Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates and Infants Using Epidural Chloroprocaine and Clonidine

References

• Maitra S, Baidya DK, Pawar DK, Arora MK, Khanna P. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in the neonate: a review of current evidences. J Anesth. 2014;28:768–779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murrell D, Gibson PR, Cohen RC. Continuous epidural analgesia in newborn infants undergoing major surgery. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28(4):548–552. doi:10.1016/0022-3468(93)90614-Q
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecoffey C, Dubousset AM, Samii K. Lumbar and thoracic epidural anesthesia for urologic and upper abdominal surgery in infants and children. Anesthesiology. 1986;65:87–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhly WT, Gurnaney HG, Kraemer FW, Ganesh A, Maxwell LG. A retrospective comparison of ropivacaine and 2-chloroprocaine continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for management of post thoracotomy pain in infants. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015;25(11):1162–1167. doi:10.1111/pan.12745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berde CB. Convulsions associated with pediatric regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1992;75:164–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson BA, Lönnqvist PA, Olsson GL. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine in neonates after continuous epidural infusion. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:501–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peutrell JM, Holder K, Gregory M. Plasma bupivacaine concentrations associated with continuous extradural infusions in babies. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78(2):160–162. doi:10.1093/bja/78.2.160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dontukurthy S, Tobias JD. Updates on local anesthetic systemic toxicity, prevention and treatment during regional anesthesia in infants and young children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. In press 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Veneziano G, Tobias JD. Chloroprocaine for epidural anesthesia in infants and children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2017;27(6):581–590. doi:10.1111/pan.13134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veneziano G, Iliev P, Tripi J, et al. Continuous chloroprocaine infusion for thoracic and caudal epidurals as a postoperative analgesia modality in neonates, infants, and children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2016;26(1):84–91. doi:10.1111/pan.12807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross EL, Reiter PD, Murphy ME, Bielsky AR. Evaluation of prolonged epidural chloroprocaine for postoperative analgesia in infants. J Clin Anesth. 2015;27:463–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zsigmond EK, Downs R. Plasma cholinesterase activity in newborns and infants. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1971;18(3):278–285. doi:10.1007/BF03025463
   Google Scholar
• Kuhnert BR, Kuhnert PM, Philipson EH, Syracuse CD, Kaine CJ, Yun CH. The half-life of 2-chloroprocaine. Anesth Analg. 1986;65(3):273–278. doi:10.1213/00000539-198603000-00009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur M. Adjuvants to local anesthetics: a combination wisdom. Anesth Essays Res. 2010;4(2):122–123. doi:10.4103/0259-1162.73523
   Google Scholar
• Swain A, Nag DS, Sahu S, Samaddar DP. Adjuvants to local anesthetics: current understanding and future trends. World J Clin Cases. 2017;5(8):307–323. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v5.i8.307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Yu LY, Zhang WS. Clonidine versus other adjuncts added to local anesthetics for pediatric neuraxial blocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Res. 2018;11:1027–1036. doi:10.2147/JPR.S158264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gammaitoni AR, Fine P, Alvarez N, McPherson ML, Bergmark S. Clinical application of opioid equianalgesic data. Clin J Pain. 2003;19(5):286–297. doi:10.1097/00002508-200309000-00002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel P, Puchalski M, Creech SD, Weiss MG. Clinical reliability and validity of the N-PASS: neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale with prolonged pain. J Perinatol. 2008;28(1):55–60. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997;23:293–297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agarwal R, Gutlove DP, Lockhart CH. Seizures occurring in pediatric patients receiving continuous infusion of bupivacaine. Anesth Analg. 1992;75(2):284–286. doi:10.1213/00000539-199208000-00023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey JJ, Haun SE, Deshpande JK. Bupivacaine toxicity secondary to continuous caudal epidural infusion in children. Anesth Analg. 1992;75:287–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bösenberg AT, Thomas J, Cronje L, et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine for continuous epidural infusion in neonates and infants. Pediatr Anesth. 2005;15(9):739–749. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2004.01550.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unnerstall JR, Kopajtic TA, Kuhar MJ. Distribution of alpha-2 agonist binding sites in the rat and human central nervous system: analysis of some functional, anatomic correlates of the pharmacologic effects of clonidine and related adrenergic agents. Brain Res. 1984;319(1):69–101. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(84)90030-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenach JC, De Kock M, Klimscha W. Alpha(2)-adrenergic agonists for regional anesthesia. A clinical review of clonidine (1984–1995). Anesthesiology. 1996;85(3):655–674. doi:10.1097/00000542-199609000-00026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Raval D, Patel M, Patel N, Shah N. Addition of epidural clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia: a double-blind study in total knee- replacement surgeries. Anesth Essays Res. 2010;4(2):70–74. doi:10.4103/0259-1162.73510
   Google Scholar
• Allen TK, Mishriky BM, Klinger RY, Habib AS. The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(2):228–240. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamali S, Monin S, Begon C, Dubousset AM, Ecoffey C. Clonidine in pediatric caudal anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1994;78(4):663–666. doi:10.1213/00000539-199404000-00008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnabel A, Poepping DM, Pogatzki-Zahn EM, Zahn PK. Efficacy and safety of clonidine as additive for caudal regional anesthesia: a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Paediatr Anaesth. 2011;21(12):1219–1230. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03715.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansermino M, Basu R, Vandebeek C, et al. Nonopioid additives to local anaesthetics for caudal blockade in children: a systematic review. Paediatr Anaesth. 2003;13(7):561–573. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.01048.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Negri P, Ivani G, Visconti C, et al. The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:71–76. doi:10.1097/00000539-200107000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klamt JG, Garcia LV, Stocche RM, Meinberg AC. Epidural infusion of clonidine or clonidine plus ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing major abdominal surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2003;15(7):510–514. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2003.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klamt JG, Santoni M, Garcia LV, Stocche RM. Perioperative analgesia with continuous epidural infusion of morphine combined with clonidine in children undergoing abdominal surgeries. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2007;57(6):606–617. doi:10.1590/S0034-70942007000600003
   Google Scholar
• Ivani G, Tonetti F. Postoperative analgesia in infants and children: new developments. Minerva Anestesiol. 2004;70:399–403.
   Google Scholar
• Walker SM, Yaksh TL. Neuraxial analgesia in neonates and infants: a review of clinical and preclinical strategies for the development of safety and efficacy data. Anesth Analg. 2012;115:638–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey PL, Sperry RJ, Johnson GK, et al. Respiratory effects of clonidine alone and combined with morphine, in humans. Anesthesiology. 1991;74(1):43–48. doi:10.1097/00000542-199101000-00008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penon C, Ecoffey C, Cohen SE. Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after epidural clonidine injection. Anesth Analg. 1991;72(6):761–991. doi:10.1213/00000539-199106000-00007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivani G, Bergendahl HT, Lampugnani E, et al. Plasma levels of clonidine following epidural bolus injection in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42(3):306–311. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb04921.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellmann C, Gerber AC, Weiss M. Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002;12(7):637–640. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2002.00924.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar