Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors Among People Living with HIV/AIDS and Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Amathole District, South Africa

References

• Too EK, Abubakar A, Nasambu C, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with common mental disorders in young people living with HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Society. 2021;24(Suppl 2):e25705. doi:10.1002/jia2.25705
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen S, Hong H, Xu G. Prevalence and related factors of depressive symptoms among HIV/AIDS in Ningbo, China: a cross-sectional study. Front in Psy. 2022;13:1004318. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1004318
   Google Scholar
• Wang D, Deng Q, Chen H, et al. Profiles of depressive symptoms and influential factors among people living with HIV in China. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14670-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fact sheet - Latest global and regional statistics on the status of the AIDS epidemic. Fact Sheet - Latest Global and Regional Statistics on the Status of the AIDS Epidemic. UNAIDS; 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Haas AD, Technau KG, Pahad S, et al. Mental health, substance use and viral suppression in adolescents receiving ART at a paediatric HIV clinic in South Africa. J Inte AIDS Society. 2020;23(12):e25644. doi:10.1002/jia2.25644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Singh J, Singh H. A randomized prospective study to assess health-related quality-of-life outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-positive adults. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2021;42(1):50–56. doi:10.4103/ijstd.IJSTD_102_19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiley CL, Rebeiro PF, Cesar C, et al. Estimated life expectancy gains with antiretroviral therapy among adults with HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean: a multisite retrospective cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(5):e266–73. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30358-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Necho M, Zenebe Y, Tiruneh C, et al. The global landscape of the burden of depressive symptoms/major depression in individuals living with HIV/AIDS and its effect on antiretroviral medication adherence: an umbrella review. Front Psy. 2022;13:814360. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814360
   Google Scholar
• Lofgren SM, Bond DJ, Nakasujja N, et al. Burden of depression in outpatient HIV-infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa; systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS & Behav. 2020;24:1752–1764. doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02706-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekonen T, Belete H, Fekadu W. Depressive symptoms among people with HIV/AIDS in Northwest Ethiopia: comparative study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(7):e048931. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damtie Y, Kefale B, Yalew M, et al. Depressive symptoms and associated factors among HIV positive patients attending public health facilities of Dessie town: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255824. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abebe H, Shumet S, Nassir Z, et al. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among HIV-positive youth attending ART follow-up in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AIDS Research and Treatment. 2019;2019:1–7. doi:10.1155/2019/4610458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekat MH, Yotebieng M, Leroy V, et al. Association between depressive symptoms and adherence among adolescents living with HIV in the Republic of Congo: a cross sectional study. Medicine. 2020;99(35):e21606. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayes-Marin I, Egea-Cortés L, Palacio-Vieira J, et al. Determinants of Depressive Symptoms in People Living with HIV: findings from a Population-Based Study with a Gender Perspective. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 2023;20(4):3687. doi:10.3390/ijerph20043687
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darbes LA, El Ayadi AM, Gilvydis JM, et al. Depression and HIV Care-seeking Behaviors in a Population-based Sample in Northwest Province, South Africa. AIDS & Behav. 2023;27(12):3852–3862. doi:10.1007/s10461-023-04102-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurpibul L, Tangmunkongvorakul A, Jirattikorn A, et al. Depressive symptoms, HIV disclosure, and HIV-related stigma among migrant workers living with HIV in Chiang Mai, Thailand. AIDS Care. 2022;34(12):1565–1571. doi:10.1080/09540121.2022.2078770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seid S, Abdu O, Mitiku M. Prevalence of depression and associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy clinic at Dessie referral hospital, South Wollo, Ethiopia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14:55. doi:10.1186/s13033-020-00389-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard C, Font H, Diallo Z, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with severe depressive symptoms in older West African people living with HIV. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):442. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02837-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyongesa MK, Mwangi P, Wanjala SW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among adults living with HIV in rural Kilifi, Kenya. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19:333. doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2339-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemigisha E, Zanoni B, Bruce K, et al. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors among adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in South-western Uganda. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1297–1303. doi:10.1080/09540121.2019.1566511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lwidiko A, Kibusi SM, Nyundo A, Mpondo BC. Association between HIV status and depressive symptoms among children and adolescents in the Southern Highlands Zone, Tanzania: a case-control study. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0193145. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayano G, Tsegay L, Solomon M. Food insecurity and the risk of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Res Ther. 2020;17(1):36. doi:10.1186/s12981-020-00291-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei L, Yan H, Guo M, et al. Perceived HIV stigma, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and suicidal ideation among people living with HIV/AIDS in China: a moderated mediation modeling analysis. J Racial Ethn Health Dis. 2023;10(2):671–679. doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01255-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook JA, Burke-Miller JK, Steigman PJ, et al. Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Correlates of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders and Associations with HIV Risk Behaviors in a Multisite Cohort of Women Living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(10):3141–3154. doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2051-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Zhao M, Ren J, et al. Identifying factors associated with depression among men living with HIV/AIDS and undergoing antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional study in Heilongjiang, China. Health Quali Life Outcomes. 2018;16:190. doi:10.1186/s12955-018-1020-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoare J, Phillips N, Brittain K, et al. Mental health and functional competence in the Cape Town adolescent antiretroviral cohort. J Acquire Immune Defi Synd. 2019;81(4):e109. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000002068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suonpera E, Matthews R, Milinkovic A, Arenas-Pinto A. Risky alcohol consumption and associated health behaviour among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in a UK sexual health and HIV clinic: a cross-sectional questionnaire study. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(6):1717–1726. doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02714-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyes ME, Cluver LD, Meinck F, et al. Mental health in South African adolescents living with HIV: correlates of internalising and externalising symptoms. AIDS Care. 2019;31(1):95–104. doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1524121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abadiga M. Depression and its associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients attending ART clinics at Gimbi General hospital, West Ethiopia, 2018. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4553-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyene Gebrezgiabher B, Huluf Abraha T, Hailu E. Depression among adult HIV/AIDS patients attending ART clinics at Aksum Town, Aksum, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Depression Res Treat. 2019;3250431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mnquma Local Municipality. Mnquma local municipality. 2019. http://www.mnquma.gov.za/. Accessed November 22, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ‐9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Int Med. 2001;16(9):606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pence BW, Gaynes BN, Atashili J, et al. Validity of an interviewer-administered patient health questionnaire-9 to screen for depression in HIV-infected patients in Cameroon. J Affective Disord. 2012;143(1–3):208–213. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Afolabi OO. Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression amongst Nigerian university students. J affect disord. 2006;96(1–2):89–93. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan PO, Shacham E, Reece M, et al. Validity/reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 depression scales among adults living with HIV/AIDS in western Kenya. J Gen Int Med. 2009;24:189–197. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0846-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwangi P, Nyongesa MK, Koot HM, et al. Validation of a Swahili version of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) among adults living with HIV compared to a community sample from Kilifi, Kenya. J Affect Disord Rep. 2020;1(100013):100013. doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lotrakul M, Sumrithe S, Saipanish R. Reliability and validity of the Thai version of the PHQ-9. BMC Psych. 2008;8(1):1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akena D, Joska J, Obuku EA, Stein DJ. Sensitivity and specificity of clinician administered screening instruments in detecting depression among HIV-positive individuals in Uganda. AIDS Care. 2013;25(10):1245–1252. doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.764385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholera R, Gaynes BN, Pence BW, et al. Validity of the patient health questionnaire-9 to screen for depression in a high-HIV burden primary healthcare clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Affect Disor. 2014;167:160–166. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sule HM, Agaba PA, Ojoh RO, et al. Prevalence of depression and associated factors in HIV-positive adults attending an antiretroviral clinic in Jos, Nigeria. J Fam Medi Health Care. 2018;4(4):26–32.
   Google Scholar
• Sperandei S. Understanding logistic regression analysis. Biochem Med. 2014;24:12–18. doi:10.11613/BM.2014.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remien RH, Stirratt MJ, Nguyen N, et al. Mental health and HIV/AIDS: the need for an integrated response. AIDS. 2019;33(9):1411–1420. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner GJ, Ghosh-Dastidar B, Mukasa B, Linnemayr S. Changes in ART adherence relate to changes in depression as well! Evidence for the bi-directional longitudinal relationship between depression and ART adherence from a prospective study of HIV clients in Uganda. AIDS & Behav. 2020;24:1816–1824. doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02754-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer J, Wilson K, Badia J, et al. The psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth living with HIV in Western Kenya. AIDS & Behav. 2021;25(1):68–72. doi:10.1007/s10461-020-03005-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal MA, Wanje G, Richardson BA, et al. A Prospective Study of Depressive Symptoms, Condomless Sex, and HIV Viral Load in HIV-Positive Female Sex Workers in Kenya. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(10):3047–3056. doi:10.1007/s10461-021-03258-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedland BA, Gottert A, Hows J, et al. The People Living with HIV Stigma Index 2.0: generating critical evidence for change worldwide. AIDS. 2020;34(1):S5–S18. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002602
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavazos-Rehg P, Xu C, Kasson E, et al. Social and economic equity and family cohesion as potential protective factors from depression among adolescents living with HIV in Uganda. AIDS & Behav. 2020;24:2546–2554. doi:10.1007/s10461-020-02812-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desta F, Tasew A, Tekalegn Y, et al. Prevalence of depression and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in public hospitals of Southeast Ethiopia. BMC Psych. 2022;22(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooney AS, Moore RC, Paolillo EW, et al. Depression and aging with HIV: associations with health-related quality of life and positive psychological factors. J Affect Disord. 2019;251:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurpibul L, Tongprasert F, Wichasilp U, Tangmunkongvorakul A. Depressive symptoms associated with low quality of life among pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Int J Mater Child Health and AIDS. 2020;9(3):421–429.
   Google Scholar
• Schüle C, Nothdurfter C, Rupprecht R. The role of allopregnanolone in depression and anxiety. Progress Neurobiol. 2014;113:79–87. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabaso M, Makola L, Naidoo I. HIV prevalence in South Africa through gender and racial lenses: results from the 2012 population-based national household survey. Int J Equity Health. 2019;18:167. doi:10.1186/s12939-019-1055-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan CP, O’Donnell PJM, Desderius BM, et al. Depression screening in HIV-positive Tanzanian adults: comparing the PHQ-2, PHQ-9 and WHO-5 questionnaires. Global Mental Health. 2018;5:e38. doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarhere IE, Jaja T. Beck Depression inventory scores for children with some chronic diseases (Type I diabetes mellitus, Sickle cell anaemia, and AIDS) in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Diabetes. 2020;3:294.
   Google Scholar
• Martin DA, Luz PM, Lake JE, et al. Improved virologic outcomes over time for HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in a cohort from Rio de Janeiro, 1997–2011. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2014;14(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-322
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uebelacker LA, Weisberg RB, Herman DS, et al. Chronic pain in HIV-infected patients: relationship to depression, substance use, and mental health and pain treatment. Pain Med. 2015;16(10):1870–1881. doi:10.1111/pme.12799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casale M, Boyes M, Pantelic M, et al. Suicidal thoughts and behaviour among South African adolescents living with HIV: can social support buffer the impact of stigma? J affect disord. 2019;245:82–90. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knettel BA, Mwamba RN, Minja L, et al. Exploring patterns and predictors of suicidal ideation among pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. AIDS. 2020;34(11):1657. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keilp JG, Ellis SP, Gorlyn M, et al. Suicidal ideation declines with improvement in the subjective symptoms of major depression. J affect disord. 2018;227:65–70. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar