The Reduction of After-Hours and Weekend Effects in Upper Gastro-intestinal Bleeding Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic Compared to the Pre-Pandemic Period

References

• Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers EJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European society of gastrointestinal endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2015;47(10):a1–46. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1393172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber A, Jang S. Novel therapeutic strategies in the management of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Endosc. 2016;49(5):421–424. PMID: 27744662; PMCID: PMC5066413. doi:10.5946/ce.2016.110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu Y, Loffroy R, Lau JY, Barkun A. Multidisciplinary management strategies for acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Br J Surg. 2014;101(1):e34–50. PMID: 24277160. doi:10.1002/bjs.9351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holster IL, Kuipers EJ. Management of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: current policies and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(11):1202–1207. PMID: 22468083; PMCID: PMC3309909. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i11.1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youn YH, Park YJ, Kim JH, Jeon TJ, Cho JH, Park H. Weekend and nighttime effect on the prognosis of peptic ulcer bleeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(27):3578–3584. PMID: 22826623; PMCID: PMC3400860. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i27.3578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Button L, Roberts S, Evans P, et al. Hospitalized incidence and case fatality for upper gastrointestinal bleeding from 1999 to 2007: a record linkage study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:64–76. PMID: 21128984. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04495.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoodi M, Saberifiroozi M. Etiology and outcome of acute gastrointestinal bleeding in Iran: a review article. Middle East J Dig Dis. 2012;4(4):193–198. PMID: 24829656; PMCID: PMC3990128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed A, Armstrong M, Robertson I, Morris AJ, Blatchford O, Stanley AJ. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Scotland 2000–2010: improved outcomes but a significant weekend effect. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(38):10890–10897. PMID: 26478680; PMCID: PMC4600590. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i38.10890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearnshaw SA, Logan RF, Lowe D, Travis SP, Murphy MF, Palmer KR. Use of endoscopy for management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: results of a nationwide audit. Gut. 2010;59(8):1022–1029. PMID: 20357318. doi:10.1136/gut.2008.174599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafar W, Jafar AJN, Sharma A. Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: an update. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2016;7(1):32–40. doi:10.1136/flgastro-2014-100492
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stanley AJ. Update on risk scoring systems for patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(22):2739–2744. PMID: 22719181; PMCID: PMC3374976. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i22.2739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn DW, Park YS, Lee SH, et al. Clinical outcome of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding after-hours: the role of urgent endoscopy. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31(3):470–478. PMID: 27048253; PMCID: PMC4855084. doi:10.3904/kjim.2014.099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biecker E. Diagnosis and therapy of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2015;6(4):172–182. PMID: 26558151; PMCID: PMC4635157. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jairath V, Martel M, Logan RF, Barkun AN. Why do mortality rates for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding differ around the world? A systematic review of cohort studies. Can J Gastroenterol. 2012;26(8):537–543. PMID: 22891179; PMCID: PMC3414476. doi:10.1155/2012/862905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popa P, Iordache S, Florescu DN, et al. Mortality rate in upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with anti-thrombotic therapy before and during covid-19 pandemic. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022;15:2679–2692. PMID: 36425876; PMCID: PMC9680964. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S380500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem SA, Kudaravalli P, Riaz S, et al. Outcomes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding based on time to endoscopy: a retrospective study. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7325. PMID: 32313766; PMCID: PMC7164718. doi:10.7759/cureus.7325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahimi Bakhtavar H, Morteza Bagi HR, Rahmani F, Shahsavari Nia K, Ettehadi A. Clinical scoring systems in predicting the outcome of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding; a narrative review. Emerg. 2017;5(1):e36. PMID: 28286843; PMCID: PMC5325906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thandassery RB, Sharma M, John AK, et al. Clinical application of AIMS65 scores to predict outcomes in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Clin Endosc. 2015;48(5):380–384. PMID: 26473120; PMCID: PMC4604275. doi:10.5946/ce.2015.48.5.380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro S, Gonçalves TC, Magalhães J, Cotter J. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding risk scores: who, when and why? World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2016;7(1):86–96. PMID: 26909231; PMCID: PMC4753192. doi:10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ungureanu BS, Gheonea DI, Florescu DN, et al. Predicting mortality in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding using machine-learning. Front Med. 2023;10:1134835. PMID: 36873879; PMCID: PMC9982090. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1134835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg SK, Anugwom C, Campbell J, et al. Early esophagogastroduodenoscopy is associated with better outcomes in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a nationwide study. Endosc Int Open. 2017;5(5):E376–E386. PMID: 28512647; PMCID: PMC5432117. doi:10.1055/s-0042-121665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iqbal U, Anwar H, Patel H, Chaudhary A, Raymond P. Does early endoscopy improve mortality in patients with acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding? A retrospective review. Cureus. 2018;10(2):e2246. PMID: 29719748; PMCID: PMC5922500. doi:10.7759/cureus.2246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Kim SG, Kang HY, et al. 비정규시간 상부위장관 출혈 환자에서 응급 내시경이 예후에 미치는 영향 [Effect of after-hours emergency endoscopy on the outcome of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding]. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2009;53(4):228–234. Korean. Korean.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jairath V, Kahan BC, Logan RF, et al. Outcomes following acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in relation to time to endoscopy: results from a nationwide study. Endoscopy. 2012;44(8):723–730. PMID: 22752889. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1309736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot NL, Bosman JH, Siersema PD, et al. Admission time is associated with outcome of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: results of a multicentre prospective cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36:477–484. PMID: 22747509. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05205.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia XF, Chiu PWY, Tsoi KKF, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Lau JYW. The effect of off-hours hospital admission on mortality and clinical outcomes for patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 20 cohorts. United European Gastroenterol J. 2018;6(3):367–381. PMID: 29774150; PMCID: PMC5949970. doi:10.1177/2050640617732651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorn SD, Shah ND, Berg BP, Naessens JM. Effect of weekend hospital admission on gastrointestinal hemorrhage outcomes. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(6):1658–1666. PMID: 19672711. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-0914-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Hao D, Liu W, Wang L, Wang X. Does weekend hospital admission affect upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage outcomes?: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;54(1):55–62. PMID: 30119093. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000001116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Agarwal R, Ananthakrishnan AN. “Weekend Effect” in patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(1):13–21. PMID: 29134968. doi:10.1038/ajg.2017.430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeda ER, Nicoll BS, Coleman CI, Sharovetskaya A, Baker WL. Association between weekend admission and mortality for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: an observational study and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(2):163–169. PMID: 27534406. doi:10.1007/s11739-016-1522-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih PC, Liu SJ, Li ST, Chiu AC, Wang PC, Liu LY. Weekend effect in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4248. doi:10.7717/peerj.4248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin TA, Wan DW, Hajifathalian K, et al. Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a matched case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(10):1609–1616. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan Z, Duan Q, Liu K, Zhang X, Zhou S. On behalf of Xingtai society of digestive endoscopy. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Xingtai city. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2021:5586030. PMID: 33727916; PMCID: PMC7938257. doi:10.1155/2021/5586030
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiriac S, Stanciu C, Cojocariu C, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastrointestinal endoscopy activity in a tertiary care center from northeastern Romania. Healthcare. 2021;9(1):100. PMID: 33477942; PMCID: PMC7833369. doi:10.3390/healthcare9010100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmiderer A, Schwaighofer H, Niederreiter L, et al. Decline in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding during COVID-19 pandemic after initiation of lockdown in Austria. Endoscopy. 2020;52(11):1036–1038. PMID: 32408356; PMCID: PMC7653543. doi:10.1055/a-1178-4656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazacu SM, Burtea DE, Iovănescu VF, et al. Outcomes in patients admitted for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and COVID-19 infection: a study of two years of the pandemic. Life. 2023;13(4):890. PMID: 37109419; PMCID: PMC10146262. doi:10.3390/life13040890
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Botianu A, Matei D, Tantau M, Acalovschi M. Mortality and need of surgical treatment in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a one year study in a tertiary center with a 24 hours / day-7 days / week endoscopy call. Has anything changed? Chirurgia. 2013;108(3):312–318. PMID: 23790778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed N, Rehman A, Swinscoe MT, Mundre P, Rembacken B. Outcomes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in relation to timing of endoscopy and the experience of endoscopist: a tertiary center experience. Endosc Int Open. 2016;4(3):E282–6. PMID: 27004244; PMCID: PMC4798939. doi:10.1055/s-0042-100193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jairath V, Kahan BC, Logan RF, et al. Mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the United Kingdom: does it display a “weekend effect”? Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(9):1621–1628. PMID: 21606977. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abougergi MS, Travis AC, Saltzman JR. Impact of day of admission on mortality and other outcomes in upper GI hemorrhage: a nationwide analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;80(2):228–235. PMID: 24674354. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2014.01.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Han B, Li H, et al. Effect of admission time on the outcomes of liver cirrhosis with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: regular hours versus off-hours admission. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3541365. PMID: 30631756; PMCID: PMC6304553. doi:10.1155/2018/3541365
   Google Scholar
• Fujita M, Manabe N, Murao T, et al. Differences in the clinical course of 516 Japanese patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding between weekday and weekend admissions. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2017;52(12):1365–1370. PMID: 28925290. doi:10.1080/00365521.2017.1377762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauls LA, Johnson-Paben R, McGready J, Murphy JD, Pronovost PJ, Wu CL. The weekend effect in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis. J Hosp Med. 2017;12(9):760–766. PMID: 28914284. doi:10.12788/jhm.2815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas JM, Gundrum JD, Rathgaber SW. Comparison of time to endoscopy and outcome between weekend/weekday hospital admissions in patients with upper GI hemorrhage. WMJ. 2012;111(4):161–165. PMID: 22970530.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siau K, Hodson J, Ingram R, et al. Time to endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: results from a prospective multicentre trainee-led audit. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7(2):199–209. PMID: 31080604; PMCID: PMC6498807. doi:10.1177/2050640618811491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar