Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): does receiving assistance impact food choices?

References

• Tiehen L, Jolliffe D, Gundersen C. Alleviating poverty in the United States: the critical role of SNAP benefits. ERR-132. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 2012. Available from: https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/44963/17741_err132_reportsummary_2_.pdf?v=41995. Accessed July 09, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Blumenthal S, Hoffnagle E, Willett W, et al. SNAP to health: a fresh approach to improving nutrition in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Paper presented at: Washington, DC: Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress Health Medicine Program; 2012.doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-11-0999-PDN
   Google Scholar
• Gray KF, Eslami E Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program households: fiscal year 2012. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series. No. SNAP-14-CHAR. VA. 2014. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/research.htm. Accessed February 2, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Rose D. Food stamps, the thrifty food plan, and meal preparation: the importance of the time dimension for US nutrition policy. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2007;39(4):226–232. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2007.04.180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Training Guide for Retailers. Alexandria, VA;2014:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Center of Budget and Policy Priorities. Policy Basics: Special Features of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Washington DC;2018:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• De Irala-Estevez J, Groth M, Johansson L, Oltersdorf U, Prättälä R, Martínez-González MA. A systematic review of socio-economic differences in food habits in Europe: consumption of fruit and vegetables. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54(9):706–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbard S, Micahels E, Fleming K, Campbell M. Understanding the food choices of low-income families. U S Department Agric. 1997;1–5. Available from: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/NUTRI.PDF. Accessed July 09, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Wardle J, Parmenter K, Waller J. Nutrition knowledge and food intake. Appetite. 2000;34(3):269–275. doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiig K, Smith C. The art of grocery shopping on a food stamp budget: factors influencing the food choices of low-income women as they try to make ends meet. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(10):1726–1734. doi:10.1017/S1368980008004102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine CM, Sobal J, Bisogni CA, Connors M. Food choices in three ethnic groups: interactions of ideals, identities, and roles. J Nutr Educ Behav. 1999;31(2):86–93. doi:10.1016/S0022-3182(99)70400-0
   Google Scholar
• James D. Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: application of a culturally sensitive model. Ethnicity Health. 2004;9(4):349–367. doi:10.1080/1355785042000285375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drewnowski A. Obesity, diets, and social inequalities. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(Suppl 1):S36–S39. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00157.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ver Ploeg M, Mancino L, Todd JE, Clay DM, Scharadin B Where do Americans usually shop for food and how do they travel to get there?: initial findings from the national household food acquisition and purchase survey. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. No. 1476-2017-3882. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Nchako C, Lexin C SNAP: state by state fact sheets; 2018. Available from: https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/a-closer-look-at-who-benefits-from-snap-state-by-state-fact-sheets#Texas. Accessed February 2, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Leibtag E. Stretching the Food Stamp Dollar: Regional Food Prices Affect Affordability of Food. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Economic Information Bulletin 29-2. Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib29/eib29-2/eib29-2.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Wilde PE, Andrews MS. The food stamp program in an era of welfare reform: electronic benefits and changing sources of cash income. J Consum Affairs. 2000;34(1):31–46. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2000.tb00082.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde PE, Ranney CK. The monthly food stamp cycle: shooping frequency and food intake decisions in an endogenous switching regression framework. Am J Agric Econ. 2000;82(1):200–213. doi:10.1111/0002-9092.00016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole N, Lee E. Analysis of EBT Redemption Patterns: Methods and Detailed Tables. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/menu/Published/snap/FILES/ProgramOperations/EBTRedemptionTables.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Townsend MS, Peerson J, Love B, Achterberg C, Murphy SP. Food insecurity is positively related to overweight in women. J Nutr. 2001;131(6):1738–1745. doi:10.1093/jn/131.6.1738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinour LM, Bergen D, Yeh MC. The food insecurity–obesity paradox: a review of the literature and the role food stamps may play. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(11):1952–1961. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction—GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CC. The benefits of physical activity for youth with developmental disabilities: a systematic review. Am J Health Promotion. 2009;23(3):157–167. doi:10.4278/ajhp.070930103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronchetti E, Christensen G, Hoynes H. Local Food Prices, SNAP Purchasing Power, and Child Health. Available from: https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~garret/NHIS_JMP.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Hastings J, Washington E. The first of the month effect: consumer behavior and store responses. Am Econ J. 2010;2(2):142–162.
   Google Scholar
• Sanjeevi N, Freeland-Graves J. Monthly variations in dietary intake of women participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019;119(2):261–271. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrick KS, Andrews M. SNAP participants’ eating patterns over the benefit month: a time use perspective. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158422–e015440. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharmats AY, Jones-Smith JC, Cheah YS. Relation between the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program cycle and dietary quality in low-income African Americans in Baltimore, Maryland. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(5):1006–1014. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.075994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiehen L, Newman C, Kirlin JA. The food-spending patterns of households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: findings From USDA’s FoodAPS. No. 1476-2017-4105. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Moran AJ, Khandpur N, Polacsek M, Rimm EB. What factors influence ultra-processed food purchases and consumption in households with children? A comparison between participants and non-participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Appetite. 2019;134:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franckle RL, Moran A, Hou T. Transactions at a Northeastern supermarket chain: differences by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program use. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53(4):e131–e138. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.06.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafson A. Shopping pattern and food purchase differences among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) households and Non-supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program households in the United States. Preventive Med Rep. 2017;7:152. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.06.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grummon AH, Taillie LS. Nutritional profile of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program household food and beverage purchases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(6):1433–1442. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.147173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreyeva T, Luedicke J, Henderson KE, Tripp AS. Grocery store beverage choices by participants in federal food assistance and nutrition programs. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43(4):411–418. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.06.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garasky S, Mbwana K, Romualdo A, Tenaglio A, Roy M. Foods Typically Purchased by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Households. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, VA; Published November 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Sanjeevi N, Freeland-Graves JH, Sachdev PK, Sands J. Do food expenditure patterns of supplemental nutrition assistance program households meet thrifty food plan recommendations? J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2019;117(12):1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson PM, Butcher KF. The Relationships among SNAP Benefits, Grocery Spending, Diet Quality, and the Adequacy of Low-Income Families’ Resources. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; Washington DC;2016:14–20.
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie JF, Lin B-H, Ver Ploeg M, Frazao E. Can food stamps do more to improve food choices. Econ Inform Bull. 2007;29(1):1–48.
   Google Scholar
• Blisard N, Stewart H, Jolliffe D. Low-Income Households’ Expenditures on Fruits and Vegetables. Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC; 2004. (Agricultural Economic Report publication 833).
   Google Scholar
• Castner L, Mabli J. Food Expenditures and Diet Quality among Low-Income Households and Individuals (summary). Mathematica Policy Research; Washington DC;2010.
   Google Scholar
• Wirt A, Collins CE. Diet quality–what is it and does it matter? Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(12):2473–2492. doi:10.1017/S136898000900531X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung CW, Ding EL, Catalano PJ, Villamor E, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Dietary intake and dietary quality of low-income adults in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(5):977–988. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.040014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang FF, Liu J, Rehm CD, Wilde P, Mande JR, Mozaffarian D. Trends and disparities in diet quality among US adults by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation Status. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(2):e180237–e180237. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condon E, Drilea S, Jowers K, et al. Diet Quality of Americans by SNAP Participation Status: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2010. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/ops/NHANES-SNAP07-10.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lacko AM, Popkin BM, Taillie LS. Grocery stores are not associated with more healthful food for participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu X, Tucker KL. Dietary quality of the US child and adolescent population: trends from 1999 to 2012 and associations with the use of federal nutrition assistance programs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(1):194–202. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.135095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taillie LS, Grummon AH, Miles DR. Nutritional profile of purchases by store type: disparities by income and food program participation. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55(2):167–177. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreyeva T, Tripp AS, Schwartz MB. Dietary quality of Americans by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation status: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(4):594–604. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.04.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen BT, Shuval K, Bertmann F, Yaroch AL. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, food insecurity, dietary quality, and obesity among US adults. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(7):1453–1459. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory CA, Ver Ploeg M, Andrews M, Coleman-Jensen A Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation leads to modest changes in diet quality. No.1477-2017-3991. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Fey-Yensan N, English C, Pacheco HE, Belyea M, Schuler D. Elderly food stamp participants are different from eligible nonparticipants by level of nutrition risk but not nutrient intake. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103(1):103–107. doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung CW, Blumenthal SJ, Hoffnagle EE. Associations of food stamp participation with dietary quality and obesity in children. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):463–472. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt TT, Appel L, Roberts K, Flores B, Morris S. Sugar, stress, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: early childhood obesity risks among a clinic-based sample of low-income Hispanics. J Community Health. 2013;38(3):513–520. doi:10.1007/s10900-012-9641-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen BT, Powell LM. Supplemental nutrition assistance program participation and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, overall and by source. Prev Med. 2015;81:82–86. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleich SN, Vine S, Wolfson JA. American adults eligible for the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program consume more sugary beverages than ineligible adults. Prev Med. 2013;57(6):894–899. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole N, Fox MK Diet quality of Americans by food stamp participation status: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. Mathematica Policy Research. No. 364f57606a8646dfa102c621537dd586. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Leung CW, Villamor E. Is participation in food and income assistance programmes associated with obesity in California adults? Results from a state-wide survey. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(4):645–652. doi:10.1017/S1368980010002090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilmers A, Chen T-A, Dave JM, Thompson D, Cullen KW. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation did not help low income Hispanic women in Texas meet the dietary guidelines. Prev Med. 2014;62:44–48. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Yen ST, Eastwood DB. Effects of food stamp participation on body weight and obesity. Am J Agric Econ. 2005;87(5):1167–1173. doi:10.1111/ajae.2005.87.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb AL, Schiff A, Currivan D, Villamor E. Food Stamp Program participation but not food insecurity is associated with higher adult BMI in Massachusetts residents living in low-income neighbourhoods. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(12):1248–1255. doi:10.1017/S1368980008002309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox MK, Cole N. Nutrition and Health Characteristics of Low-Income Populations, Volume III, School-Age Children. US Department of Agriculture; Washington DC;2004. E-FAN-04-014-3.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson D. Long-term food stamp program participation is differentially related to overweight in young girls and boys. J Nutr. 2004;134(2):372–379. doi:10.1093/jn/134.2.372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson D. Long-term food stamp program participation is positively related to simultaneous overweight in young daughters and obesity in mothers. J Nutr. 2006;136(4):1081–1085. doi:10.1093/jn/136.4.1081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung CW, Willett WC, Ding EL. Low-income Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation is related to adiposity and metabolic risk factors–. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;95(1):17–24. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.012294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaparro MP, Harrison GG, Wang MC, Seto EY, Pebley AR. The unhealthy food environment does not modify the association between obesity and participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in Los Angeles County. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):81–87. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-4011-z
   Google Scholar
• Ver Ploeg M, Mancino L, Lin B-H, Wang C-Y. The vanishing weight gap: trends in obesity among adult food stamp participants (US)(1976–2002). EconHuman Biol. 2007;5(1):20–36. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2006.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zagorsky JL, Smith PK. Does the US food stamp program contribute to adult weight gain? EconHuman Biol. 2009;7(2):246–258. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2009.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan M. Do food stamps contribute to obesity in low-income women? Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. Am J Agric Econ. 2010;92(4):1165–1180. doi:10.1093/ajae/aaq047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbro RT, Rigby E. Federal food policy and childhood obesity: a solution or part of the problem? Health Aff. 2010;29(3):411–418. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson D. Food stamp program participation is positively related to obesity in low income women. J Nutr. 2003;133(7):2225–2231. doi:10.1093/jn/133.7.2225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerhoefer CD, Pylypchuk Y. Does participation in the food stamp program increase the prevalence of obesity and health care spending? Am J Agric Econ. 2008;90(2):287–305. doi:10.1111/ajae.2008.90.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ver Ploeg M, Mancino L, Lin B-H, 2007. Food and nutrition assistance programs and obesity: 1976–2002. Economic Research Report 55965. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-4-0467B
   Google Scholar
• Baum CL. The effects of food stamps on obesity. South Econ J. 2011;77(3):623–651. doi:10.4284/sej.2011.77.3.623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han E, Powell LM, Isgor Z. Supplemental nutrition assistance program and body weight outcomes: the role of economic contextual factors. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(12):1874–1881. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi SE, Seligman H, Basu S. Cost effectiveness of subsidizing fruit and vegetable purchases through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(5):e147–e155. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal S, Willett W, Leung C SNAP to health: a fresh approach to strengthening the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Paper presented at: Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress (CSPC). Available from: http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/CSPC_SNAP_Report.pdf. Accessed June 27, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Yen ST. The effects of SNAP and WIC programs on nutrient intakes of children. Food Policy. 2010;35(6):576–583. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox MK, Hamilton WL, Lin B-H. Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health. Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research; Washington DC; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe C, McKernan S-M, Zhang S. How much does the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program reduce food insecurity? Am J Agric Econ. 2011;93(4):1082–1098. doi:10.1093/ajae/aar026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaparro MP, Harrison GG, Pebley AR. Individual and neighborhood predictors of participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in Los Angeles County. J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2014;9(4):498–511. doi:10.1080/19320248.2014.962768
   Google Scholar
• Cheng TC, Tang N. SNAP out of it: a study of low-income families’ underutilization of food stamps. J Poverty. 2016;20(2):152–167. doi:10.1080/10875549.2015.1094765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung CW, Tester JM, Rimm EB, Willett WC. SNAP participation and diet-sensitive cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(2):S127–S137. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeland-Graves J, Sanjeevi N. Food purchasing patterns of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participants. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(9):A19. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.06.052
   Google Scholar
• Jones SJ, Jahns L, Laraia BA, Haughton B. Lower risk of overweight in school-aged food insecure girls who participate in food assistance: results from the panel study of income dynamics child development supplement. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(8):780–784. doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.8.780
   Google Scholar
• Ver Ploeg M, Mancino L, Lin B-H, Guthrie J. US food assistance programs and trends in children’s weight. Int J Pediatr Obesity. 2008;3(1):22–30. doi:10.1080/17477160701520231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomeranz JL. Implications of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program tax exemption on sugar-sweetened beverage taxes. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(11):2191–2193. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jithitikulchai T, Andreyeva T. Sugar-sweetened beverage demand and tax simulation for federal food assistance participants: a case of two New England States. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2018;16(4):549–558. doi:10.1007/s40258-018-0399-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartfeld J, Gundersen C, Smeeding T, Ziliak JP. SNAP Matters: How Food Stamps Affect Health and Well-being. Redwood, CA: Stanford University Press; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Basu S, Seligman H, Bhattacharya J. Nutritional policy changes in the supplemental nutrition assistance program: a microsimulation and cost-effectiveness analysis. Med Decis Making. 2013;33(7):937–948. doi:10.1177/0272989X13493971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz MB. Moving beyond the debate over restricting sugary drinks in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52:S199–205. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde P, Ranney C. The distinct impact of food stamps on food spending. J Agric Resour Econ. 1996;21:174–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoynes HW, Schanzenbach DW. Consumption responses to in-kind transfers: evidence from the introduction of the food stamp program. Am Econ J. 2009;1(4):109–139.
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt R. Estimating the value of an in-kind transfer: the case of food stamps. Econometrica. 1989;385–409. doi:10.2307/1912560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty TK, Tuttle CJ. Expenditure response to increases in in-kind transfers: evidence from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Am J Agric Econ. 2014;97(2):390–404. doi:10.1093/ajae/aau097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senauer B, Young N. The impact of food stamps on food expenditures: rejection of the traditional model. Am J Agric Econ. 1986;68(1):37–43. doi:10.2307/1241647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusk JL, Weaver A. An experiment on cash and in-kind transfers with application to food assistance programs. Food Policy. 2017;68:186–192. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards MR, Sindelar JL. Rewarding healthy food choices in SNAP: behavioral economic applications. Milbank Q. 2013;91(2):395–412. doi:10.1111/milq.12017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammerman AS, Hartman T, DeMarco MM. Behavioral economics and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: making the healthy choice the easy choice. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(2):S145–S150. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gittelsohn J, Franceschini MC, Rasooly IR, et al. Understanding the food environment in a low-income urban setting: implications for food store interventions. J Hunger Environ Nutr. 2008;2(2–3):33–50. doi:10.1080/19320240801891438
   Google Scholar
• Gittelsohn J, Suratkar S, Song H-J, et al. Process evaluation of Baltimore healthy stores: a pilot health intervention program with supermarkets and corner stores in Baltimore City. Health Promot Pract. 2010;11(5):723–732. doi:10.1177/1524839908329118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Angelo H, Suratkar S, Song HJ, Stauffer E, Gittelsohn J. Access to food source and food source use are associated with healthy and unhealthy food-purchasing behaviours among low-income African-American adults in Baltimore City. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(9):1632–1639. doi:10.1017/S1368980011000498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal SJ, Hoffnagle EE, Leung CW, et al. Strategies to improve the dietary quality of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) beneficiaries: an assessment of stakeholder opinions. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(12):2824–2833. doi:10.1017/S1368980013002942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsho LE, Klerman JA, Wilde PE, Bartlett S. Financial incentives increase fruit and vegetable intake among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participants: a randomized controlled trial of the USDA healthy incentives pilot–3. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(2):423–435. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.129320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele-Adjognon M, Weatherspoon D. Double up food bucks program effects on SNAP recipients’ fruit and vegetable purchases. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):946–953. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4942-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heather Hartline-Grafton JW. Replacing the Thrifty Food Plan in order to Provide Adequate Allotments for SNAP Beneficiaries. Food Research and Action Center; Washington DC; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Peterkin BB, Kerr RL. Food stamp allotment and diets of US households. Fam Econ Rev. 1982;23–26.
   Google Scholar
• Blitstein JL, Cates SC, Hersey J. Adding a social marketing campaign to a school-based nutrition education program improves children’s dietary intake: a quasi-experimental study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(8):1285–1294. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long V, Cates S, Blitstein J, Deehy K, Williams P, Morgan R. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education and Evaluation Study (wave II). Washington, DC. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/research-and-analysis. Accessed June 27, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie JF, Lin B-H, Reed J, Stewart H. Understanding economic and behavioral influences on fruit and vegetable choices. Amber Waves. 2005;3(2):36–41.
   Google Scholar