326
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cardiac Electronic Devices: Future Directions and Challenges

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon &
Pages 325-338 | Published online: 25 Sep 2020

References

  • Wilkoff BL, Auricchio A, Brugada J, et al. HRS/EHRA Expert Consensus on the Monitoring of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs): description of techniques, indications, personnel, frequency and ethical considerations: developed in partnership with the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA); and in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), the Heart Failure Association of ESC (HFA), and the Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA). Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society, the European Heart Rhythm Association (a registered branch of the ESC), the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association . Europace. 2008;10(6):707–725.
  • Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129–2200m. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128
  • Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, et al. 213 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(29):2281–2329.
  • Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2018;138(13):e272–e391.
  • Priori SG, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the Europe. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(41):2793–2867.
  • Kirkfeldt RE, Johansen JB, Nohr EA, Dan Jørgensen O, Nielsen JC. Complications after cardiac implantable electronic device implantations: an analysis of a complete, nationwide cohort in Denmark. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(18):1186–1194. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht511
  • Bongiorni MG, Burri H, Deharo JC, et al. 2018 EHRA expert consensus statement on lead extraction: recommendations on definitions, endpoints, research trial design, and data collection requirements for clinical scientific studies and registries: endorsed by APHRS/HRS/LAHRS. Europace. 2018;20:1217. doi:10.1093/europace/euy050
  • Slotwiner D, Varma N, Akar JG, et al. HRS expert consensus statement on remote interrogation and monitoring for cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Hear Rhythm. 2015;12(7):e69–e100.
  • Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(3):225–237. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043399
  • Køber L, Thune JJ, Nielsen JC, et al. Defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(13):1221–1230. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1608029
  • Lee TC, Qian M, Mu L, et al. Association between mortality and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators by aetiology of heart failure: a propensity‐matched analysis of the WARCEF trial. ESC Hear Fail. 2019;6(2):297–307. doi:10.1002/ehf2.12407
  • Gatzoulis KA, Tsiachris D, Arsenos P, et al. Arrhythmic risk stratification in post-myocardial infarction patients with preserved ejection fraction: the PRESERVE EF study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(35):2940–2949. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz260
  • Gatzoulis KA, Georgopoulos S, Antoniou CK, et al. Programmed ventricular stimulation predicts arrhythmic events and survival in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2018;254:175–181. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.10.033
  • Gatzoulis KA, Dilaveris P, Arsenos P, et al. Arrhythmic risk stratification in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: the ReCONSIDER study design – A two-step, multifactorial, electrophysiology-inclusive approach. Hell J Cardiol. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2020.03.008
  • Selvanayagam JB, Hartshorne T, Billot L, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance-guided management of mild to moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction (CMR GUIDE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2017;22(4):12420. doi:10.1111/anec.12420
  • Salden OAE, Vernooy K, van Stipdonk AMW, Cramer MJ, Prinzen FW, Meine M. Strategies to improve selection of patients without typical left bundle branch block for cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6(2):129–142. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2019.11.018
  • Halbfass P, Sonne K, Nentwich K, Ene E, Deneke T. Current developments in cardiac rhythm management devices. Clin Res Cardiol. 2018;107(S2):100–104. doi:10.1007/s00392-018-1313-4
  • Leclercq C, Burri H, Curnis A, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of multipoint pacing therapy: more response on cardiac resynchronization therapy with multipoint pacing (MORE-CRT MPP-PHASE II). Am Heart J. 2019;209:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2018.12.004
  • Dilaveris P, Antoniou CK, Manolakou P, et al. Comparison of left ventricular and biventricular pacing: rationale and clinical implications. Anatol J Cardiol. 2019;22(3):132–139.
  • Filippatos G, Birnie D, Gold MR, et al. Rationale and design of the adapt response trial: a prospective randomized study of cardiac resynchronization therapy with preferential adaptive left ventricular-only pacing. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(7):950–957. doi:10.1002/ejhf.895
  • Zanon F, Abdelrahman M, Marcantoni L, et al. Long term performance and safety of His bundle pacing: a multicenter experience. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2019;30(9):1594–1601. doi:10.1111/jce.14063
  • Sharma PS, Vijayaraman P, Ellenbogen KA. Permanent His bundle pacing: shaping the future of physiological ventricular pacing. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(1):22–36. doi:10.1038/s41569-019-0224-z
  • Upadhyay GA, Vijayaraman P, Nayak HM, et al. On-treatment comparison between corrective His bundle pacing and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization: a secondary analysis of the His-SYNC Pilot Trial. Hear Rhythm. 2019;16(12):1797–1807. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.009
  • Boriani G, Fauchier L, Aguinaga L, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on management of arrhythmias and cardiac electronic devices in the critically ill and post-surgery patient, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Card. EP Eur. 2018;21(1):7–8.
  • Mairesse GH, Braunschweig F, Klersy K, Cowie MR, Leyva F. Implementation and reimbursement of remote monitoring for cardiac implantable electronic devices in Europe: a survey from the health economics committee of the European Heart Rhythm Association. EP Eur. 2015;17(5):814–818.
  • Poole JE, Gleva MJ, Mela T, et al. Complication rates associated with pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator replacements and upgrade procedures: results from the REPLACE registry. Circulation. 2010;122(16):1553–1561. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.976076
  • Palmisano P, Guerra F, Dell’Era G, et al. Impact on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality of cardiac implantable electronic device complications: results from the POINTED registry. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6(4):382–392. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2019.11.005
  • Blomström-Lundqvist C, Traykov V, Erba PA, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections—endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), th. EP Eur. 2019;22(4):515–549.
  • Tarakji KG, Mittal S, Kennergren C, et al. Antibacterial envelope to prevent cardiac implantable device infection. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(20):1895–1905. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1901111
  • Sideris S, Archontakis S, Dilaveris P, et al. Leadless cardiac pacemakers: current status of a modern approach in pacing. Hell J Cardiol. 2017;58(6):403–410. doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2017.05.004
  • Wiles BM, Roberts PR. Design and evaluation of the micra transcatheter pacing system for bradyarrhythmia management. Future Cardiol. 2019;15(1):9–15. doi:10.2217/fca-2018-0077
  • Sperzel J, Hamm C, Hain A. Nanostim—leadless pacemaker. Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie. 2018;29(4):327–333. doi:10.1007/s00399-018-0598-3
  • Groner A, Grippe K. The leadless pacemaker. J Am Acad Physician Assist. 2019;32(6):48–50. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000554750.85170.d4
  • Steinwender C, Lercher P, Schukro C, et al. State of the art: leadless ventricular pacing: a national expert consensus of the Austrian Society of Cardiology. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2020;57(1):27–37. doi:10.1007/s10840-019-00680-2
  • Afzal MR, Daoud EG, Cunnane R, et al. Techniques for successful early retrieval of the Micra transcatheter pacing system: a worldwide experience. Hear Rhythm. 2018;15(6):841–846. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.02.008
  • Reynolds D, Duray GZ, Omar R, et al. A leadless intracardiac transcatheter pacing system. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(6):533–541. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1511643
  • El-Chami MF, Al-Samadi F, Clementy N, et al. Updated performance of the Micra transcatheter pacemaker in the real-world setting: a comparison to the investigational study and a transvenous historical control. Hear Rhythm. 2018;15(12):1800–1807. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.08.005
  • El‐Chami MF, Johansen JB, Zaidi A, et al. Leadless pacemaker implant in patients with pre‐existing infections: results from the Micra postapproval registry. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2019;30(4):569–574. doi:10.1111/jce.13851
  • Piccini JP, Stromberg K, Jackson KP, et al. Patient selection, pacing indications, and subsequent outcomes with de novo leadless single-chamber VVI pacing. Europace. 2019;21(11):1686–1693. doi:10.1093/europace/euz230
  • Garg A, Koneru JN, Fagan DH, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients precluded for transvenous pacemaker implantation: experience with a leadless pacemaker. Hear Rhythm. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.07.035
  • Tachibana M, Banba K, Matsumoto K, Ohara M. The feasibility of leadless pacemaker implantation for superelderly patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;43(4):374–381. doi:10.1111/pace.13894
  • Pagan E, Gabriels J, Khodak A, et al. Safety of leadless pacemaker implantation in the very elderly. Hear Rhythm. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.022
  • Boveda S, Marijon E, Lenarczyk R, et al. Factors influencing the use of leadless or transvenous pacemakers: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association Prospective Survey. EP Eur. 2020;22(4):667–673.
  • Lenarczyk R, Boveda S, Mansourati J, et al. Peri-procedural management, implantation feasibility, and short-term outcomes in patients undergoing implantation of leadless pacemakers: European snapshot survey. EP Eur. 2020;22(5):833–838.
  • Bereuter L, Gysin M, Kueffer T, et al. Leadless dual-chamber pacing: a novel communication method for wireless pacemaker synchronization. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2018;3(6):813–823. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.07.009
  • Chinitz L, Ritter P, Khelae SK, et al. Accelerometer-based atrioventricular synchronous pacing with a ventricular leadless pacemaker: results from the Micra atrioventricular feasibility studies. Hear Rhythm. 2018;15(9):1363–1371. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.05.004
  • Steinwender C, Khelae SK, Garweg C, et al. Atrioventricular synchronous pacing using a leadless ventricular pacemaker: results from the MARVEL 2 study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6(1):94–106.
  • Medtronic MicraTM AV MC1AVR1 device manual. Available from: https://www.medtronic.com/us-en/healthcare-professionals/products/cardiac-rhythm/pacemakers/micra-pacing-system.html.
  • Reddy VY, Miller MA, Neuzil P, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with wireless left ventricular endocardial pacing: the SELECT-LV study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(17):2119–2129. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.059
  • Sieniewicz BJ, Betts TR, James S, et al. Real-world experience of leadless left ventricular endocardial cardiac resynchronization therapy: a multicenter international registry of the WiSE-CRT pacing system. Hear Rhythm. 2020;17(8):1291–1297. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.002
  • Singh JP, Abraham WT, Auricchio A, et al. Design and rationale for the stimulation of the left ventricular endocardium for cardiac resynchronization therapy in non-responders and previously untreatable patients (SOLVE-CRT) trial. Am Heart J. 2019;217:13–22. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2019.04.002
  • Olgin JE, Pletcher MJ, Vittinghoff E, et al. Wearable cardioverter–defibrillator after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(13):1205–1215. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800781
  • Olgin JE, Lee BK, Vittinghoff E, et al. Impact of wearable cardioverter‐defibrillator compliance on outcomes in the VEST trial: as‐treated and per‐protocol analyses. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31(5):1009–1018. doi:10.1111/jce.14404
  • Kutyifa V, Moss AJ, Klein H, et al. Use of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator in high-risk cardiac patients data from the prospective registry of patients using the wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WEARIT-II registry). Circulation. 2015;132(17):1613–1619. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015677
  • Lenarczyk R, Potpara TS, Haugaa KH, et al. The use of wearable cardioverter-defibrillators in Europe: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey. EP Eur. 2016;18(1):146–150.
  • Boersma LV, El-Chami MF, Bongiorni MG, et al. Understanding outcomes with the EMBLEM S-ICD in primary prevention patients with low EF study (UNTOUCHED): clinical characteristics and perioperative results. Hear Rhythm. 2019;16(11):1636–1644. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.04.048
  • Boersma L, Burke MC, Neuzil P, et al. Infection and mortality after implantation of a subcutaneous ICD after transvenous ICD extraction. Hear Rhythm. 2016;13(1):157–164. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.08.039
  • Boveda S, Lenarczyk R, Fumagalli S, et al. Factors influencing the use of subcutaneous or transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association prospective survey. EP Eur. 2018;20(5):887–892.
  • Lenarczyk R, Boveda S, Haugaa KH, et al. Peri-procedural routines, implantation techniques, and procedure-related complications in patients undergoing implantation of subcutaneous or transvenous automatic cardioverter-defibrillators: results of the European Snapshot Survey on S-ICD Implantation. EP Eur. 2018;20(7):1218–1224.
  • Kaya E, Rassaf T, Wakili R. Subcutaneous ICD: current standards and future perspective. IJC Hear Vasc. 2019;24.
  • Boersma LVA, Merkely B, Neuzil P, et al. Therapy from a novel substernal lead: the ASD2 study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;5(2):186–196. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2018.11.003
  • Yee R, Verma A, Beardsall M, Fraser J, Philippon F, Exner DV. Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society Joint Position Statement on the use of remote monitoring for cardiovascular implantable electronic device follow-up. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29(6):644–651. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2012.11.036
  • Frederix I, Caiani EG, Dendale P, et al. ESC e-Cardiology Working Group Position Paper: overcoming challenges in digital health implementation in cardiovascular medicine. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(11):1166–1177. doi:10.1177/2047487319832394
  • Liberska A, Kowalski O, Mazurek M, et al. Day by day telemetric care of patients treated with cardiac resynchronisation therapy: first Polish experience. Kardiol Pol. 2016;74:741–748. doi:10.5603/KP.a2016.0019
  • Hohnloser HS, Capucci A, Fain E, et al. ASymptomatic atrial fibrillation and Stroke Evaluation in pacemaker patients and the atrial fibrillation Reduction atrial pacing Trial (ASSERT). Am Heart J. 2006;152(3):442–447. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.02.016
  • Ziegler PD, Glotzer TV, Daoud EG, et al. Detection of previously undiagnosed atrial fibrillation in patients with stroke risk factors and usefulness of continuous monitoring in primary stroke prevention. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(9):1309–1314. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.034
  • Jȩdrzejczyk-Patej E, Lenarczyk R, Mazurek M, et al. Can we rely on machines? Device-detected atrial high rates correspond well with atrial arrhythmias in cardiac resynchronization recipients. Europace. 2016;18(3):436–444. doi:10.1093/europace/euv095
  • Gorenek B, Bax J, Boriani G, et al. Device-detected subclinical atrial tachyarrhythmias: definition, implications and management. EP Eur. 2017;19(9):1556–1578.
  • Martin DT, Bersohn MM, Waldo AL, et al. Randomized trial of atrial arrhythmia monitoring to guide anticoagulation in patients with implanted defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization devices. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1660–1668. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv115
  • Miyazawa K, Kondo Y, Nakano M, et al. Risk factors for the development of incident atrial fibrillation in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Eur J Intern Med. 2018;52:54–59. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.02.019
  • Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(38):2893–2962.
  • Mairesse GH, Moran P, Van Gelder IC, et al. Screening for atrial fibrillation: a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardíaca y Electrofisiolog. Europace. 2017;19(10):1589–1623. doi:10.1093/europace/eux177
  • Khan AA, Boriani G, Lip GYH. Are atrial high rate episodes (AHREs) a precursor to atrial fibrillation? Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(4):409–416. doi:10.1007/s00392-019-01545-4
  • Miyazawa K, Pastori D, Li YG, et al. Atrial high rate episodes in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: implications for clinical outcomes. Clin Res Cardiol. 2019;108(9):1034–1041. doi:10.1007/s00392-019-01432-y
  • Li YG, Miyazawa K, Pastori D, Szekely O, Shahid F, Lip GYH. Atrial high-rate episodes and thromboembolism in patients without atrial fibrillation: the West Birmingham atrial fibrillation project. Int J Cardiol. 2019;292:126–130. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.055
  • Pastori D, Miyazawa K, Li Y, et al. Atrial high-rate episodes and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(1):96–102. doi:10.1007/s00392-019-01493-z
  • Boriani G, Lip GYH, Pietro R, et al. The increased risk of stroke/transient ischemic attack in women with a cardiac implantable electronic device is not associated with a higher atrial fibrillation burden. Europace. 2017;19(11):1767–1775. doi:10.1093/europace/euw333
  • Lorenzoni G, Folino F, Soriani N, Iliceto S, Gregori D. Cost-effectiveness of early detection of atrial fibrillation via remote control of implanted devices. J Eval Clin Pract. 2014;20(5):570–577.
  • Varma N, Epstein AE, Irimpen A, Schweikert R, Love C. Efficacy and safety of automatic remote monitoring for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator follow-up. Circulation. 2010;122(4):325–332. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.937409
  • Amara W, Montagnier C, Cheggour S, et al. Early detection and treatment of atrial arrhythmias alleviates the arrhythmic burden in paced patients: the SETAM study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2017;40(5):527–536. doi:10.1111/pace.13062
  • Perino A, Fan J, Askari M, et al. How much atrial fibrillation is too much? Treatment benefit of anticoagulation based on threshold of device-detected Af. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(9):290. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(19)30898-8
  • Verma A, Cairns JA, Mitchell LB, et al. 2014 focused update of the Canadian cardiovascular society guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30(10):1114–1130.
  • Lip GYH, Banerjee A, Boriani G, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2018;154(5):1121–1201. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.07.040
  • Kirchhof P, Blank BF, Calvert M, et al. Probing oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial high rate episodes: rationale and design of the Non–vitamin K antagonist Oral anticoagulants in patients with Atrial High rate episodes (NOAH–AFNET 6) trial. Am Heart J. 2017;190:12–18. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2017.04.015
  • Lopes RD, Alings M, Connolly SJ, et al. Rationale and design of the Apixaban for the reduction of thrombo-embolism in patients with device-detected sub-clinical atrial fibrillation (ARTESiA) trial. Am Heart J. 2017;189:137–145. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2017.04.008
  • Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(5):417–427. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1707855
  • Noseworthy PA, Van Houten HK, Gersh BJ, et al. Generalizability of the CASTLE-AF trial: catheter ablation for patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure in routine practice. Hear Rhythm. 2020;17(7):1057–1065. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.02.030
  • Packer DL, Mark DB, Robb RA, et al. Effect of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drug therapy on mortality, stroke, bleeding, and cardiac arrest among patients with atrial fibrillation: the CABANA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:1261–1274. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.0693
  • Noseworthy PA, Gersh BJ, Kent DM, et al. Atrial fibrillation ablation in practice: assessing CABANA generalizability. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(16):1257–1264. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz085
  • Ontario HQ. Remote monitoring of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, cardiac resynchronization therapy and permanent pacemakers: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2018;18(7):1–199.
  • Hindricks G, Taborsky M, Glikson M, et al. Implant-based multiparameter telemonitoring of patients with heart failure (IN-TIME): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;384(9943):583–590. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61176-4
  • Sardu C, Santamaria M, Rizzo MR, et al. Telemonitoring in heart failure patients treated by cardiac resynchronisation therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D): the TELECART study. Int J Clin Pract. 2016;70(7):569–576. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12823
  • Boriani G, Da Costa A, Quesada A, et al. Effects of remote monitoring on clinical outcomes and use of healthcare resources in heart failure patients with biventricular defibrillators: results of the MORE-CARE multicentre randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(3):416–425. doi:10.1002/ejhf.626
  • Morgan JM, Kitt S, Gill J, et al. Remote management of heart failure using implantable electronic devices. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(30):2352–2360. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx227
  • Tajstra M, Sokal A, Gadula-Gacek E, et al. Remote supervision to decrease hospitalization rate (RESULT) study in patients with implanted cardioverter-defibrillator. EP Eur. 2020;22(5):769–776.
  • Braunschweig F, Anker SD, Proff J, Varma N. Remote monitoring of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and resynchronization devices to improve patient outcomes: dead end or way ahead? EP Eur. 2019;21(6):846–855.
  • Goette A, Auricchio A, Boriani G, et al. EHRA White Paper: knowledge gaps in arrhythmia management - Status 2019. Europace. 2019;21(7):993–994.
  • Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(21):1883–1948.
  • Seidl K, Rameken M, Breunung S, et al. Diagnostic assessment of recurrent unexplained syncope with a new subcutaneously implantable loop recorder. Europace. 2000;2(3):256–262. doi:10.1053/eupc.2000.0108
  • Giada F, Gulizia M, Francese M, et al. Recurrent Unexplained Palpitations (RUP) study. Comparison of implantable loop recorder versus conventional diagnostic strategy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(19):1951–1956. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.036
  • Sanna T, Diener H-C, Passman RS, et al. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(26):2478–2486. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1313600
  • Diederichsen SZ, Haugan KJ, Brandes A, et al. Incidence and predictors of atrial fibrillation episodes as detected by implantable loop recorder in patients at risk: from the LOOP study. Am Heart J. 2020;219:117–127. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2019.09.009
  • Diederichsen SZ, Haugan KJ, Brandes A, et al. Natural history of subclinical atrial fibrillation detected by implanted loop recorders. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(22):2771–2781. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.050
  • Ip JE. Evaluation of cardiac rhythm abnormalities from wearable devices. JAMA. 2019;321(11):1098–1099. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.1681
  • Dörr M, Nohturfft V, Brasier N, et al. The WATCH AF trial: smartWATCHes for detection of atrial fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;5(2):199–208. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2018.10.006
  • Turakhia MP, Desai M, Hedlin H, et al. Rationale and design of a large-scale, app-based study to identify cardiac arrhythmias using a smartwatch: the Apple Heart Study. Am Heart J. 2019;207:66–75. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2018.09.002
  • Perez MV, Mahaffey KW, Hedlin H, et al. Large-scale assessment of a smartwatch to identify atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(20):1909–1917. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1901183
  • Guo Y, Wang H, Zhang H, et al. Mobile Photoplethysmographic technology to detect atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(19):2365–2375. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.019
  • Guo Y, Lane DA, Wang L, et al. Mobile Health (mHealth) technology for improved screening, patient involvement and optimising integrated care in atrial fibrillation: the mAFA (mAF‐App) II randomised trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2019;73(7). doi:10.1111/ijcp.13352.
  • Guo Y, Lane DA, Chen Y, Lip GYH. Regular bleeding risk assessment associated with reduction in bleeding outcomes: the mAFA-II randomized trial. Am J Med. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.019
  • Kalarus Z, Balsam P, Bandosz P, et al. NOninvasive monitoring for early detection of Atrial fibrillation: rationale and design of the NOMED-AF study. Kardiol Pol. 2018;76(10):1482–1485. doi:10.5603/KP.a2018.0193
  • Pevnick JM, Birkeland K, Zimmer R, Elad Y, Kedan I. Wearable technology for cardiology: an update and framework for the future. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2018;28(2):144–150. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2017.08.003
  • Uslan DZ, Sohail MR, St Sauver JL, et al. Permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator infection: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(7):669–675. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.7.669