Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: progress and future prospects

References

• Wright-Willis A, Evanoff BA, Lian M, Criswell SR, Racette BA. Geographic and ethnic variation in Parkinson disease: a population-based study of US Medicare beneficiaries. Neuroepidemiology. 2010;34(3):143–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huse DM, Schulman K, Orsini L, Castelli-haley J, Kennedy S, Lenhart G. Burden of illness in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20(11):1449–1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson J. An essay on the shaking palsy. London Med Phys J. 1817:38.
   Google Scholar
• Gibb WR, Lees AJ. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1988;51(6):745–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, Lees AJ. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1992;55(3):181–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajput AH, Rozdilsky B, Rajput A. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis in parkinsonism – a prospective study. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991;18(3):275–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Ben-shlomo Y, Lees AJ. The accuracy of diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service. Brain. 2002;125(Pt 4):861–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler CH, Beach TG, Hentz JG, et al. Low clinical diagnostic accuracy of early vs advanced Parkinson disease: clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 2014;83(5):406–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali K, Morris HR. Parkinson’s disease: chameleons and mimics. Pract Neurol. 2015;15(1):14–25.
   Google Scholar
• Langston JW. The Parkinson’s complex: parkinsonism is just the tip of the iceberg. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(4):591–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2005;65(12):1863–1872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew R, Bak TH, Hodges JR. Diagnostic criteria for corticobasal syndrome: a comparative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2012; 83(4):405–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA, et al. Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology. 2008;71(9):670–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvan I, Agid Y, Calne D, et al. Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop. Neurology. 1996;47(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenning GK, Colosimo C. Diagnostic criteria for multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2010; 166(10):839–833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DR, de Silva R, Pavior DC, et al. Characteristics of two distinct clinical phenotypes in pathologically proven progressive supranuclear palsy: Richardson’s syndrome and PSP-parkinsonism. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 6):1247–1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman JG, Postuma R. Premotor and nonmotor features of Parkinson’s disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2014;27(4):434–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pont-sunyer C, Hotter A, Gaig C, et al. The onset of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (the ONSET PD study). Mov Disord. 2015;30(2):229–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrag A, Horsfall L, Walters K, Noyce A, Petersen I. Prediagnostic presentations of Parkinson’s disease in primary care: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(1):57–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, et al. Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(6):893–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sixel-döring F, Trautmann E, Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C. Rapid eye movement sleep behavioral events: a new marker for neurodegeneration in early Parkinson disease? Sleep. 2014;37(3):431–438.
   Google Scholar
• Schenck CH, Boeve BF, Mahowald MW. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder or dementia in 81% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a 16-year update on a previously reported series. Sleep Med. 2013;14(8):744–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iranzo A, Tolosa E, Gelpi E, et al. Neurodegenerative disease status and post-mortem pathology in idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(5):443–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Fantini ML, Massicotte-marquez J, Montplaisir J. Quantifying the risk of neurodegenerative disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2009;72(15):1296–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings D, Siderowf A, Stern M, et al. Imaging prodromal Parkinson disease: the Parkinson Associated Risk Syndrome Study. Neurology. 2014;83(19):1739–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse K, Heilmann R, Kleinschmidt S, et al. Value of combined midbrain sonography, olfactory and motor function assessment in the differential diagnosis of early Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 2012;83(4):441–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter U, Heilmann R, Kaulitz L, et al. Prediction of Parkinson’s disease subsequent to severe depression: a ten-year follow-up study. J Neural Transm. Epub September 14, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Brás J, Guerreiro R, Hardy J. SnapShot: genetics of Parkinson’s disease. Cell. 2015;160(3):570–570. e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J. Parkinson disease subtypes. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(4):499–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spatola M, Wider C. Genetics of Parkinson’s disease: the yield. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(Suppl 1):S35–S38.
   Google Scholar
• Gaig C, Vilas D, Infante J, et al. Nonmotor symptoms in LRRK2 G2019S associated Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e108982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonifati V. Genetics of Parkinson’s disease – state of the art, 2013. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(Suppl 1):S23–S28.
   Google Scholar
• Le W, Pan T, Huang M, et al. Decreased NURR1 gene expression in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2008;273(1–2):29–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg D, Postuma RB, Bloem B, et al. Time to redefine PD? Introductory statement of the MDS task force on the definition of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29(4):454–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg D, Postuma R. Task Force Paper: Redefinition of Parkinson’s Disease. Milwaukee, WI: MDS International Secretariat; 2014. Available from: http://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/News/Online-Web-Edition/In-This-Edition/Definition-of-PD-Overview.htm. Accessed May 30, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Holdorff B, Rodrigues e silva AM, Dodel R. Centenary of Lewy bodies (1912–2012). J Neural Transm. 2013;120(4):509–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennox G, Lowe J, Landon M, Byrne EJ, Mayer RJ, Godwin-austen RB. Diffuse Lewy body disease: correlative neuropathology using anti-ubiquitin immunocytochemistry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1989;52(11):1236–1247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M. Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature. 1997;388(6645):839–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olanow CW, Brundin P. Parkinson’s disease and alpha synuclein: is Parkinson’s disease a prion-like disorder? Mov Disord. 2013;28(1):31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, Del tredici K, Rüb U, De vos RA, Jansen steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24(2):197–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rüb U, Bratzke H, Del tredici K. Stages in the development of Parkinson’s disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res. 2004;318(1):121–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, De vos RA, Bohl J, Del tredici K. Gastric alpha-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson’s disease-related brain pathology. Neurosci Lett. 2006;396(1):67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI, et al. Multi-organ distribution of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein histopathology in subjects with Lewy body disorders. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119(6):689–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebouvier T, Neunlist M, Bruley des varannes S, et al. Colonic biopsies to assess the neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease and its relationship with symptoms. PLoS One. 2010;5(9):e12728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Mutlu E, et al. Alpha-synuclein in colonic submucosa in early untreated Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27(6):709–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Dodiya HB, Jakate S, Kordower JH. Is alpha-synuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson’s disease? Evidence from 3 cases. Mov Disord. 2012;27(6):716–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visanji NP, Marras C, Kern DS, et al. Colonic mucosal a-synuclein lacks specificity as a biomarker for Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2015;84(6):609–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengoku R, Saito Y, Ikemura M, et al. Incidence and extent of Lewy body-related alpha-synucleinopathy in aging human olfactory bulb. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67(11):1072–1083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard PS, Esiri MM, Reading M, Mcshane R, Nagy Z. Alpha-synuclein pathology in the olfactory pathways of dementia patients. J Anat. 2007;211(1):117–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubeda-bañon I, Saiz-sanchez D, De la rosa-prieto C, Martinez-marcos A. α-Synuclein in the olfactory system in Parkinson’s disease: role of neural connections on spreading pathology. Brain Struct Funct. 2014; 219(5):1513–1526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach TG, White CL, Hladik CL, et al. Olfactory bulb alpha-synucleinopathy has high specificity and sensitivity for Lewy body disorders. Acta Neuropathol. 2009;117(2):169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikemura M, Saito Y, Sengoku R, et al. Lewy body pathology involves cutaneous nerves. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67(10):945–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donadio V, Incensi A, Leta V, et al. Skin nerve α-synuclein deposits: a biomarker for idiopathic Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2014;82(15):1362–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orimo S, Uchihara T, Nakamura A, et al. Axonal alpha-synuclein aggregates herald centripetal degeneration of cardiac sympathetic nerve in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 3):642–650.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mu L, Sobotka S, Chen J, et al. Parkinson disease affects peripheral sensory nerves in the pharynx. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2013;72(7):614–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Tredici K, Hawkes CH, Ghebremedhin E, Braak H. Lewy pathology in the submandibular gland of individuals with incidental Lewy body disease and sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119(6):703–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler CH, Dugger BN, Hinni ML, et al. Submandibular gland needle biopsy for the diagnosis of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2014;82(10):858–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malek N, Swallow D, Grosset KA, Anichtchik O, Spillantini M, Grosset DG. Alpha-synuclein in peripheral tissues and body fluids as a biomarker for Parkinson’s disease – a systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;130(2):59–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkes CH, Del tredici K, Braak H. Parkinson’s disease: a dual-hit hypothesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2007;33(6):599–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George S, Rey NL, Reichenbach N, Steiner JA, Brundin P. α-Synuclein: the long distance runner. Brain Pathol. 2013;23(3):350–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kordower JH, Chu Y, Hauser RA, Freeman TB, Olanow CW. Lewy body-like pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in Parkinson’s disease. Nat Med. 2008;14(5):504–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JY, Englund E, Holton JL, et al. Lewy bodies in grafted neurons in subjects with Parkinson’s disease suggest host-to-graft disease propagation. Nat Med. 2008;14(5):501–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurowska Z, Englund E, Widner H, Lindvall O, Li JY, Brundin P. Signs of degeneration in 12-22-year old grafts of mesencephalic dopamine neurons in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2011;1(1):83–92.
   Google Scholar
• Recasens A, Dehay B, Bové J, et al. Lewy body extracts from Parkinson disease brains trigger α-synuclein pathology and neurodegeneration in mice and monkeys. Ann Neurol. 2014;75(3):351–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kordower JH. The prion hypothesis of Parkinson’s disease: this hot topic just got hotter. Mov Disord. 2014;29(8):988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamberts JT, Hildebrandt EN, Brundin P. Spreading of α-synuclein in the face of axonal transport deficits in Parkinson’s disease: a speculative synthesis. Neurobiol Dis. Epub July 15, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Berg D, Steinberger JD, Warren olanow C, Naidich TP, Yousry TA. Milestones in magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial sonography of movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2011;26(6):979–992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks DJ, Pavese N. Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2011;95(4):614–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henchcliffe C. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid markers in Parkinson’s disease: current biomarker findings. Current Biomarker Findings. 2015;5:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Godau J, Hussl A, Lolekha P, Stoessl AJ, Seppi K. Neuroimaging: current role in detecting pre-motor Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27:634–643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings DL, Seibyl JP, Oakes D, Eberly S, Murphy J, Marek K. (123I) beta-CIT and single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging vs clinical evaluation in Parkinsonian syndrome: unmasking an early diagnosis. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1224–1229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall VL, Reininger CB, Marquardt M, et al. Parkinson’s disease is overdiagnosed clinically at baseline in diagnostically uncertain cases: a 3-year European multicenter study with repeat [123I]FP-CIT SPECT. Mov Disord. 2009;24:500–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JL, Henchcliffe C, Schaier S, Simuni T, Waxman A, Kemp P. The role of dopaminergic imaging in patients with symptoms of dopaminergic system neurodegeneration. Brain. 2011;134:3146–3166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benamer TS, Patterson J, Grosset DG, et al. Accurate differentiation of parkinsonism and essential tremor using visual assessment of [123I]-FP-CIT SPECT imaging: the [123I]-FP-CIT study group. Mov Disord. 2000;15:503–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziebell M, Andersen BB, Thomsen G, et al. Predictive value of dopamine transporter SPECT imaging with [123I]PE2I in patients with subtle parkinsonian symptoms. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39(2):242–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la fuente-fernández [webpage on the Internet]. Role of DaTSCAN and clinical diagnosis in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2012;78(10):696–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sixel-döring F, Liepe K, Mollenhauer B, Trautmann E, Trenkwalder C. The role of 123I-FP-CIT-SPECT in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson and tremor syndromes: a critical assessment of 125 cases. J Neurol. 2011;258(12):2147–2154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marek K, Seibyl J, Eberly S, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of SWEDD subjects in the PRECEPT Study. Neurology. 2014;82(20):1791–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batla A, Erro R, Stamelou M, et al. Patients with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit: a long-term follow-up study. Mov Disord. 2014;29(14):1820–1825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer U, Hummel T, Cormann K, et al. Detection of presymptomatic Parkinson’s disease: combining smell tests, transcranial sonography, and SPECT. Mov Disord. 2004;19(10):1196–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berendse HW, Ponsen MM. Diagnosing premotor Parkinson’s disease using a two-step approach combining olfactory testing and DAT SPECT imaging. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15(Suppl 3): S26–S30.
   Google Scholar
• Borghammer P, Knudsen K, Østergaard K, et al. Combined DaT imaging and olfactory testing for differentiating parkinsonian disorders. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(11):1345–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehnert S, Reuter I, Schepp K, Maaser P, Stolz E, Kaps M. Transcranial sonography for diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestel J, Schweitzer KJ, Hofer A, Gasser T, Berg D. Predictive value of transcranial sonography in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21(10):1763–1765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laučkaitė K, Rastenytė D, Šurkienė D, et al. Specificity of transcranial sonography in parkinson spectrum disorders in comparison to degenerative cognitive syndromes. BMC Neurol. 2012;12:12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Oh YS, Kim YI, Koo JS, Yang DW, Lee KS. Transcranial sonography (TCS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) in relation with putative premotor symptoms of PD. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(3):e436–e439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaenslen A, Unmuth B, Godau J, et al. The specificity and sensitivity of transcranial ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: a prospective blinded study. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(5):417–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emir UE, Tuite PJ, Öz G. Elevated pontine and putamenal GABA levels in mild-moderate Parkinson disease detected by 7 tesla proton MRS. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillancourt DE, Spraker MB, Prodoehl J, et al. High-resolution diffusion tensor imaging in the substantia nigra of de novo Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2009;72(16):1378–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orimo S, Suzuki M, Inaba A, Mizusawa H. 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy for differentiating Parkinson’s disease from other neurodegenerative parkinsonism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(5):494–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sako W, Murakami N, Izumi Y, Kaji R. Reduced alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid in synucleinopathies: evidence from a meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2014;29(13):1599–1605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulds PG, Diggle P, Mitchell JD, et al. A longitudinal study on α-synuclein in blood plasma as a biomarker for Parkinson’s disease. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moccia M, Pappatà S, Erro R, et al. Uric acid relates to dopamine transporter availability in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2015;131(2):127–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzschild MA, Marek K, Eberly S, et al. Serum urate and probability of dopaminergic deficit in early “Parkinson’s disease”. Mov Disord. 2011;26(10):1864–1868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascherio A, Lewitt PA, Xu K, et al. Urate as a predictor of the rate of clinical decline in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(12):1460–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moccia M, Picillo M, Erro R, et al. Is serum uric acid related to non-motor symptoms in de-novo Parkinson’s disease patients? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(7):772–775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-aramburu I, Sánchez-juan P, Sierra M, et al. Serum uric acid and risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(6):637–639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon KC, Eberly S, Gao X, et al. Mendelian randomization of serum urate and parkinson disease progression. Ann Neurol. 2014;76(6):862–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao Y, Wong SC, Tan EK. Evidence of inflammatory system involvement in Parkinson’s disease. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:308654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rentzos M, Nikolaou C, Andreadou E, et al. Circulating interleukin-15 and RANTES chemokine in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;116(6):374–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogi M, Harada M, Narabayashi H, Inagaki H, Minami M, Nagatsu T. Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-alpha levels are elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in juvenile parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 1996;211(1):13–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reale M, Iarlori C, Thomas A, et al. Peripheral cytokines profile in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Behav Immun. 2009;23(1):55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist D, Hall S, Surova Y, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers in Parkinson’s disease – associations with depression, fatigue, and cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;33:183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi M, Bradner J, Hancock AM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Parkinson disease diagnosis and progression. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(3):570–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong Z, Shi M, Chung KA, et al. DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in human cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 3):713–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert MK, Eeftens JM, Aerts MB, et al. CSF levels of DJ-1 and tau distinguish MSA patients from PD patients and controls. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(1):112–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberling JL, Dave KD, Frasier MA. Alpha-synuclein imaging: a critical need for Pakrinson’s disease research. J Parkinsons Dis. 2013;3(4):565–567.
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative. The Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Prog Neurobiol. 2011;95(4):629–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang U, Alcalay R, Goldman J, et al. The BioFIND study (Fox investigation for new discovery of biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease): design and methodology (P4.043). Neurology. 2014;82(10):P4-043.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. PDBP: Parkinson’s Disease Biomarkers Program. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; 2014. Available from: https://pdbp.ninds.nih.gov/index.jsp. Accessed March 30, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Mckhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar