Improving Mental Health Outcomes in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder in the Gulf States: A Review of the Role of Electronic Enablers in Monitoring Residual Symptoms

References

• Alzahrani O. Depressive disorders in the Arabian Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a literature review. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(10):300060520961917. doi:10.1177/0300060520961917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Depression and other common mental disorders. Global health estimates. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed October 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Rameez S, Nasir A. Barriers to mental health treatment in primary care practice in low- and middle-income countries in a post-covid era: a systematic review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2023;12(8):1485–1504. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_391_22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park LT, Zarate CA Jr. Depression in the primary care setting. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(6):559–568. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1712493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang G, Zhang N, et al. Association between residual symptoms and social functioning in patients with depression. Compr Psychiatry. 2020;98:152164. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagiolini A, Cardoner N, Pirildar S, et al. Moving from serotonin to serotonin-norepinephrine enhancement with increasing venlafaxine dose: clinical implications and strategies for a successful outcome in major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(15):1715–1723. doi:10.1080/14656566.2023.2242264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Shannaq Y, Jaradat D, Ta’an WF, Jaradat D. Depression stigma, depression literacy, and psychological help seeking attitudes among school and university students. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2023;46:98–106. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2023.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musa A, Ashraf J, Tsai FJ, et al. Depression severity and depression stigma among students: a survey of universities in five countries. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2020;208(11):884–889. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubreucq J, Plasse J, Franck N. Self-stigma in serious mental illness: a systematic review of frequency, correlates, and consequences. Schizophr Bull. 2021;47(5):1261–1287. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montano CB, Jackson WC, Vanacore D, Weisler R. Considerations when selecting an antidepressant: a narrative review for primary care providers treating adults with depression. Postgrad Med. 2023;135(5):449–465. doi:10.1080/00325481.2023.2189868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy L, Lewis G, Marston L, et al. Clinical factors associated with relapse in depression in a sample of UK primary care patients who have been on long-term antidepressant treatment. Psychol Med. 2023;53:1–11. doi:10.1017/S0033291722003981
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alkaabi AJ, Alkous A, Mahmoud K, et al. The prevalence and correlates of depression among patients with chronic diseases in the United Arab Emirates. PLoS One. 2022;17(12):e0278818. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salinas-Perez JA, Ghuloum S, Gutierrez-Colosia MR, Bagheri N, Salvador-Carulla L. Analysis of the mental health service provision in Qatar: progressing in community mental health in a Middle East country. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:1095788. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1095788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade G, Bedewy D, Elamin ABA, Abdelmonem KYA, Teir HJ, Alqaderi N. Attitudes towards mental health problems in a sample of United Arab Emirates’ residents. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 2022;29:88. doi:10.1186/s43045-022-00255-4
   Google Scholar
• Welch KG, Faria I, Browder SE, Drudi LM, McGinigle KL. Depression in patients with peripheral artery disease: an underdiagnosis with increased mortality. Ann Vasc Surg. 2023;95:80–86. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2023.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson A, Modin S, Wahlstrom R, Af Winklerfelt Hammarberg S, Krakau I. The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview is useful and well accepted as part of the clinical assessment for depression and anxiety in primary care: a mixed-methods study. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):19. doi:10.1186/s12875-017-0674-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins B, Downing J, Head A, Cornerford T, Nathan R, Barr B. Investigating the impact of undiagnosed anxiety and depression on health and social care costs and quality of life: cross-sectional study using household health survey data. BJPsych Open. 2023;9(6):e201. doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodavadia P, Teo I, Poremski D, Fung DSS, Finkelstein EA. Prevalence and economic burden of depression and anxiety symptoms among Singaporean adults: results from a 2022 web panel. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):104. doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04581-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papalexi E, Galanopoulos A, Roukas D, et al. Residual cognitive and psychosocial functional impairment in outpatients in Greece who responded to conventional antidepressant monotherapy treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). J Affect Disord. 2022;314:185–192. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicent-Gil M, Serra-Blasco M, Navarra-Ventura G, et al. In pursuit of full recovery in major depressive disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023;273(5):1095–1104. doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01487-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumiyoshi T, Hoshino T, Mishiro I, et al. Prediction of residual cognitive disturbances by early response of depressive symptoms to antidepressant treatments in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2022;296:95–102. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nierenberg AA. Residual symptoms in depression: prevalence and impact. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(11):e1480–e1480. doi:10.4088/JCP.13097TX1C
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson WC, Papakostas GI, Rafeyan R, Trivedi MH. Recognizing inadequate response in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(3). doi:10.4088/JCP.OT19037BR2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitanupong J, Sathaporn K, Tepsuan L. Residual symptoms and their associated factors among Thai patients with depression: a multihospital-based survey. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2022;21(1):50. doi:10.1186/s12991-022-00427-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Agid O, Biesheuvel E, Purushottamahanti P. Effect of venlafaxine on anhedonia and amotivation in patients with major depressive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2024;29(3):206–214. doi:10.1017/S1092852924000245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park IH, Lee BC, Kim JJ, Kim JI, Koo MS. Effort-based reinforcement processing and functional connectivity underlying amotivation in medicated patients with depression and schizophrenia. J Neurosci. 2017;37(16):4370–4380. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2524-16.2017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen GS, Bhutani S, Lucas BJ, et al. Apathy in late-life depression: common, persistent, and disabling. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;23(5):488–494. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korte SM, Prins J, Krajnc AM, et al. The many different faces of major depression: it is time for personalized medicine. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;753:88–104. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.11.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fervaha G, Foussias G, Takeuchi H, Agid O, Remington G. Motivational deficits in major depressive disorder: cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships with functional impairment and subjective well-being. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;66:31–38. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin RS, Biedrzycki RC, Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale. Psychiatry Res. 1991;38(2):143–162. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90040-V
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva S, Saperia S, Siddiqui I, et al. F255. Motivation system impairment profiles in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;83:S338. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Text Revision. DSM-5-TR^TM. American Psychiatric Association; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Su YA, Si T. Progress and challenges in research of the mechanisms of anhedonia in major depressive disorder. Gen Psychiatr. 2022;35(1):e100724. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2021-100724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fruyt J, Sabbe B, Demyttenaere K. Anhedonia in depressive disorder: a narrative review. Psychopathology. 2020;53(5–6):274–281. doi:10.1159/000508773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankman SA, Katz AC, DeLizza AA, Sarapas C, Gorka SM, Campbell ML. The different facets of anhedonia and their associations with different psychopathologies. In: Ritsner MS, editor. Anhedonia: A Comprehensive Handbook Volume I: Conceptual Issues and Neurobiological Advances. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014:3–22.
   Google Scholar
• Argyropoulos SV, Nutt DJ. Anhedonia revisited: is there a role for dopamine-targeting drugs for depression? J Psychopharmacol. 2013;27(10):869–877. doi:10.1177/0269881113494104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price J, Cole V, Goodwin GM. Emotional side-effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(3):211–217. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serretti A. Anhedonia and depressive disorders. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2023;21(3):401–409. doi:10.9758/cpn.23.1086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Rotzinger S, et al. Symptomatic and functional outcomes and early prediction of response to escitalopram monotherapy and sequential adjunctive aripiprazole therapy in patients with major depressive disorder: a CAN-BIND-1 report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(2). doi:10.4088/JCP.18m12202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond MF. Rating depression severity in the elderly physically ill patient: reliability and factor structure of the Hamilton and the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scales. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;13(4):257–261. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199804)13:4<257::AID-GPS773>3.0.CO;2-U
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao B, Park C, Subramaniapillai M, et al. The efficacy of vortioxetine on anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:17. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker RD, Flint EP, Bosworth HB, Pieper CF, Steffens DC. A three-factor analytic model of the MADRS in geriatric depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(1):73–77. doi:10.1002/gps.776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson S, Nemoianu A, Lawrence DF, et al. Characterizing primary care for patients with major depressive disorder using electronic health records of a US-based healthcare provider. J Affect Disord. 2022;300:377–384. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uomoto KE. Increasing identification and follow-up of older adult depression in primary care. J Prim Care Community Health. 2023;14:21501319231152758. doi:10.1177/21501319231152758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinaka O, Gioulekas F, Routa E, et al. Introducing new paths towards public primary healthcare services in Greece: efforts for scaling-up mental healthcare services addressed to older adults. Healthcare. 2022;10(7). doi:10.3390/healthcare10071230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javed A, Lee C, Zakaria H, et al. Reducing the stigma of mental health disorders with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021;58:102601. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Ismail Z, Watling CP, et al. Patient-reported outcome measures for life engagement in mental health: a systematic review. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2022;6(1):62. doi:10.1186/s41687-022-00468-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Connor EA, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Henninger ML, Thomas RG, Gaynes BN. Depression and suicide risk screening: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2023;329(23):2068–2085. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.7787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantini L, Pasquarella C, Odone A, et al. Screening for depression in primary care with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9): a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:473–483. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi SJ, Pizzagalli DA, Sproule BA, Kennedy SH. Assessing anhedonia in depression: potentials and pitfalls. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;65:21–35. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakonezny PA, Morris DW, Greer TL, et al. Evaluation of anhedonia with the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) in adult outpatients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;65:124–130. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy SH, Lam RW, McIntyre RS, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 3. Pharmacological Treatments. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61(9):540–560. doi:10.1177/0706743716659417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried EI, Nesse RM. Depression is not a consistent syndrome: an investigation of unique symptom patterns in the STAR*D study. J Affect Disord. 2015;172:96–102. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin T, Huyghebaert T, Svrcek C, Oluboka O. Individualized antidepressant therapy in patients with major depressive disorder: novel evidence-informed decision support tool. Can Fam Physician. 2022;68(11):807–814. doi:10.46747/cfp.6811807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squires M, Tao X, Elangovan S, et al. Deep learning and machine learning in psychiatry: a survey of current progress in depression detection, diagnosis and treatment. Brain Inform. 2023;10(1):10. doi:10.1186/s40708-023-00188-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaywan P, Ahmed K, Ibaida A, Miao Y, Gu B. Early detection of depression using a conversational AI bot: a non-clinical trial. PLoS One. 2023;18(2):e0279743. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhat F. ChatGPT as a complementary mental health resource: a boon or a bane. Ann Biomed Eng. 2023;2023:1.
   Google Scholar
• Tutun S, Johnson ME, Ahmed A, et al. An AI-based decision support system for predicting mental health disorders. Inf Syst Front. 2023;25(3):1261–1276. doi:10.1007/s10796-022-10282-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scodari BT, Chacko S, Matsumura R, Jacobson NC. Using machine learning to forecast symptom changes among subclinical depression patients receiving stepped care or usual care. J Affect Disord. 2023;340:213–220. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puac-Polanco V, Ziobrowski HN, Ross EL, et al. Development of a model to predict antidepressant treatment response for depression among Veterans. Psychol Med. 2023;53(11):5001–5011. doi:10.1017/S0033291722001982
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salem H, Huynh T, Topolski N, et al. Temporal multi-step predictive modeling of remission in major depressive disorder using early stage treatment data; STAR*D based machine learning approach. J Affect Disord. 2023;324:286–293. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abd-Alrazaq A, AlSaad R, Aziz S, et al. Wearable artificial intelligence for anxiety and depression: scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e42672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aziz S, Alsaad R, Abd-Alrazaq A, Ahmed A, Sheikh J. Performance of artificial intelligence in predicting future depression levels. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2023;305:452–455. doi:10.3233/SHTI230529
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abd-Alrazaq A, AlSaad R, Shuweihdi F, Ahmed A, Aziz S, Sheikh J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of performance of wearable artificial intelligence in detecting and predicting depression. NPJ Digit Med. 2023;6(1):84. doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00828-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren B, Balkind EG, Pastro B, et al. Predicting states of elevated negative affect in adolescents from smartphone sensors: a novel personalized machine learning approach. Psychol Med. 2023;53(11):5146–5154. doi:10.1017/S0033291722002161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon MJ, Harmer C. Machine learning prediction will be part of future treatment of depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2023;57(10):1316–1323. doi:10.1177/00048674231158267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslej MM, Kloiber S, Ghassemi M, Yu J, Hill SL. Out with AI, in with the psychiatrist: a preference for human-derived clinical decision support in depression care. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1):210. doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02509-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devi R, Kanitkar K, Narendhar R, Sehmi K, Subramaniam K. A narrative review of the patient journey through the lens of non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Adv Ther. 2020;37(12):4808–4830. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01519-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao Y. The ”expert patient” approach for non-communicable disease management in low and middle income settings: when the reality confronts the rhetoric. Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2015;1(3):145–151. doi:10.1016/j.cdtm.2015.08.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bharatan T, Devi R, Huang PH, et al. A methodology for mapping the patient journey for noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. J Healthc Leadersh. 2021;13:35–46. doi:10.2147/JHL.S288966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganin W. Viewpoint: difficult-to-treat depression versus treatment-resistant depression: a new integrative perspective for managing depression. Eur Psychiatry. 2023;66(1):e73. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camardese G, Mazza M, Zaninotto L, et al. Clinical correlates of difficult-to-treat depression: exploring an integrated day-care model of treatment. Nord J Psychiatry. 2016;70(1):45–52. doi:10.3109/08039488.2015.1048719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitanupong J, Aunjitsakul W. Personal and perceived stigma in relation to diverse domains of quality of life among patients with major depressive disorder having residual symptoms: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Thailand. Qual Life Res. 2024;33(2):399–409. doi:10.1007/s11136-023-03527-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holubova M, Prasko J, Ociskova M, Marackova M, Grambal A, Slepecky M. Self-stigma and quality of life in patients with depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:2677–2687. doi:10.2147/NDT.S118593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Chen G, Wang L, et al. Perception of stigma and its associated factors among patients with major depressive disorder: a multicenter survey from an Asian population. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:321. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lem WG, Kawata K, Oyama H. Exploring the impact of immersive virtual reality on depression knowledge and stigma reduction: a cross-over RCT fMRI study. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):5193. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55797-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahwan S, Lau JH, Goh CMJ, et al. The potential impact of an anti-stigma intervention on mental health help-seeking attitudes among university students. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):562. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02960-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu D, Lyu K. Anti-stigmatizing: a collaborative autoethnography on recovery from depression. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1360967. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1360967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusar-Poli P, Estrade A, Stanghellini G, et al. The lived experience of depression: a bottom-up review co-written by experts by experience and academics. World Psychiatry. 2023;22(3):352–365. doi:10.1002/wps.21111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira SE, Carvalho H, Esteves F. Internalized stigma and quality of life domains among people with mental illness: the mediating role of self-esteem. J Ment Health. 2016;25(1):55–61. doi:10.3109/09638237.2015.1124387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parish AL, Gillis B, Anthamatten A. Pharmacotherapy for depression and anxiety in the primary care setting. J Nurse Pract. 2023;19(4):104556. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2023.104556
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lam RW, McIntosh D, Wang J, et al. Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 1. disease burden and principles of care. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61(9):510–523. doi:10.1177/0706743716659416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo T, Xiang YT, Xiao L, et al. Measurement-based care versus standard care for major depression: a randomized controlled trial with blind raters. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(10):1004–1013. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14050652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siniscalchi KA, Broome ME, Fish J, et al. Depression screening and measurement-based care in primary care. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020;11:2150132720931261. doi:10.1177/2150132720931261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes TL, Deane AE, Aramburu H, Yagnik K, Trivedi MH. Improving identification and treatment outcomes of treatment-resistant depression through measurement-based care. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2023;46(2):227–245. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzen KM, Hensley JK, Nakonezny PA, Jones J, Kennard BD, Emslie GJ. Predicting remission from depression in youth receiving outpatient medication management. J Clin Psychiatry. 2023;84(4). doi:10.4088/JCP.22m14581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung BS, Murphy JK, Michalak EE, et al. Barriers and facilitators to technology-enhanced measurement based care for depression among Canadian clinicians and patients: results of an online survey. J Affect Disord. 2023;320:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rea DO, Garber J. The effect of an office-based strategy on treatment outcome and adoption of measurement-based care into psychiatric treatment at a nonprofit, outpatient clinic. J Dr Nurs Pract. 2023. doi:10.1891/JDNP-2021-0042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder J, Dom G, Gorwood P, et al. Improving mental health care in depression: a call for action. Eur Psychiatry. 2023;66(1):e65. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO guideline: recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/311941/9789241550505-eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed June 10, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Frankish H, Boyce N, Horton R. Mental health for all: a global goal. Lancet. 2018;392(10157):1493–1494. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32271-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavaresco R, Barbosa J, Vianna H, Buttenbender P, Dias L. Design and evaluation of a context-aware model based on psychophysiology. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2020;189:105299. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Pablo G S, Studerus E, Vaquerizo-Serrano J, et al. Implementing precision psychiatry: a systematic review of individualized prediction models for clinical practice. Schizophr Bull. 2021;47(2):284–297. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chekroud AM, Bondar J, Delgadillo J, et al. The promise of machine learning in predicting treatment outcomes in psychiatry. World Psychiatry. 2021;20(2):154–170. doi:10.1002/wps.20882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CC, Bai YM, Liu CY, et al. Web-based tools can be used reliably to detect patients with major depressive disorder and subsyndromal depressive symptoms. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7:12. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-7-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li VW, Sahota J, Dev DK, et al. A Randomized Evaluation of MoodFX, a Patient-Centred e-Health Tool to Support Outcome Measurement for Depression: Une évaluation randomisée de MoodFX, un outil de santé en ligne centré sur le patient pour soutenir la mesure du résultat dans la dépression. Can J Psychiatry. 2024,Jul;69(7): 493–502. doi:10.1177/07067437241245331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCue M, Khatib R, Kabir C, et al. User-centered design of a digitally enabled care pathway in a large health system: qualitative interview study. JMIR Hum Factors. 2023;10:e42768.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li N, Feng L, Hu J, et al. Using deeply time-series semantics to assess depressive symptoms based on clinical interview speech. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1104190. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1104190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugatti M, Owen J, Richardson Z, Rasmussen W, Newton D. Therapist engagement in measurement-based care: the association between client outcomes and therapist viewing frequency. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023. doi:10.1002/cpp.2939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aluttis C, Bishaw T, Frank MW. The workforce for health in a globalized context--global shortages and international migration. Glob Health Action. 2014;7:23611. doi:10.3402/gha.v7.23611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieleman J, Campbell M, Chapin A; Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995–2014: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. Lancet. 2017;389(10083):1981–2004. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30874-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godoy L, Hodgkinson S, Robertson HA, et al. Increasing mental health engagement from primary care: the potential role of family navigation. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4). doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blease C, Locher C, Leon-Carlyle M, Doraiswamy M. Artificial intelligence and the future of psychiatry: qualitative findings from a global physician survey. Digit Health. 2020;6:2055207620968355. doi:10.1177/2055207620968355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham S, Depp C, Lee EE, et al. Artificial intelligence for mental health and mental illnesses: an overview. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(11):116. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1094-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo JP, Narayan BN, Santi NS. The future of psychiatry with artificial intelligence: can the man-machine duo redefine the tenets? Consort Psychiatr. 2023;4(3):72–76. doi:10.17816/CP13626
   PubMedGoogle Scholar