Clinical Characteristics and Mechanisms of Musculoskeletal Pain in Long COVID

References

• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Practitioners RC of G, Scotland HI. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. NICE guidel; 2020:1–35. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188/resources/covid19-rapid-guideline-managing-the-longterm-effects-of-covid19-pdf-51035515742. Accessed June 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• WHO Headquarters (HQ). A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus; 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1. Accessed June 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Ayoubkhani D, Pawelek P. Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK; 2022. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/datasets/alldatarelatingtoprevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk. Accessed June 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. SSRN Electron J. 2021. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3820561
   Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C, Buxton M, Husain L. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020;370. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpin SJ, McIvor C, Whyatt G, et al. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J Med Virol. 2020;93:1013–1022. doi:10.1002/jmv.26368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright J, Astill SL, Sivan M. The relationship between physical activity and long COVID: a Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Heal. 2022;19(9). doi:10.3390/ijerph19095093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker-Davies RM, O’Sullivan O, Senaratne KPP, et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(16):949–959. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doykov I, Hällqvist J, Gilmour KC, Grandjean L, Mills K, Heywood WE. The long tail of Covid-19” - The detection of a prolonged inflammatory response after a SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic and mildly affected patients. F1000Research. 2020;9:1349. doi:10.12688/f1000research.27287.2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):601–615. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon-Ceron D, Slama D, De Broucker T, et al. Clinical, virological and imaging profile in patients with prolonged forms of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study. J Infect. 2021;82(2):E1–E4. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivan M, Parkin A, Makower S, Greenwood DC. Post-COVID syndrome symptoms, functional disability, and clinical severity phenotypes in hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals: a cross-sectional evaluation from a community COVID rehabilitation service. J Med Virol. 2021. doi:10.1002/jmv.27456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrot S, Cohen M, Barke A, Korwisi B, Rief W, Treede R-D. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain. Pain. 2019;160(1):77–82. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Gómez-Mayordomo V, Cuadrado ML, et al. The presence of headache at onset in SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with long-term post-COVID headache and fatigue: a case-control study. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(13):1332–1341. doi:10.1177/03331024211020404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cieza A, Causey K, Kamenov K, Hanson SW, Chatterji S, Vos T. Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;396(10267):2006–2017. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32340-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versus Arthritis. The state of musculoskeletal health 2021; 2021. Available from: https://www.versusarthritis.org/policy/resources-for-policy-makers/musculoskeletal-calculator/. Accessed June 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman S, Herrström P, Högström K, Petersson IF, Svensson B, Jacobsson LT. Chronic musculoskeletal pain, prevalence rates, and sociodemographic associations in a Swedish population study. J Rheumatol. 2001;28(6):1369–1377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picavet HSJ, Schouten JSAG. Musculoskeletal pain in the Netherlands: prevalences, consequences and risk groups, the DMC(3)-study. Pain. 2003;102(1–2):167–178. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00372-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimas M, Ayala A, Sanz B, Agulló-Tomás MS, Escobar A, Forjaz MJ. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in European older adults: cross-national and gender differences. Eur J Pain. 2018;22(2):333–345. doi:10.1002/ejp.1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivan M, Kinnear L, Tan A, McGonagle D. Risk factors and predictors of long covid or post-COVID-19 syndrome. J R Coll Physicians. 2022;45:e34.
   Google Scholar
• Tüzün EH. Quality of life in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21(3):567–579. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2007.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniadakis N, Gray A. The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain. 2000;84(1):95–103. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00187-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The economic costs of pain in the United States. J Pain. 2012;13(8):715–724. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivan M, Rayner C, Delaney B. Fresh evidence of the scale and scope of long covid. BMJ. 2021;373:n853. doi:10.1136/bmj.n853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohiuddin Chowdhury ATM, Karim MR, Ali MA, Islam J, Li Y, He S. Clinical characteristics and the long-term post-recovery manifestations of the COVID-19 patients—A prospective multicenter cross-sectional study. Front Med. 2021;8:1–10. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.663670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares FHC, Kubota GT, Fernandes AM, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of new-onset pain in COVID-19 survivors, a controlled study. Eur J Pain. 2021;25:1342–1354. doi:10.1002/ejp.1755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adnan JW, Saleemi H, Shafqat A, Arif M, Hamid K. Tendency of post COVID muscle and joint pains. Med Forum Mon. 2021;32(4):161–163.
   Google Scholar
• Bai F, Tomasoni D, Falcinella C, et al. Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.002
   Google Scholar
• Wahlgren C, Divanoglou A, Larsson M, et al. Rehabilitation needs following COVID-19: five-month post-discharge clinical follow-up of individuals with concerning self-reported symptoms. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;43:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101219
   Google Scholar
• Karaarslan F, Güneri FD, Kardeş S. Long COVID: rheumatologic/musculoskeletal symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors at 3 and 6 months. Clin Rheumatol. 2022;41(1):289–296. doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05942-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bileviciute-ljungar I, Norrefalk J, Borg K. Pain burden in post-COVID-19 syndrome following mild COVID-19 infection. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022;11(3):771. doi:10.3390/jcm11030771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goërtz YMJ, Van Herck M, Delbressine JM, et al. Persistent symptoms 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: the post-COVID-19 syndrome? ERJ Open Res. 2020;6(4):00542–02020. doi:10.1183/23120541.00542-2020
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobson KB, Rao M, Bonilla H, et al. Patients with uncomplicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have long-term persistent symptoms and functional impairment similar to patients with severe COVID-19: a cautionary tale during a global pandemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(3):e826–e829. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leite VF, Rampim DB, Jorge VC, et al. Persistent symptoms and disability after COVID-19 hospitalization: data from a comprehensive telerehabilitation program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2021;102(7):1308–1316. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Y, Li X, Geng D, et al. Cerebral micro-structural changes in COVID-19 patients – an MRI-based 3-month follow-up study: a brief title: cerebral changes in COVID-19. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;25(2):100484. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carvalho-Schneider C, Laurent E, Lemaignen A, et al. Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(2):258–263. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leth S, Gunst JD, Mathiasen V, et al. Persistent symptoms in patients recovering from COVID-19 in Denmark. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(4):1–7. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Rodriguez-Jimenez J, Fuensalida-Novo S, et al. Myalgia as a symptom at hospital admission by SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated to persistent musculoskeletal pain as long-term post-COVID sequelae: a case-control study. Pain. 2021. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magdy R, Hussein M, Ragaie C, et al. Characteristics of headache attributed to COVID-19 infection and predictors of its frequency and intensity: a cross sectional study. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(13):1422–1431. doi:10.1177/0333102420965140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taquet M, Dercon Q, Luciano S, Geddes JR, Husain M, Harrison PJ. Incidence, co-occurrence, and evolution of long-COVID features: a 6-month retrospective cohort study of 273,618 survivors of COVID-19. PLoS Med. 2021;18(9):1–22. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal A, Iqbal K, Arshad Ali S, et al. The COVID-19 sequelae: a cross-sectional evaluation of post-recovery symptoms and the need for rehabilitation of COVID-19 survivors. Cureus. 2021;2(2). doi:10.7759/cureus.13080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes DL, Holdsworth L, Jawad N, Gunasekera P, Morice AH, Crooks MG. Post-COVID-19 symptom burden: what is long-COVID and how should we manage it? Lung. 2021;199(2):113–119. doi:10.1007/s00408-021-00423-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Navarro-Santana M, Plaza-Manzano G, Palacios-Ceña D, Arendt-Nielsen L. Time course prevalence of post-COVID pain symptoms of musculoskeletal origin in patients who had survived to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Pain. 2021;Publish Ahead of Print. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham EL, Clark JR, Orban ZS, et al. Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 “long haulers.”. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8(5):1073–1085. doi:10.1002/acn3.51350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics; 2018. Available from: https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en. Accessed November 15, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ursini F, Ciaffi J, Mancarella L, et al. Fibromyalgia: a new facet of the post-COVID-19 syndrome spectrum? Results from a web-based survey. RMD Open. 2021;7(3):e001735. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC, Lely AT, Navis GJ, Van, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol a J Pathol Soc Gt Britain Irel. 2004;203(2):631–637.
   Google Scholar
• Muus C, Luecken MD, Eraslan G, et al. Single-cell meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes across tissues and demographics. Nature Medicine. 2021;27:546–559. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01227-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekulic M, Harper H, Nezami BG, et al. Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in FFPE samples and histopathologic findings in fatal SARS-CoV-2 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;154(2):190–200. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqaa091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong AK, Demediuk L, Tay JY, et al. COVID-19 end-of-life care: symptoms and supportive therapy use in an Australian hospital. Intern Med J. 2021;51:1420–1425. doi:10.1111/imj.15300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschman T, Schneider J, Greuel S, et al. Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune-mediated myopathy in patients who have died. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(8):948. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh J, Mukerji SS, Collens SI, et al. Skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve histopathology in COVID-19. Neurology. 2021;97(8):e849–e858. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000012344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper JE, Uner M, Priemer DS, Rosenberg A, Chen L. Muscle biopsy findings in a case of sars-cov-2-associated muscle injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2021;80(4):377–378. doi:10.1093/jnen/nlaa155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683–690. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitscheider L, Karolyi M, Burkert FR, et al. Muscle involvement in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(10):3411–3417. doi:10.1111/ene.14564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versace V, Sebastianelli L, Ferrazzoli D, et al. Myopathy in COVID-19 critically ill patients: a consequence of hyperinflammation? Front Neurol. 2021;12:66. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.625144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte‐Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, da Silva LFF, et al. Pulmonary and systemic involvement in COVID‐19 patients assessed with ultrasound‐guided minimally invasive autopsy. Histopathology. 2020;77(2):186–197. doi:10.1111/his.14160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agergaard J, Leth S, Pedersen TH, et al. Myopathic changes in patients with long-term fatigue after COVID-19. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021;132(8):1974–1981. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hameed S, Khan AF, Khan S. Electrodiagnostic findings in COVID-19 patients: a single center experience. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021;132(12):3019–3024. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oaklander AL, Mills AJ, Kelley M, et al. Peripheral neuropathy evaluations of patients with prolonged long COVID. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation. 2022;9(3):e1146. doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000001146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Yao Q, Gu X, et al. 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398(10302):747–758. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01755-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LW, Deng CH, Chen XH, et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020;98(8):E951–E959. doi:10.1111/aos.14472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han H, Ma Q, Li C, et al. Profiling serum cytokines in COVID-19 patients reveals IL-6 and IL-10 are disease severity predictors. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):1123–1130. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1770129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu B, Han J, Cheng X, et al. Reduced numbers of T cells and B cells correlates with persistent SARS-CoV-2 presence in non-severe COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17718. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73955-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas C, Wong P, Klein J, et al. Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature. 2020;584(7821):463–469. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2588-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong SWX, Fong S-W, Young BE, et al. Persistent symptoms and association with inflammatory cytokine signatures in recovered coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2021;8(6):ofab156. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binshtok AM, Wang H, Zimmermann K, et al. Nociceptors are interleukin-1β sensors. J Neurosci. 2008;28(52):14062–14073. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3795-08.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenn D, Richter F, Schaible H. Sensitization of unmyelinated sensory fibers of the joint nerve to mechanical stimuli by interleukin‐6 in the rat: an inflammatory mechanism of joint pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(1):351–359. doi:10.1002/art.22282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha FQ, Poole S, Lorenzetti BB, Ferreira SH. The pivotal role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol. 1992;107(3):660. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14503.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mailhot B, Christin M, Tessandier N, et al. Neuronal interleukin-1 receptors mediate pain in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Exp Med. 2020;217(9). doi:10.1084/jem.20191430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva RL, Lopes AH, Guimarães RM, Cunha TM. CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling in pathological pain: role in peripheral and central sensitization. Neurobiol Dis. 2017;105:109–116. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorkin LS, Xiao WH, Wagner R, Myers RR. Tumour necrosis factor-α induces ectopic activity in nociceptive primary afferent fibres. Neuroscience. 1997;81(1):255–262. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00147-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierle DM, Aakre CA, Grach SL, et al. Central sensitization phenotypes in post acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): defining the post COVID syndrome. J Prim Care Community Health. 2021;12:21501327211030824. doi:10.1177/21501327211030826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascella M, Del Gaudio A, Vittori A, et al. COVID-pain: acute and late-onset painful clinical manifestations in COVID-19–molecular mechanisms and research perspectives. J Pain Res. 2021;14:2403. doi:10.2147/JPR.S313978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland AJ, Yousuf MS, Shiers S, Price TJ. Neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the peripheral nervous system: implications for COVID-19 and pain. Pain Rep. 2021;6(1):1–10. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000885
   Google Scholar
• Goudman L, De Smedt A, Noppen M, Moens M. Is central sensitisation the missing link of persisting symptoms after COVID-19 infection? J Clin Med. 2021;10(23):5594. doi:10.3390/jcm10235594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipollaro L, Giordano L, Padulo J, Oliva F, Maffulli N. Musculoskeletal symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patients. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15:1–7. doi:10.1186/s13018-020-01702-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauw DJ, Häuser W, Cohen SP, Fitzcharles M-A, Considering the potential for an increase in chronic pain after the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain. 2020;161(8):1694–1697. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp HI, Corner E, Colvin LA. Chronic pain after COVID-19: implications for rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth. 2020;125(4):436–440. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2020.05.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira E, Ferreira M, Oliveira RKF. Mechanisms of exercise intolerance after COVID-19: new perspectives beyond physical deconditioning. J Bras Pneumol. 2021;47(5):19–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson GJG, Katz J. Understanding the co‐occurrence of anxiety disorders and chronic pain: state‐of‐the‐art. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(10):888–901. doi:10.1002/da.20600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Côté P. Depression as a risk factor for onset of an episode of troublesome neck and low back pain. Pain. 2004;107(1–2):134–139. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWilliams LA, Cox BJ, Enns MW. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain. 2003;106(1–2):127–133. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00301-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkweather AR, Heineman A, Storey S, et al. Methods to measure peripheral and central sensitization using quantitative sensory testing: a focus on individuals with low back pain. Appl Nurs Res. 2016;29:237–241. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2015.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivan M, Halpin S, Gees J, et al. The self-report version and digital format of the COVID-19 Yorkshire rehabilitation scale (C19-YRS) for long covid or post-COVID syndrome assessment and monitoring. Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil. 2021;20(3):8–11. doi:10.47795/qroo4168
   Google Scholar
• Sivan M, Wright S, Hughes S, Calvert M. Using condition specific patient reported outcome measures for long covid. BMJ. 2022;o257. doi:10.1136/bmj.o257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel K, Straudi S, Sien NY, Fayed N, Melvin JL, Sivan M. Applying the who ICF framework to the outcome measures used in the evaluation of long-term clinical outcomes in coronavirus outbreaks. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):1–15. doi:10.3390/ijerph17186476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivan M, Preston N, Parkin A, et al. The modified COVID-19 Yorkshire rehabilitation scale (C19-YRSm) patient-reported outcome measure for long covid or post-COVID syndrome. medRxiv. 2022. doi:10.1101/2022.03.24.22272892
   Google Scholar
• Bellan M, Baricich A, Patrucco F, et al. Long-term sequelae are highly prevalent one year after hospitalization for severe COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1–10. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01215-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324(6):603–605. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galal I, Hussein A, Amin MT, et al. Determinants of persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms: value of a novel COVID-19 symptom score. Egypt J Bronchol. 2021;15(1). doi:10.1186/s43168-020-00049-4
   Google Scholar
• Havervall S, Rosell A, Phillipson M, et al. Symptoms and functional impairment assessed 8 months after mild COVID-19 among health care workers. JAMA. 2021;325(19):2015–2016. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.5612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz LI, Garry K, Prete AM, et al. Six-month outcomes in patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(12):3772–3777. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07032-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs LG, Gourna Paleoudis E, Lesky-Di Bari D, et al. Persistence of symptoms and quality of life at 35 days after hospitalization for COVID-19 infection. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0243882. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal M, Abo Omirah M, Hussein A, Saeed H. Assessment and characterisation of post-COVID-19 manifestations. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;75:e13746–e13746. doi:10.1111/ijcp.13746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmud R, Rahman MM, Rassel MA, et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome among symptomatic COVID-19 patients: a prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center of Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0249644. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradian ST, Parandeh A, Khalili R, Karimi L. Delayed symptoms in patients recovered from COVID-19. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(11):2120–2127. doi:10.18502/ijph.v49i11.4729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Perez O, Merino E, Leon-Ramirez JM, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: a Mediterranean cohort study. J Infect. 2021;82(3):378–383. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavem K, Ghanima W, Olsen MK, Gilboe HM, Einvik G. Persistent symptoms 1.5–6 months after COVID-19 in non-hospitalised subjects: a population-based cohort study. Thorax. 2021;76(4):405–407. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venturelli S, Benatti SV, Casati M, et al. Surviving COVID-19 in bergamo province: a post-acute outpatient re-evaluation. Epidemiol Infect. 2021;2. doi:10.1017/S0950268821000145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong Q, Xu M, Li J, et al. Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-centre longitudinal study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(1):89–95. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou M, Cai J, Sun W, et al. Do post-COVID-19 symptoms exist? A longitudinal study of COVID-19 sequelae in Wenzhou, China. Ann Med Psychol. 2021;179(9):818–821. doi:10.1016/j.amp.2021.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar