Cognitive Dysfunction in Hospitalized Patient with Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19: A 1-Year Prospective Observational Study

References

• Mao L, Jin H, Wang M., et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683–690. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, et al. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(10):875–882. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon IH, Normandin E, Bhattacharyya S, et al. Neuropathological features of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(10):989–992. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2019373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasile MC, Arbune AA, Lupasteanu G, Vlase CM, Popovici GC, Arbune M. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in hospitalized patients from Galați County. J Clin Med. 2021;10(18):4210. doi:10.3390/jcm10184210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavares-Júnior JWL, de Souza ACC, Borges JWP, et al. COVID-19 associated cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Cortex. 2022;152:77–97. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blazhenets G, Schroeter N, Bormann T, et al. Slow but evident recovery from neocortical dysfunction and cognitive Impairment in a series of chronic COVID-19 patients. J Nucl Med. 2021;62(7):910–915. doi:10.2967/jnumed.121.262128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosp JA, Dressing A, Blazhenets G, et al. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain. 2021;144(4):1263–1276. doi:10.1093/brain/awab009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crivelli L, Palmer K, Calandri I, et al. Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;18(5):1047–1066. doi:10.1002/alz.12644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceban F, Ling S, Lui LMW, et al. Fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;101:93–135. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Losilla-Rodríguez B, Maldonado N, Moreno-Mellado E, López-Díaz Á. COVID-19 natural herd immunity and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2020;13(4):228–229. doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premraj L, Kannapadi NV, Briggs J, et al. Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2022;434:120162. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayesa-Arriola R, López-Díaz Á, Ruiz-Veguilla M, Leza JC, Saura LF, Crespo-Facorro B. COVID-19 una oportunidad única para explorar la relación entre la infección prenatal materna, el desarrollo cerebral y los trastornos neuropsiquiátricos en la descendencia [COVID-19 as a unique opportunity to unravel the link between prenatal maternal infection, brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring]. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2021;14(1):1–3. Spanish. doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.12.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ministerul Sănătăţii din Romania. ORDIN nr. 487 din 23 martie 2020 pentru aprobarea protocolului de tratament al infecţiei cu virusul SARS-Cov-2. Monitorul Oficial nr. 242 din 24 martie; 2020. Available from: http://www.cnscbt.ro/index.php/lex/1591-ordinul-nr-487-2020-pentru-aprobarea-protocolului-de-tratament-covid/file. Accessed August 15, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ministerul Sanatatii Ordin 1418 privind modificarea anexei la Ordinul ministrului sănătăţii nr. 487/2020 pentru aprobarea protocolului de tratament al infecţiei cu virusul SARS - Cov – 2. Monitorul Oficial nr. 719 din 10 aug; 2020. Available from: https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/229019. Accessed August 15, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization‎. Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance. World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332196. Accessed May 28, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–383. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Available from: https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/3917/charlson-comorbidity-index-cci. Accessed November 5, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Global COVID-19 clinical platform case report form (CRF) for post COVID condition (post COVID-19 CRF). Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-covid-19-clinical-platform-case-report-form-(crf)-for-post-covid-conditions-(post-covid-19-crf-). Accessed December 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• MoCA Version 7.1; 2010. Available from: www.mocatest.org. Accessed September 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Dautzenberg G, Lijmer J, Beekman A. Diagnostic accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for cognitive screening in old age psychiatry: determining cutoff scores in clinical practice. Avoiding spectrum bias caused by healthy controls. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;35(3):261–269. doi:10.1002/gps.5227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein MF, Folstein SE, Adaptat în România de Cornelia-Eugenia Munteanu, Dragoș Iliescu, Raluca Livinți. MMSE-2. Mini-Mental State Examination, 2nd Edition Manual de utilizare a testului. O.S. Romania, 2010. Available from: https://monitorulpsihologiei.com/mmse-2-mini-mental-state-examination-second-edition/. Accessed November 2, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gamberini G, Masuccio FG, Cerrato M, Strazzacappa M, Ferraro D, Solaro C. Previously independent patients with mild-symptomatic COVID-19 are at high risk of developing cognitive impairment but not depression or anxiety. J Affect Disord. 2023;324:645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilotto A, Cristillo V, Cotti Piccinelli S, et al. Long-term neurological manifestations of COVID-19: prevalence and predictive factors. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(12):4903–4907. doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05586-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velichkovsky BB, Razvaliaeva AY, Khlebnikova AA, Manukyan PA, Kasatkin VN. Attention and memory after COVID-19 as measured by neuropsychological tests: systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychol. 2023;233:103838. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solaro C, Gamberini G, Masuccio FG. Cognitive impairment in young COVID-19 patients: the tip of the iceberg? Neurol Sci. 2021;42(12):4865–4866. doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05534-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Cui L, Ji X. Cognitive impairment caused by hypoxia: from clinical evidences to molecular mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis. 2022;37(1):51–66. doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00796-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paniz-Mondolfi A, Bryce C, Grimes Z, et al. Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):699–702. doi:10.1002/jmv.25915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasile CI, Vasile MC, Zlati ML, et al. Post COVID-19 infection psychosis: could SARS-CoV-2 virus infection be a neuropsychiatric condition that triggers psychotic disorders? - A case-based short review. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:4697–4705. doi:10.2147/IDR.S373578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Long X, Zhang Q, et al. Emerging evidence for neuropsycho-consequences of COVID-19. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021;19(1):92–96. doi:10.2174/1570159X18666200507085335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bougakov D, Podell K, Goldberg E. Multiple neuroinvasive pathways in COVID-19. Mol Neurobiol. 2021;58(2):564–575. doi:10.1007/s12035-020-02152-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dondaine T, Ruthmann F, Vuotto F, et al. Long-term cognitive impairments following COVID-19: a possible impact of hypoxia. J Neurol. 2022;269(8):3982–3989. doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11077-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello EN, Fiabane E, Manera MR, et al. Screening for cognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a comparison between the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Neurol Sci. 2022;43(1):81–84. doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05630-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel R, Savrides I, Cahalan C, et al. Cognitive impairment and functional change in COVID-19 patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. Int J Rehabil Res. 2021;44(3):285–288. doi:10.1097/MRR.0000000000000483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: a COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246590. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latronico N, Peli E, Calza S, et al. Physical, cognitive and mental health outcomes in 1-year survivors of COVID-19-associated ARDS. Thorax. 2022;77(3):300–303. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-218064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhakaran D, Day GS, Munipalli B, et al. Neurophenotypes of COVID-19: risk factors and recovery outcomes. Res Sq. 2023. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2363210/v2
   Google Scholar
• Crunfli F, Carregari VC, Veras FP, et al. Morphological, cellular, and molecular basis of brain infection in COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(35):e2200960119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2200960119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai YL, Lee JH, Chong JR, et al. Inflammatory panel cytokines are elevated in the neocortex of late-stage Alzheimer’s disease but not Lewy body dementias. J Neuroinflammation. 2023;20(1):111. doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02789-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madetko N, Migda B, Alster P, Turski P, Koziorowski D, Friedman A. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may reflect differences in PD and MSA-P neuroinflammation patterns. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2022;56(2):148–155. doi:10.5603/PJNNS.a2022.0014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alster P, Madetko N, Friedman A. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at boundaries of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndrome (PSPS) and Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS). Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2021;55(1):97–101. doi:10.5603/PJNNS.a2020.0097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciarra F, Campolo F, Franceschini E, Carlomagno F, Venneri MA. Gender-specific impact of sex hormones on the immune system. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(7):6302. doi:10.3390/ijms24076302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelutti M, Furlanis G, Buoite Stella A, et al. Sex-dependent characteristics of neuro-long-COVID: data from a dedicated neurology ambulatory service. J Neurol Sci. 2022;441:120355. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaurasia B, Chavda V, Lu B, Garg K, Montemurro N. Cognitive deficits and memory impairments after COVID-19 (Covishield) vaccination. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022;22:100463. doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100463
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang YF, Ho TC, Chang CC, et al. A rare adverse effect of the covid-19 vaccine on autoimmune encephalitis. Vaccines. 2022;10(7). doi:10.3390/vaccines10071114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Fiorindi A, Umana GE, Lu B, Montemurro N. Ischemic stroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection: the bidirectional pathology and risk morbidities. Neurol Int. 2022;14(2):391–405. doi:10.3390/neurolint14020032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscu CA, Marina V, Dragomir L, Anghele AD, Anghele M. The impact of burnout syndrome on job satisfaction among emergency department nurses of emergency clinical county hospital “Sfântul Apostol Andrei” of Galati, Romania. Medicina. 2022;58(11). doi:10.3390/medicina58111516
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazza MG, Palladini M, Poletti S, Benedetti F. Post-COVID-19 depressive symptoms: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs. 2022;36(7):681–702. doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00931-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock PL, Roiser JP, Riedel WJ, Blackwell AD. Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2014;44(10):2029–2040. doi:10.1017/s003329171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar