Approaches to Tumor Classification in Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma

References

• Thiery JP. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2:442–454. doi:10.1038/nrc82212189386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishback NF, Travis WD, Moran CA, Guinee DG Jr, McCarty WF, Koss MN. Pleomorphic (spindle/giant cell) carcinoma of the lung. A clinicopathologic correlation of 78 cases. Cancer. 1994;73:2936–2945. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19940615)73:12<2936::AID-CNCR2820731210>3.0.CO;2-U8199991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey PA, Scroggs MW, Roggli VL, Shelburne JD. Pulmonary carcinomas with a sarcomatoid element: an immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Hum Pathol. 1988;19:155–165. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(88)80343-52449386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi O, Glasner SD, Swanson PE, Wick MR. Biphasic and monophasic sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lung. A reappraisal of “carcinosarcomas” and “spindle-cell carcinomas”. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;102:331–340. doi:10.1093/ajcp/102.3.3318085557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colby T, Koss M, Travis W. Tumors of the Lower Respiratory Tract. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Wick MR, Ritter JH, Humphrey PA. Sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lung: a clinicopathological review. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997;108:40–53. doi:10.1093/ajcp/108.1.409208977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelosi G, Sonzogni A, De Pas T, et al. Pulmonary Sarcomatoid carcinomas: a practical overview. Int J Surg Pathol. 2010;18(2):103–120. doi:10.1177/106689690833004919124452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wick MR, Ritter JH, Nappi O. Inflammatory sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: report of three cases and clinicopathologic comparison with inflammatory pseudotumors in adult patients. Hum Pathol. 1995;26:1014–1021. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(95)90092-67672783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antic T, Kapur U, Vigneswaran WT, Oshima K. Inflammatory sarcomatoid carcinoma: a case report and discussion of a malignant tumor with benign appearance. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129:1334–1337. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2005)129[1334:ISCACR]2.0.CO;216196527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi O, Swanson PE, Wick MR. Pseudovascular adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: clinicopathologic study of three cases and comparison with true pleuropulmonary angiosarcoma. Hum Pathol. 1994;25:373–378. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(94)90145-78163270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin LW, Correa AM, Ordonez NG, et al. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: a predictor of poor prognosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:973–980. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.03.09917720411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venissac N, Pop D, Lassalle S, Berthier F, Hofman P, Mouroux J. Sarcomatoid lung cancer (spindle/giant cells): an aggressive disease? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134:619–623. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.05.03117723808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelosi G, Fraggetta F, Nappi O, et al. Pleomorphic carcinomas of the lung show a selective distribution of gene products involved in cell differentiation, cell cycle control, tumor growth and tumor cell motility: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 31 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;9:1203–1215. doi:10.1097/00000478-200309000-00003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi G, Cavazza A, Sturm N, et al. Pulmonary carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 75 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:311–324. doi:10.1097/00000478-200303000-0000412604887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maneenil K, Xue Z, Liu M, et al. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: the Mayo clinic experience in 127 patients. Clin Lung Cancer. 2017;19:e323–e333. doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2017.12.00829454534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ung M, Roquette I, Filleron T, et al. Characteristics and clinical outcomes of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung. Clin Lung Cancer. 2016;17:391–397. doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2016.03.00127105684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss MN, Hochholzer L, Frommelt RA. Carcinosarcomas of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 66 patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:1514–1526. doi:10.1097/00000478-199912000-0000910584705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ro JY, Chen JL, Lee JS, Sahin AA, Ordonez N, Ayala AG. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of 14 cases. Cancer. 1992;69:376–386.1728366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima M, Kasai T, Hashimoto H, Iwata Y, Manabe H. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 37 cases. Cancer. 1999;86:608–616. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-014210440688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang YL, Lee YC, Shih JY, Wu CT. Pulmonary pleomorphic (spindle) cell carcinoma: peculiar clinicopathologic manifestations different from ordinary non-small cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer. 2001;34:91–97. doi:10.1016/S0169-5002(01)00224-011557118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raveglia F, Mezzetti M, Panigalli T, et al. Personal experience in surgical management of pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1742–1747. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.04.08415511465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis MP, Eagan RR, Weiland LH, Pairolero PC. Carcinosarcoma of the lung: Mayo clinic experience and response to chemotherapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1984;59:598–603. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62410-06381913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki T, Ishii G, Nagai K, et al. Pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung: clinicopathologic characteristics of 70 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:1727–1735. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318180430218769330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis WD, Brambilla E, Nicholson AG, et al. The 2015 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors: impact of genetic, clinical and radiologic advances since the 2004 classification. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10:1243–1260. doi:10.1097/JTO.000000000000063026291008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsubota YT, Kawaguchi T, Hoso T, Nishino E, Travis WD A combined small cell and spindle cell carcinoma of the lung. Report of a unique case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992;16:1108–1115. doi:10.1097/00000478-199211000-000101335211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifa M, Hruby G, Ehrlich L, Danjoux C, Perez-Ordonez B. Combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma of the lung. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2001;5:240–245. doi:10.1053/adpa.2001.2725611510007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berho M, Moran CA, Suster S. Malignant mixed epithelial/mesenchymal neoplasms of the lung. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1995;12:123–139.7638446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarino M, Tricomi P, Giordano F, Cristofori E. Sarcomatoid carcinomas: pathological and histopathogenetic considerations. Pathology. 1996;28:298–305. doi:10.1080/003130296001692249007945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst VA, Finkelstein S, Colby TV, Myers JL, Yousem SA. p53 an K-ras mutational genotyping in pulmonary carcinosarcoma, spindle cell carcinoma, and pulmonary blastoma: implications for histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:801–8110. doi:10.1097/00000478-199707000-000089236836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelosi G, Scarpa A, Manzotti M, et al. K-ras gene mutational analysis supports a monoclonal origin of biphasic pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung. Mod Pathol. 2004;17:538–546. doi:10.1038/modpathol.380005814990969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dacic S, Finkelstein SD, Sasatomi E, Swalsky PA, Yousem SA. Molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary carcinosarcoma as determined by microdissection-based allelotyping. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:510–516. doi:10.1097/00000478-200204000-0001511914631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wick MR, Swanson PE. Carcinosarcomas: current perspectives and an historical review of nosological concepts. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1993;10:118–127.8367621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari-Lari MA, Hoque MO, Califano J, Westra WH. Immunohistochemical p53 expression patterns in sarcomatoid carcinomas of the upper respiratory tract. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:1024–1031. doi:10.1097/00000478-200208000-0000712170089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner SM, Koss MN. Mutations in the p53 gene in pulmonary blastomas: immunohistochemical and molecular studies. Hum Pathol. 1996;27:1117–1123. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(96)90302-08912818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przygodzki RM, Koss MN, Moran CA, et al. Pleomorphic (giant and spindle cell) carcinoma is genetically distinct from adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma by K-ras-2 and p53 analysis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1996;106:487–492. doi:10.1093/ajcp/106.4.4878853037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson LD, Chang B, Barsky SH. Monoclonal origins of malignant mixed tumors (carcinosarcomas). Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20:277–285. doi:10.1097/00000478-199603000-000038772780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreenan JJ, Hart WR. Carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract. A pathological study of 29 metastatic tumors: further evidence for the dominant role of the epithelial component and the conversion theory of histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19:666–674. doi:10.1097/00000478-199506000-000077755153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotzmann J, Mikula M, Eger A, et al. Molecular aspects of epithelial cell plasticity: implications for local tumor invasion and metastasis. Mutat Res. 2004;566:9–20. doi:10.1016/S1383-5742(03)00033-414706509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang A, Carbini M, Moreira AL, Maki RG. Carcinosarcomas and related cancers: tumors caught in the act of epithelial-Mesenchymal transition. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(2):210–216. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.74.952329220296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aketa A, Yamada G, Aketa K, et al. Two younger male patients with rapidly progressing pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2004;42:164–169.15007917
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrell DJ, Cooper PN, Malcolm AJ. Carcinosarcoma of lung associated with asbestosis. Histopathology. 1995;27:484–486. doi:10.1111/his.1995.27.issue-58575744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapicetta C, Lococo F, Stefani A, et al. Primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: radiometabolic (18)F-FDG PET/CT findings and correlation with clinic-pathological and survival results. Lung. 2016;194:653–657. doi:10.1007/s00408-016-9904-127300448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaturu S, Harrara E, Nopajaroonsri C, Singal R, Gill S. Gynecomastia attributable to human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting giant cell carcinoma of lung. Endocr Pract. 2003;9:233–235. doi:10.4158/EP.9.3.23312917067
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nonami Y, Yamamoto M, Sasaguri S. G-CSF producing giant tumor in the lung. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2005;46(3):313–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aokage K, Yoshida J, Ishii G, et al. Long-term survival in two cases of resected gastric metastasis of pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3:796–799. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31817c925c18594328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi G, Marchioni A, Romagnani E, et al. Primary lung cancer presenting with gastrointestinal tract involvement: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features in a series of 18 cases. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;2:115–120. doi:10.1016/S1556-0864(15)30037-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi O, Wick MR. Sarcomatoid neoplasms of the respiratory tract. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1993;10(2):137–147.8367623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrin B, Chang YL, Rossi G, et al. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart In: Travis WD, Brambilla E, Mu¨ller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC, editors. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Vol. 10 Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2004;53–58.
   Google Scholar
• Travis WD, Brambilla E, Burke AP, Marx A, Nicholson AG. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Kaira K, Horie Y, Ayabe E, et al. Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma: a clinicopathological study including EGFR mutation analysis. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(4):460–465. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181ce3e3c20107421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Kim Y, Sun JM, et al. Molecular profiles of EGFR, K-ras, c-met, and FGFR in pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma, a rare lung malignancy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137(8):1203–1211. doi:10.1007/s00432-011-0986-021626008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull JC, Grimes OF. Pulmonary carcinosarcoma. Chest. 1974;65(1):9–12. doi:10.1378/chest.65.1.94809344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Nishimura Y, Kondo T, Obayashi C. Lung carcinosarcoma with liposarcoma element: autopsy case. Pathol Int. 2006;56(8):449–452.16872439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koss MN, Hochholzer L, O’Leary T. Pulmonary blastomas. Cancer. 1991;67:2368–2381. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-01421849449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terra SB, Aubry MC, Yi ES, Boland JM. Immunohistochemical study of 36 cases of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma–sensitivity of TTF-1 is superior to napsin. Hum Pathol. 2014;45(2):294–302. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2013.09.00524331839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatabe Y, Dacic S, Borczuk AC, et al. Best practices recommendations for diagnostic immunohistochemistry in lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(3):377–407. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.12.00530572031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissferdt A, Kalhor N, Rodriguez Canales J, Fujimoto J, Wistuba II, Moran CA. Spindle cell and pleomorphic (“sarcomatoid”) carcinomas of the lung: an immunohistochemical analysis of 86 cases. Hum Pathol. 2017;59:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2016.08.00327569293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JS, Ritter JH, El-Mofty S. Alternative epithelial markers in sarcomatoid carcinomas of the head and neck, lung, and bladder-p63, MOC-31, and TTF-1. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(11):1471–1481. doi:10.1038/modpathol.380045115976812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop JA, Teruya-Feldstein J, Westra WH, Pelosi G, Travis WD, Rekhtman N. p40 (ΔNp63) is superior to p63 for the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2012;25(3):405–415. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.17322056955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelosi G, Melotti F, Cavazza A, et al. A modified vimentin histological score helps recognize pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma in small biopsy samples. Anticancer Res. 2012;32(4):1463–1473.22493387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchevsky AM, LeStang N, Hiroshima K, et al. The differential diagnosis between pleural sarcomatoid mesothelioma and spindle cell/pleomorphic (sarcomatoid) carcinomas of the lung: evidence-based guidelines from the International Mesothelioma Panel and the MESOPATH National Reference Center. Hum Pathol. 2017;67:160–168. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2017.07.01528782639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki K. Pulmonary well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma expressing lineage-specific transcription factors (TTF-1 and GATA-6) to respiratory epithelial differentiation: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Virchows Arch. 2003;442(4):393–399. (). doi:10.1007/s00428-003-0798-y12684771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousem SA, Wick MR, Randhawa P, Manivel JC. Pulmonary blastoma. An immunohistochemical analysis with comparison with fetal lung in its pseudoglandular stage. Am J Clin Pathol. 1990;93(2):167–175.2301281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatani Y, Miyagi Y, Takemura T, et al. Aberrant nuclear/cytoplasmic localization and gene mutation of beta-catenin in classic pulmonary blastoma: beta-catenin immunostaining is useful for distinguishing between classic pulmonary blastoma and a blastomatoid variant of carcinosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28(7):921–927. doi:10.1097/00000478-200407000-0001215223963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi HS, Seol H, Heo IY, et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of pleomorphic carcinomas of the lung. Korean J Pathol. 2012;46(6):576–578. doi:10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.6.57623323109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hummel P, Cangiarella JF, Cohen JM, Yang G, Waisman J, Chhieng DC. Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pulmonary spindle cell and mesenchymal lesions: a study of 61 cases. Cancer. 2001;93(3):187–198. doi:10.1002/cncr.902811391606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito K, Oizumi S, Fukumoto S; Hokkaido Lung Cancer Clinical Study Group, et al. Clinical characteristics of pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer. 2010;68(2):204–210.19577320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attanoos RL, Appleton MA, Gibbs AR. Primary sarcomas of the lung: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 14 cases. Histopathology. 1996;29:29–36. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.1996.d01-481.x8818691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etienne-Mastroianni B, Falchero L, Chalabreysse L, et al. Primary sarcomas of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Lung Cancer. 2002;38:283–289. doi:10.1016/S0169-5002(02)00303-312445750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suster S. Primary sarcomas of the lung. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1995;12:140–157.7638447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebauer C. Primary pulmonary sarcomas: etiology, clinical assessment and prognosis with a comparison to pulmonary carcinomas—a review of 41 cases and 394 other cases of the literature. Jpn J Surg. 1982;12:148–159. doi:10.1007/BF024693847050480
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeren H, Moran CA, Suster S, Fishback NF, Koss MN. Primary pulmonary sarcomas with features of monophasic synovial sarcoma: a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of 25 cases. Hum Pathol. 1995;26:474–480. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(95)90242-27750931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begueret H, Galateau-Salle F, Guillou L, et al. Primary intrathoracic synovial sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 40 t(X;18)-positive cases from the French Sarcoma Group and the Mesopath Group. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:339–346. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000147401.95391.9a15725802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas DR, Pass HI, Madan SK, et al. Sarcomatoid mesothelioma and its histological mimics: a comparative immunohistochemical study. Histopathology. 2003;42:270–279. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2003.01583.x12605647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuuttila A, Jee KJ, Taskinen E, Wolff H, Knuutila S, Anttila S. Spindle cell tumours of the pleura: a clinical, histological and comparative genomic hybridization analysis of 14 cases. Virchows Arch. 2006;448:135–141. doi:10.1007/s00428-005-0059-316170537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colby TV. Malignancies in the lung and pleura mimicking benign processes. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1995;12(1):30–44.7770673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comin CE, Novelli L, Cavazza A, Rotellini M, Cianchi F, Messerini L. Expression of thrombomodulin, calretinin, cytokeratin 5/6, D2-40 and WT-1 in a series of primary carcinomas of the lung: an immunohistochemical study in comparison with epithelioid pleural mesothelioma. Tumori. 2014;100(5):559–567. doi:10.1700/1660.1818225343553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone M, Shimizu D, Napolitano A, et al. Positive nuclear BAP1 immunostaining helps differentiate non-small cell lung carcinomas from malignant mesothelioma. Oncotarget. 2016;7(37):59314–59321. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.v7i3727447750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vieira T, Girard N, Ung M, et al. Efficacy of first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced lung sarcomatoid carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8:1574–1577. doi:10.1097/01.JTO.0000437008.00554.9024389441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae HM, Min HS, Lee SH, et al. Palliative chemotherapy for pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma. Lung Cancer. 2007;58:112–115. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.05.00617574296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallet V, Saffroy R, Girard N, et al. High-throughput somatic mutation profiling in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas using the LungCarta TM panel: exploring therapeutic targets. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:1748–1753. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv23225969368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrock AB, Li SD, Frampton GM, et al. Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas commonly harbor either potentially targetable genomic alterations or high tumor mutational burden as observed by comprehensive genomic profiling. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12:932–942. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2017.03.00528315738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Jia Y, Shen YF, et al. Detection of frequent MET Exon 14 skipping events in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma and response to targeted inhibition. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:794–802. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.62.067426215952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lococo F, Gandolfi G, Rossi G, et al. Deep sequencing analysis reveals that KRAS mutation is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with pulmonary Sarcomatoid carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11:1282–1292. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2016.04.02027156442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Wang D, Zhao Q, et al. Cinical significance of next-generation sequencing of Chinese pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2017;7:3947.28638113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehard M, Rosy S, LaFramboise WA, et al. KRAS mutation is predictive of outcome in patients with pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma. Histopathology. 2018;73:207–214. doi:10.1111/his.1350529489023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad MM, Oxnard GR, Jackman DM, et al. MET exon 14 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer are associated with advanced age and stage dependent MET genomic amplification and c-MET overexpression. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:721–730. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.460026729443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad MM. Impaired c-MET receptor degradation mediated by MET exon 14 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:879–881. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.64.277726786927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengoli MC, Bertolini F, Tiseo M, et al. MET DNA alterations in NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22:3697–3698. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-035127422202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuong HG, Ho ATN, Altibi AMA, et al. Clinicopathological implications of MET exon 14 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lung Cancer. 2018;123:76–82.30089599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim EK, Kim KA, Lee CY, et al. Molecular diagnostic assays and clinicopathologic implications of MET exon 14 skipping mutation in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer. 2019;20:e123–e132. doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2018.10.00430391211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Lu S. Prevalence of MET exon 14 skipping mutation in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma patients without common targetable mutations: a single-institute study. J Cancer Res Ther. 2019;15:909–913. doi:10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_591_1831436251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadiq AA, Salgia R. MET as a possible target for non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(8):1089–1096. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.942223401458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shum E, Stuart M, Borczuk A, Wang F, Cheng H, Halmos B. Recent advances in the management of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016;10(4):407–416. doi:10.1586/17476348.2016.115747526962707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagomi T, Goto T, Hirotsu Y, et al. New therapeutic targets for pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas based on their genomic and phylogenetic profiles. Oncotarget. 2018;9(12):10635–10649. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.v9i1229535832
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manzotti G, Torricelli F, Benedetta D, et al. An epithelial-to-mesenchymal transcriptional switch triggers evolution of Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (PSC) and identifies dasatinib as new therapeutic option. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25:2348–2360. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-236430587547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ushiki A, Koizumi T, Kobayashi N, et al. Genetic heterogeneity of EGFR mutation in pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung: response to gefitinib and clinical outcome. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2009;39(4):267–270. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyn15519155283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Italiano A, Cortot AB, Ilie M, et al. EGFR and KRAS status of primary sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lung: implications for anti-EGFR treatment of a rare lung malignancy. Int J Cancer. 2009;125:2479–2482. doi:10.1002/ijc.v125:1019681124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Yang H, Cai Q, et al. Characteristics and prognostic analysis of 69 patients with pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2016;39:215–222.
   Google Scholar
• Chang YL, Wu CT, Shih JY, Lee YC. EGFR and p53 status of pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma: implications for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors therapy of an aggressive lung malignancy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(10):2952–2960. doi:10.1245/s10434-011-1621-721409490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lococo F, Torricelli F, Rossi G, et al. Inter-relationship between PD-L1 expression and clinic-pathological features and driver gene mutations in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas. Lung Cancer. 2017;113:93–101. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.09.00929110857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Bryan JP. Pharmacological targeting of RAS: recent success with direct inhibitors. Pharmacol Res. 2019;139:503–511. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.02130366101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janes MR, Zhang J, Li LS, et al. Targeting KRAS mutant cancers with a covalent G12C-specific inhibitor. Cell. 2018;172(3):578–589.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.00629373830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou SH, Kwak EL, Siwak-Tapp C, et al. Activity of crizotinib (PF02341066), a dual mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, in a non-small cell lung cancer patient with de novo MET amplification. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(5):942–946. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31821528d321623265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong JH, Yeung SF, Chan AW, et al. MET amplification and Exon 14 splice site mutation define unique molecular subgroups of non-small cell lung carcinoma with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(12):3048–3056. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-206126847053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frampton GM, Ali SM, Rosenzweig M, et al. Activation of MET via diverse exon 14 splicing alterations occurs in multiple tumor types and confers clinical sensitivity to MET inhibitors. Cancer Discov. 2015;5:850–859. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-028525971938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paik PK, Drilon A, Fan PD, et al. Response to MET inhibitors in patients with stage IV lung adenocarcinomas harboring MET mutations causing exon 14 skipping. Cancer Discov. 2015;5(8):842–849. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-146725971939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C, Usenko D, Frampton GM, McMahon C, Ali SM. Deletion in Sarcomatoid non-small-cell lung cancer detected by next-generation sequencing and successfully treated with a MET inhibitor. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(12):e113–4. doi:10.1097/JTO.000000000000064526709483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian A, Narayan R, Corsello SM, et al. A next generation connectivity map: L1000 platform and the first 1,000,000 profiles. Cell. 2017;171(6):1437–1452.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.04929195078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson FM, Bekele BN, Feng L, et al. Phase II study of dasatinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(30):4609–4615. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.30.547420855820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alì G, Bruno R, Poma AM, et al. Whole transcriptome targeted gene quantification provides new insights on pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas. Sci Rep. 2019;9:3536.30837581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh MS, Lin MW, Lee YH. Lung adenocarcinoma with sarcomatoid transformation after tyrosine kinase treatment and chemotherapy. Lung Cancer. 2019;137:76–84. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.08.02931561203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sequist LV, Waltman BA, Dias-Santagata D, et al. Genotypic and histological evolution of lung cancers acquiring resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(75):75ra26. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung JH, Rho JK, Xu X, et al. Clinical and molecular evidences of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Lung Cancer. 2011;73(2):176–182. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.11.01121168239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S, Liu X, Liu R, et al. Concurrent epidermal growth factor receptor T790M secondary mutation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a lung adenocarcinoma patient with EGFR-TKI drug resistance. Thorac Cancer. 2017;8(6):693–697. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.1248428786540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia L, Shao YW, Xia Y. Nkx2-4 mutation confers resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutant lung sarcomatoid carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(6):e125–e126. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2019.01.02731122564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesumi Y, Suda K, Mizuuchi H, et al. Effect of dasatinib on EMT-mediated-mechanism of resistance against EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer. 2017;104:85–90. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.12.01228213007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2443–2454. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa120069022658127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQ, et al. Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2455–2465. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa120069422658128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reck M, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1823–1833. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa160677427718847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, et al. Cancer immunology. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Science. 2015;348(6230):124–128.25765070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotlowska MP, Rueda AG, Olmedo ME, et al. Efficacy of immunotherapy in sarcomatoid lung cancer, a case report and literature review. Respir Med Case Rep. 2019;26:310–314. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.02.01730931249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantuejoul S, Damotte D, Hofman V, Adam J. Programmed death ligand 1 immunohistochemistry in non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11(Suppl 1):S89–S101. doi:10.21037/jtd.2018.12.10330775032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Huang Y, Li Y, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma and correlation with clinical and genetic findings. Ann Nucl Med. 2019;33(9):647–656. doi:10.1007/s12149-019-01374-531165974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan AWH, Tong JHM, Kwan JSH, et al. Assessment of programmed cell death ligand-1 expression by 4 diagnostic assays and its clinicopathological correlation in a large cohort of surgical resected non-small cell lung carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2018;31(9):1381–1390. doi:10.1038/s41379-018-0053-329713040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim JK, Chung SM, Choi JH, et al. Clinical and molecular characteristics of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma. Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(4):737–744. doi:10.3904/kjim.2017.24529458244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yvorel V, Patoir A, Casteillo F, et al. PD-L1 expression in pleomorphic, spindle cell and giant cell carcinoma of the lung is related to TTF-1, p40 expression and might indicate a worse prognosis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(7):e0180346. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.018034628671973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW, et al. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1540–1550.26712084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Kim MY, Koh J, et al. Programmed death-1 ligand 1 and 2 are highly expressed in pleomorphic carcinomas of the lung: comparison of sarcomatous and carcinomatous areas. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51(17):2698–2707. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2015.08.01326329973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira T, Antoine M, Hamard C, et al. Sarcomatoid lung carcinomas show high levels of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and strong immune-cell infiltration by T CD3 cells and macrophages. Lung Cancer. 2016;98:51–58. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.05.01327393506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velcheti V, Rimm DL, Schalper KA. Sarcomatoid lung carcinomas show high levels of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(6):803–805. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318292be1823676558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salati M, Baldessari C, Calabrese F, et al. Nivolumab-induced impressive response of refractory pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma with brain metastasis. Case Rep Oncol. 2018;11(3):615–621. doi:10.1159/00049266630323751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira T, Antoine M, Ruppert A-M, et al. Blood vessel invasion is a major feature and a factor of poor prognosis in sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer. 2014;85:276–281. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.06.00424997135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecuchet N, Vieira T, Rabbe N, et al. Molecular classification of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas suggests new therapeutic opportunities. Ann Oncol. 2017;28:1597–1604. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx16228419182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffroy R, Fallet V, Girard N, et al. MET exon 14 mutations as targets in routine molecular analysis of primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung. Oncotarget. 2017;8:42428–42437. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.1640328418914
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heist RS, Shim HS, Gingipally S, et al. MET exon 14 skipping in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist. 2016;21:481–486. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2015-051027022036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar