Prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson’s disease

References

• Nuti A, Ceravolo R, Piccinni A, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in a population of Parkinson’s disease patients. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(5):315–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein MB, Heuser IJ, Juncos JL, Uhde TW. Anxiety disorders in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147(2):217–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinaglia G, Alvarez FJ, Probst A, Palacios J. Mesostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine uptake binding sites are reduced in Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy: a quantitative autoradiographic study using [3H]mazindol. Neuroscience. 1992;49(2):317–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayeux R, Stern Y, Williams JB, Cote L, Frantz A, Dyrenfurth I. Clinical and biochemical features of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(6):756–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dissanayaka NN, Sellbach A, Matheson S, et al. Anxiety disorders in Parkinson’s disease: prevalence and risk factors. Mov Disord. 2010;25(7):838–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan GW, Khoo TK, Yarnall AJ, et al. Health-related quality of life in early Parkinson’s disease: the impact of nonmotor symptoms. Mov Disord. 2014;29(2):195–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser M, Van Rooden S, Verbaan D, Marinus J, Stiggelbout A, Van Hilten J. A comprehensive model of health-related quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2008;255(10):1580–1587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Guo XY, Wei QQ, et al. Non-motor symptoms and quality of life in tremor dominant vs postural instability gait disorder Parkinson’s disease patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2015. Epub July 20, 2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanishi T, Tachibana H, Oguru M, et al. Anxiety and depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Intern Med. 2013;52(5):539–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller B, Assmus J, Herlofson K, Larsen JP, Tysnes OB. Importance of motor vs. non-motor symptoms for health-related quality of life in early Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19(11):1027–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub D, Moberg PJ, Duda JE, Katz IR, Stern MB. Effect of psychiatric and other nonmotor symptoms on disability in Parkinson’s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(5):784–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinnell C, Hurt CS, Landau S, Brown RG, Samuel M. Nonmotor versus motor symptoms: how much do they matter to health status in Parkinson’s disease? Mov Disord. 2012;27(2):236–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quelhas R, Costa M. Anxiety, depression, and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;21(4):413–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrag A, Hovris A, Morley D, Quinn N, Jahanshahi M. Caregiver-burden in Parkinson’s disease is closely associated with psychiatric symptoms, falls, and disability. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006;12(1):35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Forjaz MJ, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver’s burden in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(6):629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiknes I, Tysnes OB, Aarsland D, Larsen J. Caregiver distress associated with neuropsychiatric problems in patients with early Parkinson’s disease: the Norwegian ParkWest study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010;122(6):418–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meara J, Mitchelmore E, Hobson P. Use of the GDS-15 geriatric depression scale as a screening instrument for depressive symptomatology in patients with Parkinson’s disease and their carers in the community. Age Ageing. 1999;28(1):35–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown R, MacCarthy B, Gotham AM, Der G, Marsden C. Depression and disability in Parkinson’s disease: a follow-up of 132 cases. Psychol Med. 1988;18(1):49–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkstein SE, Mayberg HS, Leiguarda R, Preziosi TJ, Robinson RG. A prospective longitudinal study of depression, cognitive decline, and physical impairments in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55(5):377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontone GM, Bakker CC, Chen S, et al. The longitudinal impact of depression on disability in Parkinson disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015. Epub August 18, 2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravina B, Camicioli R, Como P, et al. The impact of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007;69(4):342–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Peto V, Greenhall R, Hyman N. The PDQ-8: development and validation of a short-form Parkinson’s disease questionnaire. Psychol Health. 1997;12(6):805–814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes T, Ross H, Mindham R, Spokes E. Mortality in Parkinson’s disease and its association with dementia and depression. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;110(2):118–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetrano DL, Pisciotta MS, Monaco MRL, et al. Association of depressive symptoms with circadian blood pressure alterations in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2015;262(11):2564–2571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijnders JS, Ehrt U, Weber WE, Aarsland D, Leentjens AF. A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23(2):183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrner J, Moser D, Klug S, et al. Subjective memory complaints, depressive symptoms and cognition in Parkinson’s disease patients. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21(10):1276–1284, e77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter JR, Slaughter KA, Nichols D, Holmes SE, Martens MP. Prevalence, clinical manifestations, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;13(2):187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenager EN, Wermuth L, Stenager E, Boldsen J. Suicide in patients with Parkinson’s disease. An epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(1):70–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostic VS, Pekmezovic T, Tomic A, et al. Suicide and suicidal ideation in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2010;289(1–2):40–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myslobodsky M, Lalonde FM, Hicks L. Are patients with Parkinson’s disease suicidal? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2001;14(3):120–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub D, Simuni T, Caspell-Garcia C, et al. Cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms in early, untreated Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(7):919–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso A, Rodríguez LG, Logroscino G, Hernán MA. Use of antidepressants and the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a prospective study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009;80(6):671–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson H, Nordstrom A, Nordstrom P. Depression and subsequent risk of Parkinson disease: a nationwide cohort study. Neurology. 2015;84(24):2422–2429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poletti M, Frosini D, Pagni C, et al. The association between motor subtypes and alexithymia in de novo Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2011;258(6):1042–1045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkstein SE, Petracca G, Chemerinski E, et al. Depression in classic versus akinetic-rigid Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 1998;13(1):29–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Factor SA, Steenland NK, Higgins DS, et al. Postural instability/gait disturbance in Parkinson’s disease has distinct subtypes: an exploratory analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82(5):564–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis S, Foltynie T, Blackwell A, Robbins T, Owen A, Barker R. Heterogeneity of Parkinson’s disease in the early clinical stages using a data driven approach. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(3):343–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijnders JS, Ehrt U, Lousberg R, Aarsland D, Leentjens AF. The association between motor subtypes and psychopathology in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15(5):379–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkstein SE, Berthier M, Bolduc PL, Preziosi TJ, Robinson R. Depression in patients with early versus late onset of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1989;39(11):1441–1445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dissanayaka NN, Sellbach A, Silburn PA, O’Sullivan JD, Marsh R, Mellick GD. Factors associated with depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Affect Disord. 2011;132(1–2):82–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole SA, Woodard JL, Juncos JL, Kogos JL, Youngstrom EA, Watts RL. Depression and disability in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995;8(1):20–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leentjens A, Lousberg R, Verhey F. Markers for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;106(3):196–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkstein SE, Preziosi TJ, Bolduc PL, Robinson RG. Depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1990;178(1):27–31.
   Google Scholar
• Leentjens AF, Verhey FR, Luijckx GJ, Troost J. The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory as a screening and diagnostic instrument for depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2000;15(6):1221–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leentjens AF, Moonen AJ, Dujardin K, et al. Modeling depression in Parkinson disease: disease-specific and nonspecific risk factors. Neurology. 2013;81(12):1036–1043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayeux R. The “serotonin hypothesis” for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol. 1990;53:163–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zgaljardic DJ, Borod JC, Foldi NS, Mattis P. A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson’s disease: relationship to frontostriatal circuitry. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2003;16(4):193–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maricle RA, Nutt JG, Valentine RJ, Carter JH. Dose–response relationship of levodopa with mood and anxiety in fluctuating Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 1995;45(9):1757–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman A, Friedman Y, Dremencov E, Yadid G. VTA dopamine neuron bursting is altered in an animal model of depression and corrected by desipramine. J Mol Neurosci. 2008;34(3):201–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler EJ, Carlezon WA. The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(12):1151–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberg HS. Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9(3):471–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist D, Hall S, Surova Y, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers in Parkinson’s disease – associations with depression, fatigue, and cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;33:183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menza M, Dobkin RD, Marin H, et al. The role of inflammatory cytokines in cognition and other non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Psychosomatics. 2010;51(6):474–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard IH, McDermott MP, Kurlan R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antidepressants in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2012;78(16):1229–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton M, Guy W. . Hamilton depression scale. In: Guy W, editor. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1976:179–192.
   Google Scholar
• Menza M, Dobkin RD, Marin H, et al. A controlled trial of antidepressants in patients with Parkinson disease and depression. Neurology. 2009;72(10):886–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leentjens A, Vreeling F, Luijckx GJ, Verhey F. SSRIs in the treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(6):552–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wermuth L, Sørensen P, Timm S, et al. Depression in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease treated with citalopram: a placebo-controlled trial. Nord J Psychiatry. 1998;52(2):163–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomasang-Layno E, Fadlon I, Murray AN, Himelhoch S. Antidepressive treatments for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(8):833–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troeung L, Egan SJ, Gasson N. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled treatment trials for depression and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha FL, Murad MG, Stumpf BP, Hara C, Fuzikawa C. Antidepressants for depression in Parkinson’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol. 2013;27(5):417–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skapinakis P, Bakola E, Salanti G, Lewis G, Kyritsis AP, Mavreas V. Efficacy and acceptability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Neurol. 2010;10(1):49.
   Google Scholar
• Chen P, Kales HC, Weintraub D, Blow FC, Jiang L, Mellow AM. Antidepressant treatment of veterans with Parkinson’s disease and depression: analysis of a national sample. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2007;20(3):161–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard IH, Kurlan R. A survey of antidepressant drug use in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1997;49(4):1168–1170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leentjens AF, Koester J, Fruh B, Shephard DTS, Barone P, Houben JJ. The effect of pramipexole on mood and motivational symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Clin Ther. 2009;31(1):89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobkin RD, Menza M, Bienfait KL. CBT for the treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease: a promising nonpharmacological approach. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008;8(1):27–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veazey C, Cook K, Stanley M, Lai E, Kunik M. Telephone-administered cognitive behavioral therapy: a case study of anxiety and depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2009;16(3):243–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troeung L, Egan SJ, Gasson N. A waitlist-controlled trial of group cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berardelli I, Pasquini M, Bloise M, et al. CBT Group intervention for depression, anxiety, and motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: preliminary findings. Int J Cogn Ther. 2015;8(1):11–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie CL, Wang X-D, Chen J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic therapy for depression in Parkinson’s disease patients. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(6):833–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguro H, Nakagawa T, Mitaki S, Ishihara M, Onoda K. Randomized trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for apathy and depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurophysiol. 2014;5(242):2.
   Google Scholar
• Shirota Y, Hamada M, Ugawa Y. Clinical applications of rTMS in Parkinson’s disease. In: Therapeutic rTMS in Neurology. New York, NY: Springer; 2016:129–145.
   Google Scholar
• Boggio PS, Fregni F, Bermpohl F, et al. Effect of repetitive TMS and fluoxetine on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson’s disease and concurrent depression. Mov Disord. 2005;20(9):1178–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruo T, Hosomi K, Shimokawa T, et al. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary foot motor area in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(6):884–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen R. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25(14):2272–2273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragaševic N, Potrebić A, Damjanović A, Stefanova E, Kostić VS. Therapeutic efficacy of bilateral prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients with Parkinson’s disease: an open study. Mov Disord. 2002;17(3):528–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein CM, Evatt ML, Funk A, et al. An open study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(10):2189–2194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregni F, Santos C, Myczkowski M, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as fluoxetine in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(8):1171–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kormos TC. Efficacy of rTMS in the treatment of co-morbid anxiety in depressed patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(12):1836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie CL, Chen J, Wang XD, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of depression in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(10):1751–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moralez da Silva T, Munhoz RP, Alvarez C, et al. Depression in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of omega-3 fatty-acid supplementation. J Affect Disord. 2008;111(2–3):351–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moellentine C, Rummans T, Ahlskog JE, et al. Effectiveness of ECT in patients with parkinsonism. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10(2):187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou KL, Hurtig HI, Jaggi JL, Baltuch GH, Pelchat RJ, Weintraub D. Electroconvulsive therapy for depression in a Parkinson’s disease patient with bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulators. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2005;11(6):403–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasr S, Murillo A, Katariwala N, Mothkur V, Wendt B. Case report of electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with Parkinson disease concomitant with deep brain stimulation. J ECT. 2011;27(1):89–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontone GM, Williams JR, Anderson KE, et al. Prevalence of anxiety disorders and anxiety subtypes in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(9):1333–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutten S, Ghielen I, Vriend C, et al. Anxiety in Parkinson’s disease: symptom dimensions and overlap with depression and autonomic failure. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(3):189–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dissanayaka NN, White E, O’Sullivan JD, Marsh R, Pachana NA, Byrne GJ. The clinical spectrum of anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29(8):967–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menza MA, Robertson-Hoffman DE, Bonapace AS. Parkinson’s disease and anxiety: comorbidity with depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;34(7):465–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiba M, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, et al. Anxiety disorders and depressive disorders preceding Parkinson’s disease: a case–control study. Mov Disord. 2000;15(4):669–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisskopf MG, Chen H, Schwarzschild MA, Kawachi I, Ascherio A. Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2003;18(6):646–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CH, Lin JW, Liu YC, Chang CH, Wu RM. Risk of Parkinson’s disease following anxiety disorders: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(9):1280–1287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burn DJ, Landau S, Hindle JV, et al. Parkinson’s disease motor subtypes and mood. Mov Disord. 2012;27(3):379–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leentjens AF, Dujardin K, Marsh L, Martinez-Martin P, Richard IH, Starkstein SE. Anxiety and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease: a cross-sectional observational study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(10):1084–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witjas T, Kaphan E, Azulay J, et al. Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease: frequent and disabling. Neurology. 2002;59(3):408–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macht M, Schwarz R, Ellgring H. Patterns of psychological problems in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;111(2):95–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman S, Griffin HJ, Quinn NP, Jahanshahi M. On the nature of fear of falling in Parkinson’s disease. Behav Neurol. 2011;24(3):219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iruela LM, Ibañez-Rojo V, Palanca I, Caballero L. Anxiety disorders and Parkinson’s disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(5):719–720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heninger GR, Charney DS. Monoamine receptor systems and anxiety disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1988;11(2):309–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt D, Lawson C. Panic attacks. A neurochemical overview of models and mechanisms. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160(2):165–178.
   Google Scholar
• Braak H, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U, Bratzke H, Del Tredici K. Stages in the development of Parkinson’s disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res. 2004;318(1):121–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub D, Mavandadi S, Mamikonyan E, et al. Atomoxetine for depression and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2010;75(5):448–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobkin RD, Menza M, Allen LA, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(10):1066–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino L, Friedman JH. Letter to the editor: successful use of electroconvulsive therapy for refractory anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. Int J Neurosci. 2012;123(1):70–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagna A, Gallo JJ, Pontone GM. Systematic review of factors associated with depression and anxiety disorders among older adults with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(7):708–715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar