Incretins and the specific mechanism of action of liraglutide, the first applicable human glucagon-like peptide 1 analog in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

References

• Nauck M, Stöckmann F, Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W. Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 1986;29(1):46–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannucci E, Rotella CM. Future perspectives on glucagon-like peptide-1, diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;18(9):639–645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(6):2131–2157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotella CM, Pala L, Mannucci E. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and metabolic diseases. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(8):746–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudaliar S, Henry RR. Effects of incretin hormones on beta-cell mass and function, body weight, and hepatic and myocardial function. Am J Med. 2010;123(Suppl 3):S19–S27.
   Google Scholar
• Karaca M, Magnan C, Kargar C. Functional pancreatic beta-cell mass: involvement in type 2 diabetes and therapeutic intervention. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35(2):77–84. Epub 2009 Feb 28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide-1. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(4):1409–1439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutniak M, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Ahren B, Efendic S. Antidiabetogenic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7–36) amide in normal subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(20):1316–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhu H, Wiesenthal SR, McDonald PE, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 increases insulin sensitivity in depancreatized dogs. Diabetes. 1999;48(5):1045–1053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orskov L, Holst JJ, Moller J, et al. GLP-1 does not acutely affect insulin sensitivity in healthy man. Diabetologia. 1996;39(10):1227–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toft-Nielson M, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. The effect of glucagon-like peptide I (GLP-1) on glucose elimination in healthy subjects depends on the pancreatic glucoregulatory hormones. Diabetes. 1996;45(5):552–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannucci E, Ognibene A, Cremasco F, et al. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and leptin concentrations in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2000;17(10):713–719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Deacon CF, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagon-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2001;50(3):609–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Sonne J, et al. Incretin secretion in relation to meal size and body weight in healthy subjects and people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(6):2706–2713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pala L, Mannucci E, Pezzatini A, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV expression and activity in human glomerular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;310(1):28–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannucci E, Pala L, Ciani S, et al. Hyperglycaemia increases dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2005;48(6):1168–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG. Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298(2):194–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160(6):909–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orskov C, Poulsen SS, Moller M, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide I receptors in the subfornical organ and the area postrema are accessible to circulating glucagon-like peptide I. Diabetes. 1996;45(6):832–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker DJ, Asa S. Glucagon gene expression in vertebrate brain. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(27):13475–13478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgino F, Natalicchio A, Leonardini A, Laviola L. Exploiting the pleiotropic actions of GLP-1 for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;78(3): S59–S67.
   Google Scholar
• Nikolaidis LA, Elahi D, Hentosz T, et al. Recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake and improves left ventricular performance in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2004;110(8):955–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokos GG, Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Elahi D, Shannon RP. Glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion improves left ventricular ejection fraction and functional status in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2006;12(9):694–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Sokos GG, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation. 2004;109(8):962–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ban K, Kim KH, Cho CK, et al. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1(9–36) amide-mediated cytoprotection is blocked by exendin(9–39) yet does not require the known GLP-1 receptor. Endocrinology. 2010;151(4):1520–1531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klonoff DC, Buse JB, Nielsen LL, et al. Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(1):275–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilsboll T. Liraglutide: a once-daily GLP-1 analogue for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007;16(2):231–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carraro-Lacroix LR, Malnic G, Girardi AC. Regulation of Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist exendin-4 in renal proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009;297(6):F1647–F1655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2006;368(9548):1696–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, McGuire DK. New drugs for the treatment of diabetes; Part II: incretin-based therapy and beyond. Circulation. 2008;117(4):574–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monami M, Iacomelli I, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. NutrMetab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;20(4):224–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al; American Diabetes Association; European Association for Study of Diabetes. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):193–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Type 2 diabetes: the management of type 2 diabetes. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/CG66. Accessed May 28, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA, Okerson T, Viswanathan P, Guan X, Holcombe JH, MacConell L. Effects of exenatide versus sitagliptin on postprandial glucose, insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, and caloric intake: a randomized, cross-over study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(10):2943–2952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratley RE, Nauck M, Bailey T, et al; 1860-LIRA-DPP-4 Study Group. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, randomised, parallel-group, open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;375:1447–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell-Jones D. Molecular, pharmacological and clinical aspects of liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009;297(1–2):137–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrup A, Rossner S, van Gaal L, et al; NN8022–1807 Study Group. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2009;374(9701):1606–1616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber A, Henry R, Ratner R, et al; LEAD-3 (Mono) Study Group. Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase III, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):473–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K, et al; LEAD-2 Study Group. Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes: the LEAD (liraglutide effect and action in diabetes)-2 study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):84–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marre M, Shaw J, Brandle M, et al; LEAD-1 SU Study Group. Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU). Diabet Med. 2009;26(3):268–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinman B, Gerich J, Buse JB, et al; LEAD-4 Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD). Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1224–1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell-Jones D, Vaag A, Schmitz O, et al; Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes 5 (LEAD-5) met+SU Study Group. Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEAD-5 met+SU): a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2009;52(10):2046–2055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, et al; LEAD-6 Study Group. Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). Lancet. 2009;374(9683):39–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks M, Rosebraugh C. Weighing risks and benefits of liraglutide-The FDA’s review of a new antidiabetic therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:774–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerre Knudsen L, Madsen LW, Andersen S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists activate rodent thyroid C-cells causing calcitonin release and C-cell proliferation. Endocrinology. 2010;151(4):1473–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar