The Association between Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Child Underweight in Punjab, Pakistan: An Application of Population Attributable Fraction

References

• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2023). Levels and trends in child malnutrition, retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/. Accessed May 17, 2024. Accessed 26 april 2024
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) Pakistan demographic and health survey (PDHS) 2017-18 key findings available at https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SR257/SR257.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2024
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF, WASH: Water, sanitation and hygiene Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/pakistan/wash-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-0. Accessed May 17, 2024. on 23-04,-2024
   Google Scholar
• Cooper R (2018). Water, sanitation and hygiene services in Pakistan. K4D Report.
   Google Scholar
• Murtaza F, Muzaffar M, Mustafa T, Anwer J. Water and sanitation risk exposure in children under-five in Pakistan. J Family Comm Med. 2021;28(2):103–109. doi:10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_149_21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2022). The double burden of malnutrition. Policy brief. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255413/WHONMHNHD-17.3-eng.pdf?ua=1.Last. accessed on October 22, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Shrestha SK, Vicendese D, Erbas B. Water, sanitation and hygiene practices associated with improved height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age z-scores among under-five children in Nepal. BMC Pediatric. 2020;20(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12887-020-2010-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet. 2012;379 9832:2151–61 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60560-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker S, Clements AC, Bundy DA. Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections. Adv Parasitol. 2020;62. 221–261.
   Google Scholar
• Or PP-L, Wong BY-M, Chung JW-Y. To investigate the association between the health literacy and hand hygiene practices of the older adults to help them fight against infectious diseases in Hong Kong. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48 5 485–489 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.12.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegelbauer K, Speich B, Mäusezahl D, Bos R, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9 1 e1001162 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dangour AD, Hawkesworth S, Shankar B, et al. Can nutrition be promoted through agriculture-led food price policies? A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2013. 3(6):e002937. Doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riiser K, Helseth S, Haraldstad K, Torbjørnsen A, Richardsen KR. Adolescents’ health literacy, health protective measures, and health-related quality of life during the Covid-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2020;15 8 e0238161 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzoni G, Laillou A, Samnang C, et al. Child-sensitive WASH composite score and the nutritional status in Cambodian children. Nutrients. 2019, 11 9 2142 doi: 10.3390/nu11092142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muralidharan A. The interlinkages between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and nutrition. WaterAid India in Health, 9 August 2019. Available from https://www.wateraid.org/in/publications/the-interlinkages-between-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash-and-nutrition. Accessed 19 May 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Hutton G, Chase C. Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene. Mock CN, Nugent R, Kobusingye O, et al. editors. Injury Prevention and Environmental Health, 3rd. Washington (DC). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. 2017. Oct. 27. Doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0522-6_ch9
   Google Scholar
• Snow J. On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill German, WASH network (2017) 2 + 6 = 17 linking WASH and nutrition - A blueprint for Living SDG 17. Paulsenstr. 1855;23:12163. Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2021). Malnutrition. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition. Last accessed on October 22, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Unicef Surveys. Available from https://mics.unicef.org/surveys.Last. accessed on October 22, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Haq W, Abbas F. A multilevel analysis of factors associated with stunting in children less than 2 years using Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2017–18 of Punjab, Pakistan. SAGE Open. 2022;12(2):21582440221096127. doi:10.1177/21582440221096127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry TT, Khan M, Mir AS. Gender gaps in child nutritional status in Punjab. Pakistan Develo Rev. 2020;1:1.
   Google Scholar
• Ponum M, Khan S, Hasan O, et al. Stunting diagnostic and awareness: impact assessment study of sociodemographic factors of stunting among school-going children of Pakistan. BMC Pediatric. 2020;20(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02139-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Statistics (BOS) Punjab, available From https://bos.punjab.gov.pk/mics-2017.Accessed 18 May 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Franse CB, Boelens M, Fries LR, Constant F, van Grieken A, Raat H. Interventions to increase the consumption of water among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2020;21(7):e13015. doi:10.1111/obr.13015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadhav A, Weitzman A, Smith-Greenaway E. Household sanitation facilities and women’s risk of non-partner sexual violence in India. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3797-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adhikari D, Khatri RB, Paudel YR, Poudyal AK. Factors associated with underweight among under-five children in eastern Nepal: community-based cross-sectional study. Front Public Health. 2017;5:350. Doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadesse Tantu A, Demissie Gamebo T, Kuma Sheno B, Yohannis Kabalo M. Household food insecurity and associated factors among households in Wolaita Sodo town, 2015. Agri Food Sec. 2017;6(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s40066-017-0098-4
   Google Scholar
• Jones AD, Ickes SB, Smith LE, et al. W orld H ealth O rganization infant and young child feeding indicators and their associations with child anthropometry: a synthesis of recent findings. Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2014;10(1):1–17. doi:10.1111/mcn.12070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schell LM, Gallo MV, Ravenscroft J. Environmental influences on human growth and development: historical review and case study of contemporary influences. Ann Hum Biol. 2009;36(5):459–477. doi:10.1080/03014460903067159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wamani H, Tylleskär T, Åstrøm AN, Tumwine JK, Peterson S. Mothers’ education but not fathers’ education, household assets or land ownership is the best predictor of child health inequalities in rural Uganda. Interna J equ hea. 2004;3(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-3-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ong KK, Kennedy K, Castañeda‐Gutiérrez E, et al. Postnatal growth in preterm infants and later health outcomes: a systematic review. Acta paediatrica. 2015;104(10):974–986. doi:10.1111/apa.13128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermúdez A, Kafury-Goeta AC. Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006;295(15):1809–1823. doi:10.1001/jama.295.15.1809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Ding L, Tang X, Wang Y, Zhou C. Association between maternal education and school-age children weight status: a study from the China health nutrition survey, 2011. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(14):2543. doi:10.3390/ijerph16142543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omona S, Malinga GM, Opoke R, Openy G, Opiro R. Prevalence of diarrhoea and associated risk factors among children under five years old in Pader District, northern Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;20(1):37. Doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4770-0.
   Google Scholar
• Hossain MM, Abdulla F, Rahman A. Prevalence and risk factors of underweight among under-5 children in Bangladesh: evidence from a countrywide cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2023;18 4 e0284797 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ene-Obong HN, Alozie Y, Abubakar S, Aburime L, Leshi OO. Update of the nutrition situation in Nigeria. North African J Food Nutr Res. 2020;4 9 S63–S74 doi: 10.51745/najfnr.4.9.S63-S74.
   Google Scholar
• Greenland S, Drescher K. Maximum likelihood estimation of the attributable fraction from logistic models. Biometrics. 1993;49(3):865–872. (). doi:10.2307/2532206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangalang SO, Medina SA, Ottong ZJ, et al. Protocol for a trial assessing the impacts of school-based wash interventions on children’s health literacy, handwashing, and nutrition status in low-and middle-income countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(1):226. doi:10.3390/ijerph18010226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekele T, Rawstorne P, Rahman B. Effect of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions alone and combined with nutrition on child growth in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2020. 10 7 e034812 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar