Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the gastrointestinal cancers: current knowledge and clinical potential

References

• Madlener M, Parks WC, Werner S. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their physiological inhibitors (TIMPs) are differentially expressed during excisional skin wound repair. Exp Cell Res. 1998;242(1):201–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua H, Li M, Luo T, Yin Y, Jiang Y. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumorigenesis: an evolving paradigm. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011;68(23):3853–3868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh YC, Sheu BS, Cheng HC, Wang YL, Yang HB, Wu JJ. Elevated serum matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -7 in H. pylori-related gastric cancer can be biomarkers correlating with a poor survival. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(6):1649–1657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Jagt MF, Wobbes T, Strobbe LJ, Sweep FC, Span PN. Metalloproteinases and their regulators in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2010;101(3):259–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WL, Chang WL, Yeh YC, et al. Concomitantly elevated serum matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9 can predict survival of synchronous squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aero-digestive tract. Mol Carcinog. 2013;52(6):438–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun XF, Zhang H. Clinicopathological significance of stromal variables: angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, inflammatory infiltration, MMP and PINCH in colorectal carcinomas. Mol Cancer. 2006;5:43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschos KA, Canovas D, Bird NC. Enzymatic function of multiple origins regulates the progression of colorectal cancer and the development of metastases. Hippokratia. 2009;13(1):23–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amalinei C, Caruntu ID, Giusca SE, Balan RA. Matrix metalloproteinases involvement in pathologic conditions. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2010;51(2):215–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez DE, Alonso DF, Yoshiji H, Thorgeirsson UP. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, regulation and biological functions. Eur J Cell Biol. 1997;74(2):111–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker AH, Edwards DR, Murphy G. Metalloproteinase inhibitors: biological actions and therapeutic opportunities. J Cell Sci. 2002;115(Pt 19):3719–3727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert E, Dasse E, Haye B, Petitfrere E. TIMPs as multifacial proteins. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2004;49(3):187–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stetler-Stevenson WG. Matrix metalloproteinases in angiogenesis: a moving target for therapeutic intervention. J Clin Invest. 1999;103(9):1237–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amour A, Slocombe PM, Webster A, et al. TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) is inhibited by TIMP-3. FEBS Lett. 1998;435(1):39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brew K, Dinakarpandian D, Nagase H. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: evolution, structure, and function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1477(1–2):267–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene J, Wang M, Liu YE, Raymond LA, Rosen C, Shi YE. Molecular cloning and characterization of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(48):30375–30380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leco KJ, Apte SS, Taniguchi GT, et al. Murine tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 (Timp-4): cDNA isolation and expression in adult mouse tissues. FEBS Lett. 1997;401(2–3):213–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Ma J, Guo Q, et al. Overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2009;22(8):664–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukaszewicz-Zajac M, Mroczko B, Kozlowski M, Niklinski J, Laudanski J, Szmitkowski M. Elevated levels of serum metalloproteinase 9 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2009;119(9):558–563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee S, Roth MJ, Dawsey SM, Yan W, et al. Increased matrix metalloproteinase activation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med. 2010;8:91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Qin YR, Bi J, Guo A, Fu L, Guan XY. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase 10 is associated with poor survival in patients with early stage of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2012;25(7):656–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng HH, Zhang X, Cao PG. MMP-1/PAR-1 signal transduction axis and its prognostic impact in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45(1):86–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao YS, Ma XY, Chai DM, et al. Overexpression of MMP-1 and VEGF-C is associated with a less favorable prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Onkologie. 2012;35(11):651–656.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Guo H, Dong D, Wu H, Li E. Expression and prognostic relevance of cyclophilin A and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Diagn Pathol. 2013;8:207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao XL, Chen D, Wang JG, Zhang KJ. Clinical significance of serum matrix metalloproteinase-13 levels in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(4):509–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer J, Schopp M, Thurau K, Haier J, Kohler G, Hummel R. Immunohistochemical analysis on potential new molecular targets for esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2014;27(1):93–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye Q, Yan Z, Liao X, et al. MUC1 induces metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase 13. Lab Invest. 2011;91(5):778–787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Di D, Luo G, et al. Immunochemical staining of MT2-MMP correlates positively to angiogenesis of human esophageal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2010;30(10):4363–4368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ninomiya I, Kawakami K, Fushida S, et al. Quantitative detection of TIMP-3 promoter hypermethylation and its prognostic significance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2008;20(6):1489–1495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groblewska M, Mroczko B, Kozlowski M, Niklinski J, Laudanski J, Szmitkowski M. Serum matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 2 in esophageal cancer patients. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2012;50(4):590–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu HQ, Song S, Wang JH, Zhang SL. Expression of MMP-3 and TIMP-3 in gastric cancer tissue and its clinical significance. Oncol Lett. 2011;2(6):1319–1322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai QW, Li J, Li XQ, Wang JQ, Huang Y. Expression of STAT3, MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in gastric cancer and correlation with pathological features. Mol Med Rep. 2012;5(6):1438–1442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng J, Chu D, Wang D, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-12 is associated with overall survival in Chinese patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2013;107(7):746–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Pena S, Sampieri CL, Ochoa-Lara M, Leon-Cordoba K, Remes-Troche JM. Expression of the matrix metalloproteases 2, (14), 24, and 25 and tissue inhibitor 3 as potential molecular markers in advanced human gastric cancer. Dis Markers. 2014;2014:285906.
   Google Scholar
• Li Z, Zhang D, Zhang H, et al. Prediction of peritoneal recurrence by the mRNA level of CEA and MMP-7 in peritoneal lavage of gastric cancer patients. Tumour Biol. 2014;35(4):3463–3470.
   Google Scholar
• Chung WC, Jung SH, Lee KM, et al. The detection of Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity islands (PAIs) and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in gastric epithelial dysplasia and intramucosal cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2010;13(3):162–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Li Y, Lu J, et al. Increased MMP-21 expression is associated with poor overall survival of patients with gastric cancer. Med Oncol. 2013;30(1):323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng CW, Wang LW, Fang M, Yang GF, Li Y, Pang DW. Combined features based on MT1-MMP expression, CD11b + immunocytes density and LNR predict clinical outcomes of gastric cancer. J Transl Med. 2013;11:153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemik O, Kemik AS, Sumer A, et al. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(16):2109–2112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mroczko B, Lukaszewicz-Zajac M, Gryko M, Kedra B, Szmitkowski M. Clinical significance of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2) in gastric cancer. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 2011;49(1):125–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanazawa A, Oshima T, Yoshihara K, et al. Relation of MT1-MMP gene expression to outcomes in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(6):571–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada T, Oshima T, Yoshihara K, et al. Overexpression of MMP-13 gene in colorectal cancer with liver metastasis. Anticancer Res. 2010;30(7):2693–2699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Li Y, Liu X, et al. Identification of high-risk stage II and stage III colorectal cancer by analysis of MMP-21 expression. J Surg Oncol. 2011;104(7):787–791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langers AM, Verspaget HW, Hawinkels LJ, et al. MMP-2 and MMP-9 in normal mucosa are independently associated with outcome of colorectal cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2012;106(9):1495–1498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langenskiold M, Ivarsson ML, Holmdahl L, Falk P, Kabjorn-Gustafsson C, Angenete E. Intestinal mucosal MMP-1 – a prognostic factor in colon cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(5):563–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vayrynen JP, Vornanen J, Tervahartiala T, et al. Serum MMP-8 levels increase in colorectal cancer and correlate with disease course and inflammatory properties of primary tumors. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(4):E463–E474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mroczko B, Groblewska M, Okulczyk B, Kedra B, Szmitkowski M. The diagnostic value of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) determination in the sera of colorectal adenoma and cancer patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2010;25(10):1177–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang ZL, Zeng ZC, Fan J, Tang ZY, Zeng HY, Gao DM. Gene expression profiling of fixed tissues identified hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 as biomarkers of lymph node metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(16):5463–5472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen R, Cui J, Xu C, et al. The significance of MMP-9 over MMP-2 in HCC invasiveness and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(Suppl 3):S375–S384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liao M, Tong P, Zhao J, et al. Prognostic value of matrix metalloproteinase-1/proteinase-activated receptor-1 signaling axis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res. 2012;18(2):397–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng KT, Qi X, Kong KL, et al. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) correlates with poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(15):2299–2305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempinen M, Lyytinen I, Nordin A, et al. Prognostic value of serum MMP-8, -9 and TIMP-1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Med. 2013;45(7):482–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poruk KE, Firpo MA, Scaife CL, et al. Serum osteopontin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas. 2013;42(2):193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell. 2009;136(2):215–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla GC, Singh J, Barik S. MicroRNAs: processing, maturation, target recognition, and regulatory functions. Mol Cell Pharmacol. 2011;3(3):83–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feber A, Xi L, Pennathur A, et al. MicroRNA prognostic signature for nodal metastases and survival in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(5):1523–1530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He B, Yin B, Wang B, Xia Z, Chen C, Tang J. MicroRNAs in esophageal cancer. Mol Med Rep. 2012;6(3):459–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermeking H. MicroRNAs in the p53 network: micromanagement of tumour suppression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12(9):613–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter JL, Mitchell TI, Buttice G, et al. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter creates an Ets binding site and augments transcription. Cancer Res. 1998;58(23):5321–5325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouhkan F, Motovali-Bashi M, Hojati Z. The influence of interstitial collagenase-1 genotype polymorphism on colorectal cancer risk in Iranian population. Cancer Invest. 2008;26(8):836–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang WL, Liang WB, He H, et al. Association of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 7, and 9 gene polymorphisms with genetic susceptibility to colorectal carcinoma in a Han Chinese population. DNA Cell Biol. 2010;29(11):657–661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey S, Ghosh N, Saha D, Kesh K, Gupta A, Swarnakar S. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) promoter polymorphisms are well linked with lower stomach tumor formation in eastern Indian population. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price SJ, Greaves DR, Watkins H. Identification of novel, functional genetic variants in the human matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene: role of Sp1 in allele-specific transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(10):7549–7558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Sun DL, Duan YN, et al. Association of functional polymorphisms in MMPs genes with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in high incidence region of North China. Mol Biol Rep. 2010;37(1):197–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langers AM, Sier CF, Hawinkels LJ, et al. MMP-2 geno-phenotype is prognostic for colorectal cancer survival, whereas MMP-9 is not. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(11):1820–1823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alakus H, Afriani N, Warnecke-Eberz U, et al. Clinical impact of MMP and TIMP gene polymorphisms in gastric cancer. World J Surg. 2010;34(12):2853–2859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang MJ, Jung SA, Jung JM, et al. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms of MMP2, VEGF, and HIF1A genes and the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res. 2011;31(2):575–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting WC, Chen LM, Pao JB, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases and clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer patients. Int J Med Sci. 2013;10(8):1022–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye S, Eriksson P, Hamsten A, Kurkinen M, Humphries SE, Henney AM. Progression of coronary atherosclerosis is associated with a common genetic variant of the human stromelysin-1 promoter which results in reduced gene expression. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(22):13055–13060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto K, Ishida C, Ikebuchi Y, et al. The genotypes of IL-1 beta and MMP-3 are associated with the prognosis of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Intern Med. 2010;49(10):887–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Kodaira C, et al. Polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase-7 and chymase are associated with susceptibility to and progression of gastric cancer in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(10):751–761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dziki L, Przybylowska K, Majsterek I, Trzcinski R, Mik M, Sygut A. A/G polymorphism of the MMP-7 gene promoter region in colorectal cancer. Pol Przegl Chir. 2011;83(11):622–626.
   Google Scholar
• Malik MA, Sharma KL, Zargar SA, Mittal B. Association of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (−181A>G) polymorphism with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir Valley. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(5):301–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik MA, Zargar SA, Mittal B. Role of the metalloproteinase-7 (181A>G) polymorphism in gastric cancer susceptibility: a case control study in Kashmir valley. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(1):73–76.
   Google Scholar
• Jormsjo S, Whatling C, Walter DH, Zeiher AM, Hamsten A, Eriksson P. Allele-specific regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-7 promoter activity is associated with coronary artery luminal dimensions among hypercholesterolemic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(11):1834–1839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroeger PE, Sarge KD, Morimoto RI. Mouse heat shock transcription factors 1 and 2 prefer a trimeric binding site but interact differently with the HSP70 heat shock element. Mol Cell Biol. 1993;13(6):3370–3383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Ye S, Herrmann SM, et al. Functional polymorphism in the regulatory region of gelatinase B gene in relation to severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1999;99(14):1788–1794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipley JM, Doyle GA, Fliszar CJ, et al. The structural basis for the elastolytic activity of the 92-kDa and 72-kDa gelatinases. Role of the fibronectin type II-like repeats. J Biol Chem. 1996;271(8):4335–4341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani P, Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990. Int J Cancer. 1999;83(1):18–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Zhang L, Luo H, Zhu Z, Zhang C, Hou Y. Association of matrix metalloproteinases-9 gene polymorphisms with genetic susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. DNA Cell Biol. 2008;27(10):553–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Y, Zhu J, Chen L, Chen L, Zhang S, Lin J. Associations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein polymorphisms with lymph node metastasis but not invasion of gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(9):2870–2877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang ZH, Li SN, Liu JX, Guo QX, Sun XW. MMP-9 polymorphisms are related to serum lipids levels but not associated with colorectal cancer susceptibility in Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39(10):9399–9404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park KS, Kim SJ, Kim KH, Kim JC. Clinical characteristics of TIMP2, MMP2, and MMP9 gene polymorphisms in colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26(2):391–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jormsjo S, Ye S, Moritz J, et al. Allele-specific regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-12 gene activity is associated with coronary artery luminal dimensions in diabetic patients with manifest coronary artery disease. Circ Res. 2000;86(9):998–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon S, Kuivaniemi H, Gatalica Z, et al. MMP13 promoter polymorphism is associated with atherosclerosis in the abdominal aorta of young black males. Matrix Biol. 2002;21(6):487–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Nguyen S, Skarstedt M, Lofgren S,. Gene polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-12 and -13 and association with colorectal cancer in Swedish patients. Anticancer Res. 2013;33(8):3247–3250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen TY, Li YC, Liu YF, et al. Role of MMP14 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility and pathological development to hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(8):2348–2356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akanuma N, Hoshino I, Akutsu Y, et al. MicroRNA-133a regulates the mRNAs of two invadopodia-related proteins, FSCN1 and MMP14, in esophageal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(1):189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang N, Zhang CQ, He JH, et al. MiR-21 down-regulation suppresses cell growth, invasion and induces cell apoptosis by targeting FASL, TIMP3, and RECK genes in esophageal carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(7):1863–1870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto N, Naito Y, Oue N, et al. MicroRNA-148a is downregulated in gastric cancer, targets MMP7, and indicates tumor invasiveness and poor prognosis. Cancer Sci. 2014;105(2):236–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao P, Xing AY, Zhou GY, et al. The molecular mechanism of microRNA-145 to suppress invasion-metastasis cascade in gastric cancer. Oncogene. 2013;32(4):491–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu M, Zhang N, He S, Lui Y, Lu G, Zhao L. MicroRNA-106a targets TIMP2 to regulate invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer. FEBS Lett. 2014;588(4):600–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poudyal D, Cui X, Le PM, et al. A key role of microRNA-29b for the suppression of colon cancer cell migration by American ginseng. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e75034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang W, Zhu Y, Gao J, et al. MicroRNA-29a promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by regulating matrix metalloproteinase 2 and E-cadherin via KLF4. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(2):450–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen K, Liang Q, Xu K, et al. MiR-139 inhibits invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer by targeting the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012;84(3):320–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han HB, Gu J, Zuo HJ, et al. Let-7c functions as a metastasis suppressor by targeting MMP11 and PBX3 in colorectal cancer. J Pathol. 2012;226(3):544–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang JH, Zhou HC, Zeng C, et al. MicroRNA-29b suppresses tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis by regulating matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression. Hepatology. 2011;54(5):1729–1740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Li Y, Ye J, et al. MicroRNA-491 is involved in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibitions of matrix metalloproteinase and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Liver Int. 2013;33(8):1271–1280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan W, Zhang W, Sun L, et al. Identification of MMP-9 specific microRNA expression profile as potential targets of anti-invasion therapy in glioblastoma multiforme. Brain Res. 2011;1411:108–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi Q, Tang S, Xia L, et al. Ectopic expression of MiR-125a inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting MMP11 and VEGF. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e40169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo M, Di Leva G, Romano G, et al. miR-221&222 regulate TRAIL resistance and enhance tumorigenicity through PTEN and TIMP3 downregulation. Cancer Cell. 2009;16(6):498–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Hsu SH, Majumder S, et al. TGFβ-mediated upregulation of hepatic miR-181b promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by targeting TIMP3. Oncogene. 2010;29(12):1787–1797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dangi-Garimella S, Strouch MJ, Grippo PJ, Bentrem DJ, Munshi HG. Collagen regulation of let-7 in pancreatic cancer involves TGF-β1-mediated membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase expression. Oncogene. 2011;30(8):1002–1008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Xu Q, Zhang D, et al. Upregulated miR-106a plays an oncogenic role in pancreatic cancer. FEBS Lett. 2014;588(5):705–712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashyap MK, Marimuthu A, Kishore CJ, et al. Genomewide mRNA profiling of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma for identification of cancer biomarkers. Cancer Biol Ther. 2009;8(1):36–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnane MJ, Cai J, Shuja S, McAneny D, Klepeis V, Willett JB. Active MMP-2 effectively identifies the presence of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(12):2893–2902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskensalo S, Louhimo J, Nordling S, Hagstrom J, Haglund C. MMP-7 as a prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol. 2011;32(2):259–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bendardaf R, Buhmeida A, Hilska M, et al. MMP-9 (gelatinase B) expression is associated with disease-free survival and disease-specific survival in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Invest. 2010;28(1):38–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen SA, Vainer B, Bartels A, Brunner N, Sorensen JB. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) by colorectal cancer cells and adjacent stroma cells – associations with histopathology and patients outcome. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(18):3233–3242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durlik M, Gardian K. Metalloproteinase 2 and 9 activity in the development of pancreatic cancer. Pol Przegl Chir. 2012;84(8):377–382.
   Google Scholar