Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder And Borderline Personality Disorder In Adults: A Review Of Their Links And Risks

References

• Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5^®). American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(4):716–723. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.71616585449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi S, Faraone SV, Cortese S, et al. The lifetime impact of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2012;42(4):875. doi:10.1017/S003329171100153X21846424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prada P, Hasler R, Baud P, et al. Distinguishing borderline personality disorder from adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a clinical and dimensional perspective. Psychiatry Res. 2014;217(1):107–114. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.00624656900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbisiero S, Stieglitz R-D, Retz W, Rösler M. Is emotional dysregulation part of the psychopathology of ADHD in adults? ADHD Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord. 2013;5(2):83–92. doi:10.1007/s12402-012-0097-z
   Google Scholar
• Shaw P, Stringaris A, Nigg J, Leibenluft E. Emotional dysregulation and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(3):276–293. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.1307096624480998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Petty C, et al. Longitudinal course of deficient emotional self-regulation CBCL profile in youth with ADHD: prospective controlled study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2012;8:267–276. doi:10.2147/NDT.S2967022848182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipsen A, Limberger MF, Lieb K, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as a potentially aggravating factor in borderline personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2008;192(2):118–123. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.035782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieb K, Zanarini MC, Schmahl C, Linehan MM, Bohus M. Borderline personality disorder. Lancet Lond Engl. 2004;364(9432):453–461. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16770-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanen A, Sharp C, Hoffman P. Prevention and early intervention for borderline personality disorder: a novel public health priority. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(2):215–216. doi:10.1002/wps.2042928498598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrulonis PA, Glueck BC, Stroebel CF, Vogel NG. Borderline personality subcategories. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1982;170(11):670–679. doi:10.1097/00005053-198211000-000067119767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob CP, Romanos J, Dempfle A, et al. Co-morbidity of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with focus on personality traits and related disorders in a tertiary referral center. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;257(6):309–317. doi:10.1007/s00406-007-0722-617401730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthies S, van Elst LT, Feige B, et al. Severity of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder–a risk factor for personality disorders in adult life? J Personal Disord. 2011;25(1):101–114. doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.1.101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen P, Gillberg C. Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: a controlled, longitudinal, community-based study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(11):1424–1431. doi:10.1097/00004583-200011000-0001711068898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan MM. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Storebø OJ, Simonsen E. Is ADHD an early stage in the development of borderline personality disorder? Nord J Psychiatry. 2014;68(5):289–295. doi:10.3109/08039488.2013.84199224117059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davids E, Gastpar M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005;29(6):865–877. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.04.03315951086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipsen A. Differential diagnosis and comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adults. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;256(1):i42–i46. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-1006-216977551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthies SD, Philipsen A. Common ground in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)-review of recent findings. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation. 2014;1:3. doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthies S, Philipsen A. Comorbidity of Personality Disorders and Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)–review of recent findings. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(4):33. doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0675-426893231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Reekum R, Conway CA, Gansler D, White R, Bachman DL. Neurobehavioral study of borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1993;18(3):121–129.8499428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrulonis PA, Glueck BC, Stroebel CF, Vogel NG, Shapiro AL, Aldridge DM. Organic brain dysfunction and the borderline syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1981;4(1):47–66. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30936-57232237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrulonis PA, Vogel NG. Comparison of borderline personality subcategories to schizophrenic and affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 1984;144:358–363. doi:10.1192/bjp.144.4.358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati A, Novella L, Donati D, Donini M, Maffei C. History of childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and borderline personality disorder: a controlled study. Compr Psychiatry. 2002;43(5):369–377. doi:10.1053/comp.2002.3463412216012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(6):885–890. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.6.8858494063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speranza M, Revah-Levy A, Cortese S, Falissard B, Pham-Scottez A, Corcos M. ADHD in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11(1):158. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-15821961882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen CD. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002;30(5):463–475. doi:10.1023/A:101986481377612403150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller CJ, Flory JD, Miller SR, Harty SC, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the emergence of personality disorders in adolescence: a prospective follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(9):1477–1484.19193347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepp SD, Burke JD, Hipwell AE, Loeber R. Trajectories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms as precursors of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40(1):7–20. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9530-621671009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer M, Andión O, Matalí J, et al. Comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in borderline patients defines an impulsive subtype of borderline personality disorder. J Personal Disord. 2010;24(6):812–822. doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.6.812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weibel S, Nicastro R, Prada P, et al. Screening for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in borderline personality disorder. J Affect Disord. 2018;226:85–91. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.02728964997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asherson P, Young AH, Eich-Höchli D, Moran P, Porsdal V, Deberdt W. Differential diagnosis, comorbidity, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in relation to bipolar disorder or borderline personality disorder in adults. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(8):1657–1672. doi:10.1185/03007995.2014.91580024804976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumyn L, French L, Hechtman L. Comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr. 2009;54(10):673–683. doi:10.1177/070674370905401004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler M, Retz W, Yaqoobi K, Burg E, Retz-Junginger P. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in female offenders: prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial implications. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;259(2):98–105. doi:10.1007/s00406-008-0841-818806916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith TE, Samuel DB. A multi-method examination of the links between ADHD and personality disorder. J Personal Disord. 2017;31(1):26–48. doi:10.1521/pedi_2016_30_236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowson JH, McLean A, Bazanis E, et al. The specificity of clinical characteristics in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comparison with patients with borderline personality disorder. Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr. 2004;19(2):72–78. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edebol H, Helldin L, Norlander T. Objective measures of behavior manifestations in adult ADHD and differentiation from participants with bipolar II disorder, borderline personality disorder, participants with disconfirmed ADHD as well as normative participants. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health CP EMH. 2012;8:134–143. doi:10.2174/174501790120801013423166565
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Philipsen A, Feige B, Hesslinger B, et al. Borderline typical symptoms in adult patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord. 2009;1(1):11–18. doi:10.1007/s12402-009-0001-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bohus M, Limberger MF, Frank U, Chapman AL, Kühler T, Stieglitz R-D. Psychometric properties of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL). Psychopathology. 2007;40(2):126–132. doi:10.1159/00009849317215599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Malley GK, McHugh L, Mac Giollabhui N, Bramham J. Characterizing adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder and comorbid borderline personality disorder: ADHD symptoms, psychopathology, cognitive functioning and psychosocial factors. Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr. 2016;31:29–36. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES. Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51(6):768–774. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::aid-jclp2270510607>3.0.co;2-18778124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard-Lepouriel H, Kung A-L, Hasler R, et al. Impulsivity and its association with childhood trauma experiences across bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder. J Affect Disord. 2019;244:33–41. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.06030336349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause-Utz A, Cackowski S, Daffner S, et al. Delay discounting and response disinhibition under acute experimental stress in women with borderline personality disorder and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med. 2016;46(15):3137–3149. doi:10.1017/S003329171600167727572473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampe K, Konrad K, Kroener S, Fast K, Kunert HJ, Herpertz SC. Neuropsychological and behavioural disinhibition in adult ADHD compared to borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med. 2007;37(12):1717–1729. doi:10.1017/S003329170700051717506923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk FE, Lappenschaar M, Kan CC, Verkes RJ, Buitelaar JK. Symptomatic overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder in women: the role of temperament and character traits. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(1):39–47. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.00721511251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause-Utz A, Sobanski E, Alm B, et al. Impulsivity in relation to stress in patients with borderline personality disorder with and without co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an exploratory study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(2):116–123. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31827f646223364120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowinckel AM, Pedersen ML, Eilertsen E, Biele G. A meta-analysis of decision-making and attention in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2015;19(5):355–367. doi:10.1177/108705471455887225477020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian A, Jung P, Krause-Utz A, Lieb K, Schmahl C, Tüscher O. Frontal dysfunctions of impulse control - a systematic review in borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:698. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.0069825232313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenaki L-A, Pehlivanidis A. Clinical, neuropsychological and structural convergences and divergences between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder: a systematic review. Personal Individ Differ. 2015;86:438–449. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence KA, Allen JS, Chanen AM. Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: reward-based decision-making and its relationship to emotional distress. J Personal Disord. 2010;24(6):786–799. doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.6.785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey SF, Schumacher JA, Baschnagel JS, Hawk LW, Holloman G. Impulsivity and risk-taking in borderline personality disorder with and without substance use disorders. Personal Disord. 2011;2(2):128–141. doi:10.1037/a002057422448732
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leyton M, Okazawa H, Diksic M, et al. Brain regional alpha-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan trapping in impulsive subjects with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(5):775–782. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.77511329401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey MS, New AS, Siever LJ, et al. Evaluation of behavioral impulsivity and aggression tasks as endophenotypes for borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(12):1036–1048. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.00219232640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker V, Romaniuk L, Cardinal RN, Pope M, Nicol K, Hall J. Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med. 2015;45(9):1955–1964. doi:10.1017/S003329171400307925600066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob GA, Gutz L, Bader K, Lieb K, Tüscher O, Stahl C. Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: impairment in self-report measures, but not behavioral inhibition. Psychopathology. 2010;43(3):180–188. doi:10.1159/00030417420375540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk F, Schellekens A, van den Broek P, Kan C, Verkes R-J, Buitelaar J. Do cognitive measures of response inhibition differentiate between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder? Psychiatry Res. 2014;215(3):733–739. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.03424418050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cackowski S, Reitz A-C, Ende G, et al. Impact of stress on different components of impulsivity in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med. 2014;44(15):3329–3340. doi:10.1017/S003329171400042725065373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian A, Jacob G, Lieb K, Tüscher O. Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: a matter of disturbed impulse control or a facet of emotional dysregulation? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(2):339.23424747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santangelo P, Bohus M, Ebner-Priemer UW. Ecological momentary assessment in borderline personality disorder: a review of recent findings and methodological challenges. J Personal Disord. 2014;28(4):555–576. doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüfenacht E, Euler S, Prada P, et al. Emotion dysregulation in adults suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a comparison with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation. 2019;6:11. doi:10.1186/s40479-019-0108-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mörstedt B, Corbisiero S, Bitto H, Stieglitz R-D. Emotional symptoms and their contribution to functional impairment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord. 2016;8(1):21–33. doi:10.1007/s12402-015-0181-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skirrow C, Asherson P. Emotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1):80–86. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.01123218897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal R, Valero S, Nogueira M, et al. Emotional lability: the discriminative value in the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(7):1712–1719. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.07.00125088514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirrow C, Ebner-Priemer U, Reinhard I, Malliaris Y, Kuntsi J, Asherson P. Everyday emotional experience of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for reactive and endogenous emotional lability. Psychol Med. 2014;44(16):3571–3583. doi:10.1017/S003329171400103225066432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavelti M, Corbisiero S, Bitto H, et al. A comparison of self-reported emotional regulation skills in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder. J Atten Disord. 2017:1087054717698814. doi:10.1177/1087054717698814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cackowski S, Krause-Utz A, Van Eijk J, et al. Anger and aggression in borderline personality disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - does stress matter? Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation. 2017;4:6. doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0057-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41–54. doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch O, Chavanon M, Riechmann E, Christiansen H. Emotional dysregulation is a primary symptom in adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). J Affect Disord. 2018;232:41–47. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.00729477097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts BA, Martel MM, Nigg JT. Are there executive dysfunction subtypes within ADHD? J Atten Disord. 2017;21(4):284–293. doi:10.1177/108705471351034924214969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch O, Chavanon ML, Christiansen H. Emotional dysregulation subgroups in patients with adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a cluster analytic approach. Sci Rep. 2019;9. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42018-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moukhtarian TR, Mintah RS, Moran P, Asherson P. Emotion dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregulation. 2018;5:9. doi:10.1186/s40479-018-0086-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner J, Kass E, Hulvershorn L. Using stimulants to treat ADHD-related emotional lability. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16(10):478. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0478-425135778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Zutphen L, Siep N, Jacob GA, Goebel R, Arntz A. Emotional sensitivity, emotion regulation and impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: a critical review of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;51:64–76. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.00125616185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovic P, Castellanos FX. Top-down dysregulation—from ADHD to emotional instability. Front Behav Neurosci. 2016;10. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IsHak WW, Elbau I, Ismail A, et al. Quality of life in borderline personality disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2013;21(3):138–150. doi:10.1097/HRP.0b013e318293711623660969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Goldenberg M, Perry R, Ishak WW. The quality of life of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2012;9(5–6):10–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Euler S, Nolte T, Constantinou M, et al. Interpersonal problems in borderline personality disorder: associations with mentalizing, emotion regulation, and impulsiveness. J Personal Disord. 2019:1–17. doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uekermann J, Kraemer M, Abdel-Hamid M, et al. Social cognition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010;34(5):734–743. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.00919857516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr NR, Rosenthal MZ, Geiger PJ, Erikson K. Difficulties with emotion regulation mediate the relationship between borderline personality disorder symptom severity and interpersonal problems. Personal Ment Health. 2013;7(3):191–202. doi:10.1002/pmh.120424343962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perroud N, Badoud D, Weibel S, et al. Mentalization in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: comparison with controls and patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2017;256:334–341. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.08728675858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winsper C. The aetiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD): contemporary theories and putative mechanisms. Curr Opin Psychol. 2018;21:105–110. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.10.00529182951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati A, Madeddu F, Maffei C. Borderline personality disorder and childhood sexual abuse: a meta-analytic study. J Personal Disord. 1999;13(3):268–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris J. The treatment of borderline personality disorder: implications of research on diagnosis, etiology, and outcome. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2009;5(1):277–290. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.03\2408.15345718976137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge JJ, Brown DL, Crawford S, Kaplan BJ. Retrospective reports of childhood trauma in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2006;9(4):631–641. doi:10.1177/108705470528389216648230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Distel MA, Middeldorp CM, Trull TJ, Derom CA, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI. Life events and borderline personality features: the influence of gene-environment interaction and gene-environment correlation. Psychol Med. 2011;41(4):849–860. doi:10.1017/S003329171000129720594379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distel MA, Carlier A, Middeldorp CM, Derom CA, Lubke GH, Boomsma DI. Borderline personality traits and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a genetic analysis of comorbidity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011;156(7):817–825. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brikell I, Kuja-Halkola R, Larsson H. Heritability of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet Off Publ Int Soc Psychiatr Genet. 2015;168(6):406–413. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amad A, Ramoz N, Thomas P, Jardri R, Gorwood P. Genetics of borderline personality disorder: systematic review and proposal of an integrative model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;40:6–19. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.00324456942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton-Howes G, Clark LA, Chanen A. Personality disorder across the life course. Lancet Lond Engl. 2015;385(9969):727–734. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61283-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuja-Halkola R, Juto KL, Skoglund C, et al. Do borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder co-aggregate in families? A population-based study of 2 million Swedes. Mol Psychiatry. 2018:1. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0248-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry S, Escott-Price V, Florio AD, Smith DJ, Zammit S. Genetic risk for bipolar disorder and psychopathology from childhood to early adulthood. J Affect Disord. 2019;246:633–639. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.09130611060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz J, Caspi A, Ambler A, et al. Borderline symptoms at age 12 signal risk for poor outcomes during the transition to adulthood: findings from a genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J, Reich DB, Silk KR. Prediction of the 10-year course of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(5):827–832. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.82716648323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson JG, Stout RL, McGlashan TH, et al. Ten-year course of borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):827–837. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.3721464343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan TA, Chelminski I, Young D, Dalrymple K, Zimmerman M. Differences between older and younger adults with borderline personality disorder on clinical presentation and impairment. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(10):1507–1513. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.00923866737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Petty CR, Evans M, Small J, Faraone SV. How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Res. 2010;177(3):299–304. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.12.01020452063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt TE, Houts R, Asherson P, et al. Is adult ADHD a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder? Evidence from a four-decade longitudinal cohort study. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(10):967–977. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.1410126625998281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caye A, Rocha TB-M, Anselmi L, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder trajectories from childhood to young adulthood: evidence from a birth cohort supporting a late-onset syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(7):705–712. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.038327192050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew-Blais JC, Polanczyk GV, Danese A, Wertz J, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L. Evaluation of the persistence, remission, and emergence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(7):713–720. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.046527192174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos FX. Is adult-onset ADHD a distinct entity? Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(10):929–931. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.1507098826423474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asherson P, Agnew-Blais J. Annual research review: does late-onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder exist? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019;60(4):333–352. doi:10.1111/jcpp.1302030843223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk F, Lappenschaar M, Kan C, Verkes R-J, Buitelaar J. Lifespan attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder symptoms in female patients: a latent class approach. Psychiatry Res. 2011;190(2):327–334. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.02321794926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn DE, Lubke G, Yang M, et al. Temperament and character profiles and the dopamine D4 receptor gene in ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(5):906–913. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.90615863792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anckarsäter H, Stahlberg O, Larson T, et al. The impact of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders on temperament, character, and personality development. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(7):1239–1244. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.7.123916816230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati A, Donati D, Donini M, Novella L, Bagnato M, Maffei C. Temperament, character, and attachment patterns in borderline personality disorder. J Personal Disord. 2001;15(5):390–402. doi:10.1521/pedi.15.5.390.19197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnow S, Herpertz SC, Spitzer C, et al. Temperament and character in patients with borderline personality disorder taking gender and comorbidity into account. Psychopathology. 2007;40(6):369–378. doi:10.1159/00010646717652949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinzone V, De Rossi P, Trabucchi G, Lester D, Girardi P, Pompili M. Temperament correlates in adult ADHD: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2019;252:394–403. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.00631003108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(12):975–990. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.018202400590088250684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS, Mendlowicz MV, Jean-Louis G, et al. TEMPS-A: validation of a short version of a self-rated instrument designed to measure variations in temperament. J Affect Disord. 2005;85(1–2):45–52. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.01215780675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perroud N, Cordera P, Zimmermann J, et al. Comorbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder in a specialized mood disorders outpatient clinic. J Affect Disord. 2014;168:161–166. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.06.05325051093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eich D, Gamma A, Malti T, et al. Temperamental differences between bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: some implications for their diagnostic validity. J Affect Disord. 2014;169:101–104. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.02825173432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlotta D, Borroni S, Maffei C, Fossati A. On the relationship between retrospective childhood ADHD symptoms and adult BPD features: the mediating role of action-oriented personality traits. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(7):943–952. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.03.02523648067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battle CL, Shea MT, Johnson DM, et al. Childhood maltreatment associated with adult personality disorders: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. J Personal Disord. 2004;18(2):193–211. doi:10.1521/pedi.18.2.193.32777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijke A, Ford JD, van der Hart O, van Son M, van der Heijden P, Bühring M. Affect dysregulation in borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder: differentiating under- and over-regulation. J Personal Disord. 2010;24(3):296–311. doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.3.296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkenstam E, Ekselius L, Burström B, Kosidou K, Björkenstam C. Association between childhood adversity and a diagnosis of personality disorder in young adulthood: a cohort study of 107,287 individuals in Stockholm County. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(8):721–731. doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0264-928560537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkenstam E, Björkenstam C, Jablonska B, Kosidou K. Cumulative exposure to childhood adversity, and treated attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a cohort study of 543 650 adolescents and young adults in Sweden. Psychol Med. 2018;48(3):498–507. doi:10.1017/S003329171700193328738913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer M, Andión Ó, Calvo N, et al. Differences in the association between childhood trauma history and borderline personality disorder or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnoses in adulthood. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;267(6):541–549. doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0733-227658669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(2):169–190. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-012615092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati A, Gratz KL, Borroni S, Maffei C, Somma A, Carlotta D. The relationship between childhood history of ADHD symptoms and DSM-IV borderline personality disorder features among personality disordered outpatients: the moderating role of gender and the mediating roles of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity. Compr Psychiatry. 2015;56:121–127. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.02325446725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROGOSCH FA, CICCHETTI D. Child maltreatment, attention networks, and potential precursors to borderline personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17(4):1071–1089. doi:10.1017/S095457940505050916613431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minzenberg MJ, Poole JH, Vinogradov S. A neurocognitive model of borderline personality disorder: effects of childhood sexual abuse and relationship to adult social attachment disturbance. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20(1):341–368. doi:10.1017/S095457940800016318211741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb B, Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Li Y, Frost DO, Gibb R. Experience and the developing prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(Suppl 2):17186–17193. doi:10.1073/pnas.112125110923045653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J, Gamma A, Rössler W, Ajdacic V, Klein DN. Childhood adversity and chronicity of mood disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;261(1):21–27. doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0120-320589507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder EB. Understanding gene × early adversity interactions: possibilities for insight in the biology of psychiatric disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;267(3):183–185. doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0775-028271247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perroud N, Zewdie S, Stenz L, et al. Methylation of serotonin receptor 3a in Adhd, borderline personality, and bipolar disorders: link with severity of the disorders and childhood maltreatment. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(1):45–55. doi:10.1002/da.2240626350166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perroud N, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Prada P, et al. Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a link with the severity and type of trauma. Transl Psychiatry. 2011;1:e59. doi:10.1038/tp.2011.6022832351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Borderline Personality Disorder: Treatment and Management. Leicester (UK): British Psychological Society; 2009 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55403/ Accessed 915, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Golubchik P, Sever J, Zalsman G, Weizman A. Methylphenidate in the treatment of female adolescents with cooccurrence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder: a preliminary open-label trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;23(4):228. doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e3282f94ae218446088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prada P, Nicastro R, Zimmermann J, Hasler R, Aubry J-M, Perroud N. Addition of methylphenidate to intensive dialectical behaviour therapy for patients suffering from comorbid borderline personality disorder and ADHD: a naturalistic study. ADHD Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord. 2015;7(3):199–209. doi:10.1007/s12402-015-0165-2
   Google Scholar
• Cole P, Weibel S, Nicastro R, et al. CBT/DBT skills training for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatr Danub. 2016;28(Suppl–1):103–107.27663817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming AP, McMahon RJ, Moran LR, Peterson AP, Dreessen A. Pilot randomized controlled trial of dialectical behavior therapy group skills training for ADHD among college students. J Atten Disord. 2015;19(3):260–271. doi:10.1177/108705471453595124874347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipsen A, Graf E, Tebartz van Elst L, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and effectiveness of a structured disorder tailored psychotherapy in ADHD in adults: study protocol of a randomized controlled multicentre trial. Atten Deficit Hyperact Disord. 2010;2(4):203–212. doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0046-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar