Continuous Wound Infiltration of Local Anesthetics in Postoperative Pain Management: Safety, Efficacy and Current Perspectives

References

• Goerig M, Gottschalk A. Beginning of continuous wound infusion with local anesthetics: with special emphasis on the contributions from Walter Capelle and Ewald Fulde. Anaesthesist. 2017;66(7):518–529. doi:10.1007/s00101-017-0285-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk A, Gottschalk A. Continuous wound infusion of local anesthetics: importance in postoperative pain therapy. Anaesthesist. 2010;59(12):1076–1082. doi:10.1007/s00101-010-1808-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SS, Richman JM, Thirlby RC, Wu CL. Efficacy of continuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;203(6):914–932. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguirre J, Baulig B, Dora C, et al. Continuous epicapsular ropivacaine 0.3% infusion after minimally invasive hip arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study comparing continuous wound infusion with morphine patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2012;114(2):456–461. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318239dc64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali A, Sundberg M, Hansson U, Malmvik J, Flivik G. Doubtful effect of continuous intraarticular analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized double-blind study of 200 patients. Acta Orthop. 2015;86(3):373–377. doi:10.3109/17453674.2014.991629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen KV, Bak M, Christensen BV, Harazuk J, Pedersen NA, Soballe K. A randomized, controlled trial comparing local infiltration analgesia with epidural infusion for total knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthop. 2010;81:606–610. doi:10.3109/17453674.2010.519165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoni M, Jenny JY, Noll E. Postoperative pain control by intra-articular local anesthesia versus femoral nerve block following total knee arthroplasty: impact on discharge. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100(3):313–316. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2013.12.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braito M, Dammerer D, Schlager A, Wansch J, Linhart C, Biedermann R. Continuous wound infiltration after hallux valgus surgery. Foot Ankle Int. 2018;39(2):180–188. doi:10.1177/1071100717736292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchko JZ, Gurney-Dunlop T, Shin JJ. Knee chondrolysis by infusion of bupivacaine with epinephrine through an intra-articular pain pump catheter after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(2):337–344. doi:10.1177/0363546514555667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrydnjov I, Anderberg C, Olsson C, Shapurova O, Angel K, Bergman S. Intraarticular vs. extraarticular ropivacaine infusion following high-dose local infiltration analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized double-blind study. Acta Orthop. 2011;82(6):692–698. doi:10.3109/17453674.2011.625535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggal S, Flics S, Cornell CN. Intra-articular analgesia and discharge to home enhance recovery following total knee replacement. HSS J. 2015;11(1):56–64. doi:10.1007/s11420-014-9414-8
   Google Scholar
• Fusco P, Cofini V, Petrucci E, et al. Continuous wound infusion and local infiltration analgesia for postoperative pain and rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty. Minerva Anestesiol. 2018;84(5):556–564. doi:10.23736/S0375-9393.17.12110-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuzaylov G, Kelly TL, Bline C, Dunaev A, Dylewski ML, Driscoll DN. Post-operative pain control for burn reconstructive surgery in a resource-restricted country with subcutaneous infusion of local anesthetics through a soaker catheter to the surgical site: preliminary results. Burns: J Int Soc for Burn Injuries. 2015;41(8):1811–1815. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2015.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyes FR, Fleckenstein CM, Barber-Westin SD. The development of postoperative knee chondrolysis after intra-articular pain pump infusion of an anesthetic medication: a series of twenty-one cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(16):1448–1457. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.01333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose B, Kunasingam K, Barton T, Walsh J, Fogarty K, Wines A. A randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of a continuous subcutaneous infusion of local anesthetic following elective surgery to the great toe. Foot Ankle Spec. 2017;10(2):116–124. doi:10.1177/1938640016666923
   Google Scholar
• Shutze W, Shutze Jr WP Jr., Prajapati P, et al. Postoperative continuous catheter-infused local anesthetic reduces pain scores and narcotic use after lower extremity revascularization. Vascular. 2018;26(3):262–270. doi:10.1177/1708538117728864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solovyova O, Lewis CG, Abrams JH, et al. Local infiltration analgesia followed by continuous infusion of local anesthetic solution for total hip arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(21):1935–1941. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.00477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun XL, Zhao ZH, Ma JX, et al. Continuous local infiltration analgesia for pain control after total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine. 2015;94(45):e2005. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhl C, Betz T, Rupp A, Steinbauer M, Topel I. The influence of continuous local wound infusion on postoperative pain in patients undergoing transfemoral amputation. VASA Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten. 2015;44(5):381–386. doi:10.1024/0301-1526/a000457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundy JB, Cancio LC. A novel technique for split-thickness skin donor site pain control: subcutaneous catheters for continuous local anesthetic infusion. J Burn Care Res. 2012;33(1):e22–3. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182356095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan SK, Lai PB, Li PT, et al. The analgesic efficacy of continuous wound instillation with ropivacaine after open hepatic surgery. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(12):1180–1186. doi:10.1111/ana.2010.65.issue-12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaykovska L, Blohme L, Mayer D, et al. Paraincisional subcutaneous infusion of ropivacaine after open abdominal vascular surgery shows significant advantages. Ann Vasc Surg. 2014;28(4):837–844. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2013.11.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung D, Lee YJ, Jo MH, et al. The ON-Q pain management system in elective gynecology oncologic surgery: management of postoperative surgical site pain compared to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Obstetrics Gynecol Sci. 2013;56(2):93–101. doi:10.5468/OGS.2013.56.2.93
   Google Scholar
• Dhanapal B, Sistla SC, Badhe AS, Ali SM, Ravichandran NT, Galidevara I. Effectiveness of continuous wound infusion of local anesthetics after abdominal surgeries. J Surg Res. 2017;212:94–100. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2016.12.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gherghinescu MC, Copotoiu C, Lazar AE, Popa D, Mogoanta SS, Molnar C. Continuous local analgesia is effective in postoperative pain treatment after medium and large incisional hernia repair. Hernia: J Hernias Abdominal Wall Surg. 2017;21(5):677–685. doi:10.1007/s10029-017-1625-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotta K, Inoue S, Taira K, Sata N, Tamai K, Takeuchi M. Comparison of the analgesic effect between continuous wound infiltration and single-injection transversus abdominis plane block after gynecologic laparotomy. J Anesth. 2016;30(1):31–38. doi:10.1007/s00540-015-2083-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang LW, Wong SW, Crowe PJ, et al. Wound infusion with local anaesthesia after laparotomy: a randomized controlled trial. ANZ J Surg. 2010;80(11):794–801. doi:10.1111/ans.2010.80.issue-11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo R. Pain management, local infection, satisfaction, adverse effects and residual pain after major open abdominal surgery: epidural versus continuous wound infusion (PAMA trial). Acta Med Port. 2017;30(10):683–690. doi:10.20344/amp.8600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Che L, Lu X, Pei LJ. Efficacy and safety of a continuous wound catheter in open abdominal partial hepatectomy. Chin Med Sci. 2017;32(3):171–176.
   Google Scholar
• Fassoulaki A, Chassiakos D, Melemeni A. Intermittent epidural vs continuous wound infusion of ropivacaine for acute and chronic pain control after hysterectomy or myomectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Med (Malden, Mass). 2014;15(9):1603–1608. doi:10.1111/pme.12523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes MJ, Harrison EM, Peel NJ, et al. Randomized clinical trial of perioperative nerve block and continuous local anaesthetic infiltration via wound catheter versus epidural analgesia in open liver resection (LIVER 2 trial). Br J Surg. 2015;102(13):1619–1628. doi:10.1002/bjs.9949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilic M, Ozkan Seyhan T, Orhan Sungur M, Ekiz N, Bastu E, Senturk M. The effects of subfascial wound versus epidural levobupivacaine infusion on postoperative pain following hysterectomy. Minerva Anestesiol. 2014;80(7):769–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renghi A, Gramaglia L, Casella F, Moniaci D, Gaboli K, Brustia P. Local versus epidural anesthesia in fast-track abdominal aortic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013;27(3):451–458. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2012.09.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventham NT, Hughes M, O’Neill S, Johns N, Brady RR, Wigmore SJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of continuous local anaesthetic wound infiltration versus epidural analgesia for postoperative pain following abdominal surgery. Br J Surg. 2013;100(10):1280–1289. doi:10.1002/bjs.2013.100.issue-10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mungroop TH, Veelo DP, Busch OR, et al. Continuous wound infiltration versus epidural analgesia after hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery (POP-UP): a randomised controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(2):105–113. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30012-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammianickal PL, Thangaswamy CR, Balachander H, Subbaiah M, Kumar NCP. Comparing epidural and wound infiltration analgesia for total abdominal hysterectomy: a randomised controlled study. Indian J Anaesth. 2018;62(10):759–764. doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_124_18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball L, Pellerano G, Corsi L, et al. Continuous epidural versus wound infusion plus single morphine bolus as postoperative analgesia in open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a randomized non-inferiority trial. Minerva Anestesiol. 2016;82(12):1296–1305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revie EJ, McKeown DW, Wilson JA, Garden OJ, Wigmore SJ. Randomized clinical trial of local infiltration plus patient-controlled opiate analgesia vs. epidural analgesia following liver resection surgery. HPB: off J Int Hepato Pancreato Biliary Assoc. 2012;14(9):611–618. doi:10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00490.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell R, Ward D, Jeffery J, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing epidural analgesia versus continuous local anesthetic infiltration via abdominal wound catheter in open liver resection. Ann Surg. 2019;269(3):413–419. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilleul P, Aissou M, Bocquet F, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing epidural, patient-controlled intravenous morphine, and continuous wound infiltration for postoperative pain management after open abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(6):998–1005. doi:10.1093/bja/aes091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mungroop TH, Bond MJ, Lirk P, et al. Preperitoneal or subcutaneous wound catheters as alternative for epidural analgesia in abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2019;269(2):252–260. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawal N. Epidural technique for postoperative pain: gold standard no more? Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(3):310–317. doi:10.1097/AAP.0b013e31825735c6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermansson O, George M, Wester T, Christofferson R. Local delivery of bupivacaine in the wound reduces opioid requirements after intraabdominal surgery in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2013;29(5):451–454. doi:10.1007/s00383-013-3296-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krylborn J, Anell-Olofsson ME, Bitkover C, et al. Plasma levels of levobupivacaine during continuous infusion via a wound catheter after major surgery in newborn infants: an observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015;32(12):851–856. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machoki MS, Millar AJ, Albetyn H, Cox SG, Thomas J, Numanoglu A. Local anesthetic wound infusion versus standard analgesia in paediatric post-operative pain control. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015;31(11):1087–1097. doi:10.1007/s00383-015-3796-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niiyama Y, Yotsuyanagi T, Yamakage M. Continuous wound infiltration with 0.2% ropivacaine versus a single intercostal nerve block with 0.75% ropivacaine for postoperative pain management after reconstructive surgery for microtia. J Plast Reconstructive Aesthetic Surg. 2016;69(10):1445–1449. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2016.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandon M, Bonnet A, Burg Y, et al. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block versus continuous wound infusion for post-caesarean analgesia: a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103971. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldaba AA, Amr YM, Sobhy RA. Effect of wound infiltration with bupivacaine or lower dose bupivacaine/magnesium versus placebo for postoperative analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesia Essays Res. 2013;7(3):336–340. doi:10.4103/0259-1162.123227
   Google Scholar
• Fustran Guerrero N, Dalmau Llitjos A, Sabate Pes A. Continuous infusion of local anesthetic at the site of the abdominal surgical wound for postoperative analgesia: a systematic review. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2011;58(6):337–344. doi:10.1016/S0034-9356(11)70082-2
   Google Scholar
• Jolly C, Jathieres F, Keita H, Jaouen E, Guyot B, Torre A. Cesarean analgesia using levobupivacaine continuous wound infiltration: a randomized trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;194:125–130. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.08.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasen F, Bourgoin A, Antonini F, et al. Postoperative analgesia after caesarean section with transversus abdominis plane block or continuous infiltration wound catheter: a randomized clinical trial. TAP Vs. Infiltration After Caesarean Section. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2016;35(6):401–406. doi:10.1016/j.accpm.2016.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalmand M, Wilwerth M, Fils JF, van der Linden P. Continuous ropivacaine subfascial wound infusion compared with intrathecal morphine for postcesarean analgesia: a prospective, randomized controlled, double-blind study. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(3):907–912. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill P, Duarte F, Ribeiro I, Centeno MJ, Moreira J. Ropivacaine continuous wound infusion versus epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2012;114(1):179–185. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182368e87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel SD, Sharawi N, Sultan P. Local anaesthetic techniques for post-caesarean delivery analgesia. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2019;40:62–77. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2019.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rackelboom T, Le Strat S, Silvera S, et al. Improving continuous wound infusion effectiveness for postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(4):893–900. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f38ac6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telnes A, Skogvoll E, Lonnee H. Transversus abdominis plane block vs. wound infiltration in Caesarean section: a randomised controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(4):496–504. doi:10.1111/aas.2015.59.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner-Kovacec J, Povalej-Brzan P, Mekis D. Efficacy of continuous in-wound infusion of levobupivacaine and ketorolac for post-caesarean section analgesia: a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018;18(1):165. doi:10.1186/s12871-018-0609-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaretsky M, Wood C, Nivens T, et al. Continuous local bupivacaine wound infusion with neuraxial morphine reduces opioid consumption after cesarean delivery. Journal Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(23):3895–3902. doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1474872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr J, Boulind C, Foster JD, et al. Impact of analgesic modality on stress response following laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Tech Coloproctol. 2015;19(4):231–239. doi:10.1007/s10151-015-1270-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaussier M, Parc Y, Guechot J, Cachanado M, Rousseau A, Lescot T. Ropivacaine preperitoneal wound infusion for pain relief and prevention of incisional hyperalgesia after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a randomized, triple-arm, double-blind controlled evaluation vs intravenous lidocaine infusion, the CATCH study. Colorectal Dis. 2018;20(6):509–519. doi:10.1111/codi.2018.20.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulind CE, Ewings P, Bulley SH, et al. Feasibility study of analgesia via epidural versus continuous wound infusion after laparoscopic colorectal resection. Br J Surg. 2013;100(3):395–402. doi:10.1002/bjs.v100.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassoulaki A, Vassi E, Korkolis D, Zotou M. Perioperative continuous ropivacaine wound infusion in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled double-blind trial. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2016;26(1):25–30. doi:10.1097/SLE.0000000000000224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fustran N, Dalmau A, Ferreres E, et al. Postoperative analgesia with continuous wound infusion of local anaesthesia vs saline: a double-blind randomized, controlled trial in colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2015;17(4):342–350. doi:10.1111/codi.12893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander EM, Webb MP, Bias M, Whang EE, Kaye AD, Urman RD. Use of regional anesthesia techniques: analysis of institutional enhanced recovery after surgery protocols for colorectal surgery. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2017;27(9):898–902. doi:10.1089/lap.2017.0339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SY, Kim NK, Baik SH, et al. Effects of postoperative pain management on immune function after laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer: a randomized study. Medicine. 2016;95(19):e3602. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong TW, Park H, Cheong JY, Min SK, Ryu HS. Efficacy of continuous wound infiltration of local anesthetic for pain relief after gynecologic laparoscopy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014;124(3):212–215. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.08.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Sim WS, Kim GE, et al. Randomized trial of subfascial infusion of ropivacaine for early recovery in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2016;69(6):604–613. doi:10.4097/kjae.2016.69.6.604
   Google Scholar
• Medbery RL, Chiruvella A, Srinivasan J, Sweeney JF, Lin E, Davis SS. The value of continuous wound infusion systems for postoperative pain control following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: an analysis of outcomes and cost. Obes Surg. 2014;24(4):541–548. doi:10.1007/s11695-013-1110-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh BY, Park YA, Koo HY, et al. Analgesic efficacy of ropivacaine wound infusion after laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Ann Surg Treat Res. 2016;91(4):202–206. doi:10.4174/astr.2016.91.4.202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panaro F, Gheza F, Piardi T, et al. Continuous infusion of local anesthesia after living donor nephrectomy: a comparative analysis. Transplant Proc. 2011;43(4):985–987. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.01.144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telletxea S, Gonzalez J, Portugal V, et al. Analgesia with interfascial continuous wound infiltration after laparoscopic colon surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2016;63(4):197–206. doi:10.1016/j.redar.2015.07.008
   Google Scholar
• Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(3):292–298. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana C, Di Donato A, Di Giacomo G, et al. Postoperative analgesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study of intraarticular, subacromial injection, interscalenic brachial plexus block and intraarticular plus subacromial injection efficacy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26(8):689–693. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e32832d673e
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koltka K, Doğruel B, Sentürk M, Atalar AC, Küçükay S, Pembeci K. Postoperative analgesia for arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery: a comparison between subacromial and interscalene levobupivacaine. Agri. 2011;23(1):7–12. doi:10.5505/agri.2011.97269
   Google Scholar
• Merivirta R, Kuusniemi KS, Aantaa R, Hurme SA, Aärimaa V, Leino KA. The analgesic effect of continuous subacromial bupivacaine infusion after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56(2):210–216. doi:10.1111/aas.2012.56.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busfield B, Romero D. Pain pump use after shoulder arthroscopy as a cause of glenohumeral chondrolysis. Arthroscopy. 2009;25(6):647–652. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2009.01.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartzberg RS, Reuss BL, Rust R. Efficacy of continuous subacromial bupivacaine infusion for pain control after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013;22(10):1320–1324. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2013.03.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabhan A, Steudel WI, Dedeman L, Al-Khayat J, Ishak B. Subcutaneous local anesthesia versus intravenous regional anesthesia for endoscopic carpal tunnel release: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(1):240–244. doi:10.3171/2008.2.17395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chocron Y, Aljerian A, Thibaudeau S. Upper-Extremity Nerve Decompression Under Local Anesthesia: A Systematic Review of Methods for Reduction of Postoperative Pain and Opioid Consumption. New York, NY: Hand; 2019:1558944719843635.
   Google Scholar
• Keramidas EG, Rodopoulou SG. Ropivacaine versus lidocaine in digital nerve blocks: a prospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(7):2148–2152. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000260725.33655.88
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şener A, Demircan A, Keleş A, Bildik F, Karakurt K. Comparison of local infiltration anesthesia and peripheral nerve block: a randomized prospective study in hand lacerations. Turk J Med Sci. 2015;45(3):694–699. doi:10.3906/sag-1312-24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielinski J, Jaworski R, Smietanska I, Irga N, Wujtewicz M, Jaskiewicz J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of preemptive analgesia with bupivacaine in patients undergoing mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast. Med Sci Monit. 2011;17(10):CR589–97. doi:10.12659/MSM.881986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigneau A, Salengro A, Berger J, et al. A double blind randomized trial of wound infiltration with ropivacaine after breast cancer surgery with axillary nodes dissection. BMC Anesthesiol. 2011;24(11):23. doi:10.1186/1471-2253-11-23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell I, Cavanagh S, Creighton J, et al. To infiltrate or not? Acute effects of local anaesthetic in breast surgery. ANZ J Surg. 2015;85(5):353–357. doi:10.1111/ans.2015.85.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavendra GK, Sreenivasa RH, Ashok K, et al. Surgically placed wound catheters (SPWC) and local anaesthetic infusion in breast surgery: efficacy and safety analysis. Breast Dis. 2011;33(1):1–8. doi:10.3233/BD-2010-0316
   Google Scholar
• Strazisar B, Besic N. Comparison of continuous local anaesthetic and systemic pain treatment after axillary lymphadenectomy in breast carcinoma patients - a prospective randomized study. Radiol Oncol. 2013;47(2):145–153. doi:10.2478/raon-2013-0018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouman EA, Theunissen M, Kessels AG, et al. Continuous paravertebral block for postoperative pain compared to general anaesthesia and wound infiltration for major oncological breast surgery. Springerplus. 2014;11(3):517. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-517
   Google Scholar
• Jonnavithula N, Khandelia H, Durga P, Ramachandran G. Role of wound instillation with bupivacaine through surgical drains for postoperative analgesia in modified radical mastectomy. Indian J Anaesth. 2015;59(1):15–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.149443
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khpal M, Miller JRC, Petrovic Z, Hassanally D. Local anesthetic delivery via surgical drain provides improved pain control versus direct skin infiltration following axillary node dissection for breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2018;25(2):185–190. doi:10.1007/s12282-017-0810-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byager N, Hansen MS, Mathiesen O, Dahl JB. The analgesic effect of wound infiltration with local anaesthetics after breast surgery: a qualitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58(4):402–410. doi:10.1111/aas.2014.58.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam KW, Chen SY, Huang TW, et al. Effect of wound infiltration with ropivacaine or bupivacaine analgesia in breast cancer surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg. 2015;22:79–85. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.07.715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albi-Feldzer A, Mouret-Fourme EE, Hamouda S, et al. A double-blind randomized trial of wound and intercostal space infiltration with ropivacaine during breast cancer surgery: effects on chronic postoperative pain. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(2):318–326. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31827d88d8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu M, Bryson GL, Lui A, Watters JM, Taljaard M, Nathan HJ. Reducing persistent postoperative pain and disability 1 year after breast cancer surgery: a randomized, controlled trial comparing thoracic paravertebral block to local anesthetic infiltration. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(3):795–801. doi:10.1245/s10434-013-3334-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung BF, Ahrendt GM, Oaklander AL, Dworkin RH. Neuropathic pain following breast cancer surgery: proposed classification and research update. Pain. 2003;104(1–2):1–13. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00241-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syal K, Chandel A. Comparison of the post-operative analgesic effect of paravertebral block, pectoral nerve block and local infiltration in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy: a randomised double-blind trial. Indian J Anaesth. 2017;61(8):643–648. doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_81_17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svircevic V, van Dijk D, Nierich AP, et al. Meta-analysis of thoracic epidural anesthesia versus general anesthesia for cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(2):271–282. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318201d300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorelli A, Vicidomini G, Laperuta P, et al. Pre-emptive local analgesia in video-assisted thoracic surgery sympathectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;37(3):588–593. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.07.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao Z, Zhou H, Pan X, et al. Ropivacaine wound infiltration: a fast-track approach in patients undergoing thoracotomy surgery. J Surg Res. 2017;220:379–384. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnik PP, Dave NM, Garasia M. Comparison of analgesic efficacy and safety of continuous epidural infusion versus local infiltration and systemic opioids in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery decortication in pediatric empyema patients. Saudi J Anaesth. 2018;12(2):240–244. doi:10.4103/sja.SJA_659_17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abo-Zeid MA, Elgamal MM, Hewidy AA, Moawad AA, Adel Elmaddawy AE. Ultrasound-guided multilevel paravertebral block versus local anesthesia for medical thoracoscopy. Saudi J Anaesth. 2017;11(4):442–448. doi:10.4103/sja.SJA_292_17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattila I, Pätilä T, Rautiainen P, et al. The effect of continuous wound infusion of ropivacaine on postoperative pain after median sternotomy and mediastinal drain in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2016;26(7):727–733. doi:10.1111/pan.2016.26.issue-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eljezi V, Dualé C, Azarnoush K, et al. The analgesic effects of a bilateral sternal infusion of ropivacaine after cardiac surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(2):166–174. doi:10.1097/AAP.0b013e318240957f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eljezi V, Imhoff E, Bourdeaux D, et al. Bilateral sternal infusion of ropivacaine and length of stay in ICU after cardiac surgery with increased respiratory risk: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2017;34(2):56–65. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar