Nociceptors: Their Role in Body’s Defenses, Tissue Specific Variations and Anatomical Update

References

• Hudspith MJ. Anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of pain. Anaesth Intensive Care Med. 2019;17(9):425–430.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett DL. Neurotrophic factors: important regulators of nociceptive function. Neuroscientist. 2001;7(1):13–17. doi:10.1177/107385840100700105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubin AE, Patapoutian A. Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(11):3760–3772. doi:10.1172/JCI42843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardeh D, Naranjo JF. Anatomy and physiology: mechanisms of nociceptive transmission. In: Pain Medicine. Cham: Springer; 2017:3–5.
   Google Scholar
• Ringkamp M, Dougherty PM, Raja SN. Anatomy and physiology of the pain signaling process. In: Essentials of Pain Medicine. Elsevier; 2018:3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Meixiong J, Basso L, Dong X, Gaudenzio N. Nociceptor–mast cell sensory clusters as regulators of skin homeostasis. Trends Neurosci. 2020;43(3):130–132. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace MC, Passavanti MB, De Nardis L, et al. Nociceptor plasticity: a closer look. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(4):2824–2838. doi:10.1002/jcp.25993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin JW, Thompson WJ. Biology and pathology of nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Glia. 2008;56(14):1518–1531. doi:10.1002/glia.20778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher CJ, Yaksh TL, Bruno K, Eddinger KA. Basic science of pain. In: Pain Care Essentials and Innovations. Elsevier; 2021:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Groh A, Krieger P, Mease RA, Henderson L. Acute and chronic pain processing in the thalamocortical system of humans and animal models. Neuroscience. 2018;387:58–71. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondim FDAA, Barreira AA, Claudino R, et al. Definition and diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy: consensus from the peripheral neuropathy scientific department of the Brazilian academy of neurology. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2018;76(3):200–208. doi:10.1590/0004-282x20180015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bove GM. Epi-perineurial anatomy, innervation, and axonal nociceptive mechanisms. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2008;12(3):185–190. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.03.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meltzer S, Santiago C, Sharma N, Ginty DD. The cellular and molecular basis of somatosensory neuron development. Neuron. 2021;109(23):3736–3757. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lübke JH, Idoon F, Mohasel-Roodi M, et al. Neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis and therapy. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2021;81(4):314–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng X, Choi JS, Waxman SG, Dib-Hajj SD. Mini-review-sodium channels and beyond in peripheral nerve disease: modulation by cytokines and their effector protein kinases. Neurosci Lett. 2021;741:135446. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Nooij JC. Influencers in the somatosensory system: extrinsic control of sensory neuron phenotypes. Neuroscientist. 2022;10738584221074350. doi:10.1177/10738584221074350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michoud F, Seehus C, Schönle P, et al. Epineural optogenetic activation of nociceptors initiates and amplifies inflammation. Nat Biotechnol. 2021;39(2):179–185. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0673-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barragán-Iglesias P, Franco-Enzástiga Ú, Jeevakumar V, et al. Type I interferons act directly on nociceptors to produce pain sensitization: implications for viral infection-induced pain. J Neurosci. 2020;40(18):3517–3532. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3055-19.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mody PH, Dos Santos NL, Barron LR, Price TJ, Burton MD. eIF4E phosphorylation modulates pain and neuroinflammation in the aged. GeroScience. 2020;42(6):1663–1674. doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00220-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiers S, Mwirigi J, Pradhan G, et al. Reversal of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain and cognitive dysfunction via genetic and tomivosertib targeting of MNK. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(3):524–533. doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0537-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riol-Blanco L, Ordovas-Montanes J, Perro M, et al. Nociceptive sensory neurons drive interleukin-23-mediated psoriasiform skin inflammation. Nature. 2014;510(7503):157–161; PMID: 24759321; PMCID: PMC4127885. doi: 10.1038/nature13199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JA, Edwards TN, Liu AW, et al. Cutaneous TRPV1+ neurons trigger protective innate type 17 anticipatory immunity. Cell. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashem SW, Riedl MS, Yao C, Honda CN, Vulchanova L, Kaplan DH. Nociceptive sensory fibers drive interleukin-23 production from CD301b+ dermal dendritic cells and drive protective cutaneous immunity. Immunity. 2015;43(3):515–526. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu IM, von Hehn CA, Woolf CJ. Neurogenic inflammation and the peripheral nervous system in host defense and immunopathology. Nat Neurosci. 2012;15(8):1063–1067. doi:10.1038/nn.3144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han L, Ma C, Liu Q, et al. A subpopulation of nociceptors specifically linked to itch. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16(2):174–182; PMID: 23263443; PMCID: PMC3557753. doi: 10.1038/nn.3289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brierley SM. Gut nociceptors: sentinels promoting host defense. Cell Res. 2020;30(4):279–280. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0278-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humenick A, Brookes SJH. Activation of intestinal spinal afferent endings by changes in intra-mesenteric arterial pressure. J Physiol. 2015;593(16):3693–3709. doi:10.1113/jp270378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struller F, Weinreich FJ, Horvath P, et al. Peritoneal innervation: embryology and functional anatomy. Pleura Peritoneum. 2017;2(4):153–161. doi:10.1515/pp-2017-0024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt R. Silent Nociceptor. In: Schmidt R, Willis W, editors. Encyclopedia of Pain. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_4001.
   Google Scholar
• Gold MS, Gebhart GF. Nociceptor sensitization in pain pathogenesis. Nat Med. 2010;16(11):1248–1257. doi:10.1038/nm.2235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang Y, Han S, Li X, et al. Cutaneous hypersensitivity as an indicator of visceral inflammation via c-nociceptor axon bifurcation. Neurosci Bull. 2021;37(1):45–54; PMID: 32902804; PMCID: PMC7811974. doi: 10.1007/s12264-020-00577-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta JN. Visceral pain: the neurophysiological mechanism. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2009;194:31–74. PMID: 19655104; PMCID: PMC3156094. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79090-7_2
   Google Scholar
• Ren X, Roessler AE, Lynch TL, et al. Cardioprotection via the skin: nociceptor-induced conditioning against cardiac MI in the NIC of time. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019;316(3):H543–H553; PMID: 30575436; PMCID: PMC6415820. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00094.2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley SH, Bahia PK, Taylor-Clark TE. Sensory Nerve terminal mitochondrial dysfunction induces hyperexcitability in airway nociceptors via protein kinase C. Mol Pharmacol. 2014;85(6):839–848. doi:10.1124/mol.113.091272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puntillo F, Giglio M, Paladini A, et al. Pathophysiology of musculoskeletal pain: a narrative review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021;13:1759720X21995067. PMID: 33737965; PMCID: PMC7934019. doi:10.1177/1759720X21995067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, David J. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature. 1997;389(6653):816–824. doi:10.1038/39807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bujak JK, Kosmala D, Szopa IM, Majchrzak K, Bednarczyk P. Inflammation, cancer and immunity—implication of TRPV1 channel. Front Oncol. 2019;9. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.01087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji F, Aono H. Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Pharmaceuticals. 2012;5(8):837–852. doi:10.3390/ph5080837
   Google Scholar
• Lai NY, Musser MA, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, et al. Gut-innervating nociceptor neurons regulate Peyer’s patch microfold cells and SFB levels to mediate salmonella host defense. Cell. 2020;180(1):33–49.e22; PMID: 31813624; PMCID: PMC6954329. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Kwon YJ, Kwon DE, et al. Nociceptive memristor. Adv Mater. 2018;30(8):1704320. doi:10.1002/adma.201704320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr RW, Pianova S, McKemy DD, Brock JA. Action potential initiation in the peripheral terminals of cold-sensitive neurones innervating the Guinea-pig cornea. J Physiol. 2009;587(pt 6):1249–1264. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.167023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hille B. Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes. 3rd ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA: Sinauer Associ- ates, Inc.; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Anshar M, Williams MA. Simplified pain matrix method for artificial pain activation embedded into robot framework. Int J Soc Robot. 2021;13(2):187–195. doi:10.1007/s12369-020-00632-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandkuhler J. Models and mechanisms of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Physiol Rev. 2009;89(2):707–758. doi:10.1152/physrev.00025.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon JH, Song SJ, Yoo IH, et al. Highly uniform, electroforming‐free, and self‐rectifying resistive memory in the Pt/Ta2O5/HfO2‐x/TiN structure. Adv Funct Mater. 2014;24(32):5086–5095. doi:10.1002/adfm.201400064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendell LM. Computational functions of neurons and circuits signaling injury: relationship to pain behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2011;108(Supplement 3):15596–15601. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012195108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar