a retrospective analysis of outcome prediction. Lancet. 2019;394(10201):861–867. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31721-0
  • Bhalla V, Isakson S, Bhalla MA, et al. Diagnostic ability of B-type natriuretic peptide and impedance cardiography: testing to identify left ventricular dysfunction in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(S2):73S–81S. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.11.044
  • Wu JT, Wang SL, Chu YJ, et al. CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores predict the risk of ischemic stroke outcome in patients with interatrial block without atrial fibrillation. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016;1:34900.
  • Increase Productivity | control Health Care Costs | model | workplace Health Promotion | CDC [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/model/control-costs/benefits/productivity.html. Accessed January 17, 2023.
  • Gevaert AB, Tibebu S, Mamas MA, et al. Clinical phenogroups are more effective than left ventricular ejection fraction categories in stratifying heart failure outcomes. ESC Heart Failure. 2021;8(4):2741–2754. doi:10.1002/ehf2.13344
  • Kobayashi M, Huttin O, Magnusson M, et al. Machine learning-derived echocardiographic phenotypes predict heart failure incidence in asymptomatic individuals. Cardiovascular Imaging. 2022;15(2):193–208.
  • Kim M, Kang Y, You SC, et al. Artificial intelligence predicts clinically relevant atrial high-rate episodes in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):10. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04021-0
  • Sampedro-Gómez J, Dorado-Díaz PI, Vicente-Palacios V, et al. Machine learning to predict stent restenosis based on daily demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics. Canadian J Cardiol. 2020;36(10):1624–1632. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2020.01.027
  • Min HS, Ryu D, Kang SJ, et al. Prediction of coronary stent underexpansion by pre-procedural intravascular ultrasound–based deep learning. Cardiovascular Interventions. 2021;14(9):1021–1029. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2021.01.033
  • Cho H, Kang SJ, Min HS, et al. Intravascular ultrasound-based deep learning for plaque characterization in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2021;1(324):69–75. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.037
  • Eisenberg E, McElhinney PA, Commandeur F, et al. Deep learning–based quantification of epicardial adipose tissue volume and attenuation predicts major adverse cardiovascular events in asymptomatic subjects. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(2):e009829. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009829
  • Fernández-Ruiz I. Artificial intelligence to improve the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(3):133. doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0158-5
  • Miller RJ, Huang C, Liang JX, Slomka PJ. Artificial intelligence for disease diagnosis and risk prediction in nuclear cardiology. J Nuclear Cardiol. 2022;4:1–9.
  • Christopoulos G, Graff-Radford J, Lopez CL, et al. Artificial intelligence–electrocardiography to predict incident atrial fibrillation: a population-based study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020;13(12):e009355. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.120.009355
  • Siontis KC, Friedman PA. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Arrhythmia Monitoring. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2021;13(3):543–554. doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2021.04.011
  • Tsay D, Patterson C. From machine learning to artificial intelligence applications in cardiac care: real-world examples in improving imaging and patient access. Circulation. 2018;138(22):2569–2575. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.031734
  • Vashistha R, Dangi AK, Kumar A, Chhabra D, Shukla P. Futuristic biosensors for cardiac health care: an artificial intelligence approach. Biotech. 2018;8(8):1. doi:10.1007/s13205-018-1368-y
  • Massalha S, Clarkin O, Thornhill R, Wells G, Chow BJ. Decision support tools, systems, and artificial intelligence in cardiac imaging. Canadian J Cardiol. 2018;34(7):827–838. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.04.032
  • Schwalm JD, Di S, Sheth T, et al. A machine learning–based clinical decision support algorithm for reducing unnecessary coronary angiograms. Cardiovascular Digital Health j. 2022;3(1):21–30. doi:10.1016/j.cvdhj.2021.12.001
  • Sardar P, Abbott JD, Kundu A, Aronow HD, Granada JF, Giri J. Impact of artificial intelligence on interventional cardiology: from decision-making aid to advanced interventional procedure assistance. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(14):1293–1303. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2019.04.048
  • Sim I. Mobile devices and health. N Eng J Med. 2019;381(10):956–968. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1806949
  • Holzer R, Ladusans E, Kitchiner D, Peart I, Gladman G, Miles G. Prioritization of congenital cardiac surgical patients using fuzzy reasoning-a solution to the problem of the waiting list? Cardiol Young. 2006;16(3):289. doi:10.1017/S1047951106000400
  • Thomford NE, Bope CD, Agamah FE, et al. Implementing artificial intelligence and digital health in resource-limited settings? Top 10 lessons we learned in congenital heart defects and cardiology. j Integrative Biol. 2020;24(5):264–277. doi:10.1089/omi.2019.0142
  • Quer G, Arnaout R, Henne M, Arnaout R. Machine Learning and the Future of Cardiovascular Care: JACC State-of-The-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(3):300–313. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.030
  • Kshetri N. Artificial Intelligence in Developing Countries. IEEE Ann Hist Comput. 2020;22(4):63–68.
  • Pena MS, Bloomfield GS. Cardiovascular disease research and the development agenda in low-and middle-income countries. Glob Heart. 2015;10(1):71. doi:10.1016/j.gheart.2014.12.006
  • Evashwick C. Creating the continuum of care. Health Matrix. 1989;7(1):30–39.
  • National Cancer Institute. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms; 2022. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/continuum-of-care. Accessed January 12, 2022.
  • Nair SM, Zheleva B, Dobrzycka A, Hesslein P, Sadanandan R, Kumar RK. A Population Health Approach to Address the Burden of Congenital Heart Disease in Kerala, India. Glob Heart. 2021;16(1). doi:10.5334/gh.1034
  • Bhavnani SP, Sola S, Adams D, Venkateshvaran A, Dash PK, Sengupta PP. A randomized trial of pocket-echocardiography integrated mobile health device assessments in modern structural heart disease clinics. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(4):546–557. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.06.019
  • Siontis KC, Noseworthy PA, Attia ZI, Friedman PA. Artificial intelligence-enhanced electrocardiography in cardiovascular disease management. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;1:1–4.
  • FDA Authorizes Marketing of First Cardiac Ultrasound Software That Uses Artificial Intelligence to Guide User [Internet]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020 Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-marketing-first-cardiac-ultrasound-software-uses-artificial-intelligence-guide-user. Accessed January 17, 2023.
  • Narang A, Bae R, Hong H, et al. Utility of a Deep-Learning Algorithm to Guide Novices to Acquire Echocardiograms for Limited Diagnostic Use. JAMA cardiol. 2021;6(6):624. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.0185
  • November 2018 510(k) Clearances [Internet]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2018 Available from: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/510k-clearances/november-2018-510k-clearances. Accessed January 17, 2023.
  • AI ECG-products-carewell [Internet]. Available from: https://www.carewellhealth.com/products_aiecg.html. Accessed January 17, 2023.
  • The Medical Futurist [Internet]. The Medical Futurist Available from: https://medicalfuturist.com/fda-approved-ai-based-algorithms/. Accessed January 17, 2023.
  • Lewis T, Synowiec C, Lagomarsino G, Schweitzer J. E-health in low-and middle-income countries: findings from the Center for Health Market Innovations. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90:332–340. doi:10.2471/BLT.11.099820
  • Babigumira JB, Jenny AM, Bartlein R, Stergachis A, Garrison LP. Health technology assessment in low-and middle-income countries: a landscape assessment. J Pharmaceutical Health Services Res. 2016;7(1):37–42. doi:10.1111/jphs.12120
  • Fenech ME, Buston O. AI in cardiac imaging: a UK-based perspective on addressing the ethical, social, and political challenges. Front Cardiovascular Med. 2020;15(7):54. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.00054
  • Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Abrahams-Gessel S, Murphy A. Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low-and middle-income countries. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2010;35(2):72–115. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2009.10.002