Cardiac dysautonomia in depression – heart rate variability biofeedback as a potential add-on therapy

References

• Lépine J-P, Briley M. The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7(Suppl 1):3–7. doi:10.2147/NDT.S1961721750622
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bostwick JM, Pankratz VS. Affective disorders and suicide risk: a reexamination. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(12):1925–1932. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.192511097952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Tolentino JC, Schmidt SL. DSM-5 criteria and depression severity: implications for clinical practice. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:450. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.0045030333763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehrig C. Mental disorders top the list of the most costly conditions in the United States: $201 billion. Health Aff. 2016;35(6):1130–1135. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trogdon JG, Murphy LB, Khavjou OA, et al. Costs of chronic diseases at the state level: the chronic disease cost calculator. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015;12:E140. doi:10.5888/pcd12.15013126334712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg PE, Fournier A-A, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(2):155–162. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m0929825742202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobocki P, Jönsson B, Angst J, Rehnberg C. Cost of depression in Europe. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2006;9(2):87–98. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17007486. Accessed September 13, 2018.17007486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: global burden of disease study. Lancet. 1997;349(9063):1436–1442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07495-89164317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. Samet J, ed. PLoS Med. 2006;3(11):e442. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.003044217132052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licinio J, Yildiz B, Wong M-L. Depression and cardiovascular disease: co-occurrence or shared genetic substrates? Mol Psychiatry. 2002;7(10):1031–1032. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.400129312476313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintana DS, Alvares GA, Heathers JAJ. Guidelines for Reporting Articles on Psychiatry and Heart rate variability (GRAPH): recommendations to advance research communication. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(5):e803–e803. doi:10.1038/tp.2016.7327163204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtman JH, Froelicher ES, Blumenthal JA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and recommendations: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation. 2014;129(12):1350–1369. doi:10.1161/CIR.000000000000001924566200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kano O, Ikeda K, Cridebring D, Takazawa T, Yoshii Y, Iwasaki Y. Neurobiology of depression and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis. 2011;2011:143547. doi:10.4061/2011/14354721687804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers AL, Yaffe K. Depression and risk of developing dementia. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7(6):323–331. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2011.6021537355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Subero M, Anderson G, Kanchanatawan B, Berk M, Maes M. Comorbidity between depression and inflammatory bowel disease explained by immune-inflammatory, oxidative, and nitrosative stress; tryptophan catabolite; and gut–brain pathways. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(02):184–198. doi:10.1017/S109285291500044926307347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joynt KE, Whellan DJ, O’Connor CM. Depression and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(3):248–261. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00568-712893101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Honig A, et al. Depression and cardiac mortality: results from a community-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(3):221–227. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11231827. Accessed September 21, 2018.11231827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman AH. Depression and cardiovascular comorbidity. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007;9(1):9–17. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506222. Accessed September 21, 2018.17506222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F. Depression and cardiac risk: present status and future directions. Heart. 2010;96(3):173–176. doi:10.1136/hrt.2009.18695719861300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zellweger MJ, Osterwalder RH, Langewitz W, Pfisterer ME. Coronary artery disease and depression. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(1):3–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14683736. Accessed October 12, 2018.14683736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lett HS, Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, et al. Depression as a risk factor for coronary artery disease: evidence, mechanisms, and treatment. Psychosom Med. 66(3):305–315. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15184688. Accessed October 12, 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barefoot JC, Schroll M. Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample. Circulation. 1996;93(11):1976–1980. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8640971. Accessed September 21, 2018.8640971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Stein PK, et al. Depression, heart rate variability, and acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001. doi:10.1161/hc4201.097834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedland KE, Carney RM, Rich MW. Effect of depression on prognosis in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin. 2011;7(1):11–21. doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2010.08.00321109204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng L, Chen D, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Hui R. Depression increases the risk of hypertension incidence. J Hypertens. 2012;30(5):842–851. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835080b722343537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhar AK, Barton DA. Depression and the link with cardiovascular disease. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:33. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.0003327047396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehi A, Haas D, Pipkin S, Whooley MA. Depression and medication adherence in outpatients with coronary heart disease: findings from the heart and soul study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(21):2508–2513. doi:10.1001/archinte.165.21.250816314548
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kronish IM, Rieckmann N, Halm EA, et al. Persistent depression affects adherence to secondary prevention behaviors after acute coronary syndromes. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(11):1178–1183. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00586.x16899061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapelberg NJC, Neumann DL, Shum DHK, McConnell H, Hamilton-Craig I. A topographical map of the causal network of mechanisms underlying the relationship between major depressive disorder and coronary heart disease. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry. 2011;45(5):351–369. doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.570427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer A, Conradi HJ, Bos EH, et al. Adjusted prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: individual patient data meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;203(02):90–102. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.11119523908341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedorowicz JG, He J, Merikangas KR. The association between mood and anxiety disorders with vascular diseases and risk factors in a nationally representative sample. J Psychosom Res. 2011;70(2):145–154. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.07.01021262417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman AH, Shapiro PA. Depression and the course of coronary artery disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(1):4–11. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.1.49433332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedorowicz JG. Depression and cardiovascular disease: an update on how course of illness may influence risk. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16(10):492. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0492-625163592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abboud FM, Harwani SC, Chapleau MW. Autonomic neural regulation of the immune system: implications for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979). 2012;59(4):755–762. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.186833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzi C, Manzoli L, Mancini S, Costa GM. Analysis of potential predictors of depression among coronary heart disease risk factors including heart rate variability, markers of inflammation, and endothelial function. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(9):1110–1117. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn13718400765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009;71(2):171–186. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b19188531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontoura PC, Pinto VLM, Matsuura C, et al. Defective nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling in patients with bipolar disorder: a potential role for platelet dysfunction. Psychosom Med. 2012;74(8):873–877. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318268946023023680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Lane RD. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. J Affect Disord. 2000;61(3):201–216. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11163422. Accessed October 10, 2018.11163422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A, et al. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat Neurosci. 2000;3(10):1049–1056. doi:10.1038/7987111017179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benarroch EE. The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68(10):988–1001. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8412366. Accessed October 13, 2018.8412366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch SL, Shin LM, Phelps EA. neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research – past, present, and future. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60(4):376–382. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.00416919525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quirk GJ, Garcia R, González-Lima F. Prefrontal mechanisms in extinction of conditioned fear. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60(4):337–343. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.01016712801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer JF, Hansen AL, Saus-Rose E, Johnsen BH. Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: the neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health. Ann Behav Med. 2009;37(2):141–153. doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9101-z19424767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motzkin JC, Philippi CL, Wolf RC, Baskaya MK, Koenigs M. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is critical for the regulation of amygdala activity in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(3):276–284. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.01424673881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyoda H, Li X-Y, Wu L-J, et al. Interplay of amygdala and cingulate plasticity in emotional fear. Neural Plast. 2011;2011:813749. doi:10.1155/2011/81374921912749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton JP, Siemer M, Gotlib IH. Amygdala volume in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13(11):993–1000. doi:10.1038/mp.2008.5718504424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drevets WC, Price JL, Bardgett ME, Reich T, Todd RD, Raichle ME. Glucose metabolism in the amygdala in depression: relationship to diagnostic subtype and plasma cortisol levels. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002;71(3):431–447. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11830178. Accessed October 20, 2018.11830178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P, Öhman A, Dolan RJ. Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7(2):189–195. doi:10.1038/nn117614730305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sliz D, Hayley S. Major depressive disorder and alterations in insular cortical activity: a review of current functional magnetic imaging research. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012;6:323. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.0032323227005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee B-T, Cho SW, Khang HS, et al. The neural substrates of affective processing toward positive and negative affective pictures in patients with major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31(7):1487–1492. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.06.03017688985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai M, Hoshide S, Kario K. The insular cortex and cardiovascular system: a new insight into the brain-heart axis. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2010;4(4):174–182. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2010.05.00120655502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollai M, Jokkel G, Bonyhay I, Tomcsanyi J, Naszlady A. Relation between baroreflex sensitivity and cardiac vagal tone in humans. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol. 1994;266(1):H21–H27. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1994.266.1.H21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer F, McCraty R, Zerr CL. A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1040. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.0104025324790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer P, Eddie D. Dynamic processes in regulation and some implications for biofeedback and biobehavioral interventions. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2013;38(2):143–155. doi:10.1007/s10484-013-9217-623572244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation. 1996;93(5):1043–1065. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8598068. Accessed October 14, 2018.8598068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberger JJ, Challapalli S, Tung R, Parker MA, Kadish AH. Relationship of heart rate variability to parasympathetic effect. Circulation. 2001;103(15):1977–1983. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11306527. Accessed October 14, 2018.11306527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynard A, Gevirtz R, Berlow R, Brown M, Boutelle K. Heart rate variability as a marker of self-regulation. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2011;36(3):209–215. doi:10.1007/s10484-011-9162-121739294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelhans BM, Luecken LJ. Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding. Rev Gen Psychol. 2006;10(3):229–240. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An E, Nolty A, Rensberger J, Hennig N, Amano S, Buckwalter J. B-65Heart rate variability as an index of stress resilience. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2016;31(6):637.3–637. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw043.140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley HD, Garfinkel SN. Interactions between visceral afferent signaling and stimulus processing. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:286. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.0028626379481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley HD, Harrison NA. Visceral influences on brain and behavior. Neuron. 2013;77(4):624–638. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.00823439117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre D, Kavussanu M, Ring C. Effects of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptor activation on the upper limb nociceptive flexion reflex and electrocutaneous pain in humans. Pain. 2008;137(3):550–555. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.10.01818037241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards L, McIntyre D, Carroll D, Ring C, Martin U. The human nociceptive flexion reflex threshold is higher during systole than diastole. Psychophysiology. 2002;39(5):678–681. 10.1017.S004857720201177012236336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray MA, Beacher FD, Minati L, et al. Emotional appraisal is influenced by cardiac afferent information. Emotion. 2012;12(1):180–191. doi:10.1037/a002508321988743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel SN, Minati L, Gray MA, Seth AK, Dolan RJ, Critchley HD. Fear from the heart: sensitivity to fear stimuli depends on individual heartbeats. J Neurosci. 2014;34(19):6573–6582. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3507-13.201424806682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usui H, Nishida Y. The very low-frequency band of heart rate variability represents the slow recovery component after a mental stress task. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182611. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.018261128806776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertinieri G, Di Rienzo M, Cavallazzi A, Ferrari AU, Pedotti A, Mancia G. Evaluation of baroreceptor reflex by blood pressure monitoring in unanesthetized cats. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol. 1988;254(2):H377–H383. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1988.254.2.H377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Rovere MT, Pinna GD, Raczak G. Baroreflex sensitivity: measurement and clinical implications. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2008;13(2):191–207. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2008.00219.x18426445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestri R, Raczak G, Danilowicz-Szymanowicz L, et al. Reliability of heart rate variability measurements in patients with a history of myocardial infarction. Clin Sci. 2010;118:195–201. doi:10.1042/CS20090183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz PJ, Billman GE, Stone HL. Autonomic mechanisms in ventricular fibrillation induced by myocardial ischemia during exercise in dogs with healed myocardial infarction. An experimental preparation for sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1984;69(4):790–800. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6697463. Accessed October 14, 2018.6697463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT, Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(4):256–262. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3812275. Accessed October 14, 2018.3812275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh JP, Larson MG, Tsuji H, Evans JC, O’Donnell CJ, Levy D. Reduced heart rate variability and new-onset hypertension: insights into pathogenesis of hypertension: the framingham heart study. Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979). 1998;32(2):293–297. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9719057. Accessed October 14, 2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan J, Batin PD, Andrews R, et al. Prospective study of heart rate variability and mortality in chronic heart failure: results of the United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial (UK-heart). Circulation. 1998;98(15):1510–1516. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9769304. Accessed October 14, 2018.9769304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Chua TP, et al. Depressed heart rate variability as an independent predictor of death in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(12):1645–1650. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9202356. Accessed October 14, 2018.9202356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortara A, La Rovere MT, Pinna GD, et al. Arterial baroreflex modulation of heart rate in chronic heart failure: clinical and hemodynamic correlates and prognostic implications. Circulation. 1997;96(10):3450–3458. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9396441. Accessed, 2018.9396441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow JD, Honour AJ, Pickering GW, Sleight P, Smyth HS. Diminished baroreflex sensitivity in high blood pressure. Circulation. 1969;39(1):48–54. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4302539. Accessed October 14, 2018.4302539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortara A, La Rovere MT, Pinna GD, et al. Depressed arterial baroreflex sensitivity and not reduced heart rate variability identifies patients with chronic heart failure and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia: the effect of high ventricular filling pressure. Am Heart J. 1997;134(5 Pt 1):879–888. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9398100. Accessed October 14, 2018.9398100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Rovere MT, Bigger JT, Marcus FI, Mortara A, Schwartz PJ; ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction) Investigators. Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. Lancet (London, England). 1998;351(9101):478–484. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9482439. Accessed October 14, 2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson TG, Dawson SL, Eames PJ, Panerai RB, Potter JF. Cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity predicts long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003;34(3):705–712. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000058493.94875.9F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgoifo A, Carnevali L, Pico Alfonso MA, Amore M. Autonomic dysfunction and heart rate variability in depression. Stress. 2015;18(3):343–352. doi:10.3109/10253890.2015.104586826004818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp AH, Quintana DS, Gray MA, Felmingham KL, Brown K, Gatt JM. Impact of depression and antidepressant treatment on heart rate variability: a review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(11):1067–1074. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.01220138254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett D. A literature review of heart rate variability in depressive and bipolar disorders. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry. 2016;50(6):511–519. doi:10.1177/0004867415622689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobo WV, Angleró GC, Jenkins G, Hall-Flavin DK, Weinshilboum R, Biernacka JM. Validation of the 17-item hamilton depression rating scale definition of response for adults with major depressive disorder using equipercentile linking to clinical global impression scale ratings: analysis of Pharmacogenomic Research Network Antidepressant Medication Pharmacogenomic Study (PGRN-AMPS) data. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2016;31(3):185–192. doi:10.1002/hup.252626999588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yekehtaz H, Farokhnia M, Akhondzadeh S. Cardiovascular considerations in antidepressant therapy: an evidence-based review. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2013;8(4):169–176. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26005484. Accessed October 20, 2018.26005484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah A, Carreno FR, Frazer A. Therapeutic modalities for treatment resistant depression: focus on vagal nerve stimulation and ketamine. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2014;12(2):83–93. doi:10.9758/cpn.2014.12.2.8325191499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron. 2005;45(5):651–660. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.01415748841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilimire MR, Mayberg HS, Holtzheimer PE, et al. Effects of subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation on negative self-bias in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(2):185–191. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.01025499035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartlehner G, Wagner G, Matyas N, et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder: review of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e014912. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udupa K, Thirthalli J, Sathyaprabha TN, Kishore KR, Raju TR, Gangadhar BN. Differential actions of antidepressant treatments on cardiac autonomic alterations in depression: A prospective comparison. Asian J Psychiatr. 2011;4(2):100–106. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2011.02.00623051075
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raij T, Nummenmaa A, Marin M-F, et al. Prefrontal cortex stimulation enhances fear extinction memory in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;84(2):129–137. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.02229246436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini G, Pompili M, Belvederi Murri M, et al. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive performance in treatment-resistant depression. A systematic review. Neuropsychobiology. 2015;71(3):125–139. doi:10.1159/00038135125925699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaschillo E, Lehrer P, Rishe N, Konstantinov M. Heart rate variability biofeedback as a method for assessing baroreflex function: a preliminary study of resonance in the cardiovascular system. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2002;27(1):1–27. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12001882. Accessed September 18, 2018.12001882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song H-S, Lehrer PM. The effects of specific respiratory rates on heart rate and heart rate variability. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2003;28(1):13–23. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12737093. Accessed October 20, 2018.12737093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaschillo EG, Vaschillo B, Lehrer PM. Characteristics of resonance in heart rate variability stimulated by biofeedback. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2006;31(2):129–142. doi:10.1007/s10484-006-9009-316838124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer PM, Gevirtz R. Heart rate variability biofeedback: how and why does it work? Front Psychol. 2014. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen PR, Austin T, DeBarros A, Brown T. The impact of resonance frequency breathing on measures of heart rate variability, blood pressure, and mood. Front Public Heal. 2017;5:222. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin G, Xiang Q, Fu X, et al. Heart rate variability biofeedback decreases blood pressure in prehypertensive subjects by improving autonomic function and baroreflex. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(2):143–152. doi:10.1089/acm.2010.060722339103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Sun P, Wang S, Lin G, Wang T. Effects of heart rate variability biofeedback on cardiovascular responses and autonomic sympathovagal modulation following stressor tasks in prehypertensives. J Hum Hypertens. 2016;30(2):105–111. doi:10.1038/jhh.2015.2725924910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overhaus S, Rüddel H, Curio I, Mussgay L, Scholz OB. Biofeedback of baroreflex sensitivity in patients with mild essential hypertension. Int J Behav Med. 2003;10(1):66–78. doi:10.1207/S15327558IJBM1001_06 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12581949. Accessed September 18, 2018.12581949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravec CS. Biofeedback therapy in cardiovascular disease: rationale and research overview. Cleve Clin J Med. 2008;75(Suppl 2):S35–S38. doi:10.3949/ccjm.75.Suppl_2.S35 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18540144. Accessed October 13, 2018.18540144
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Pozo JM, Gevirtz RN, Scher B, Guarneri E. Biofeedback treatment increases heart rate variability in patients with known coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2004;147(3):E11. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.08.01314999213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravec CS, McKee MG. Psychophysiologic remodeling of the failing human heart. Biofeedback. 2013;41(1):7–12. doi:10.5298/1081-5937-41.1.04
   Google Scholar
• Luskin F, Reitz M, Newell K, Quinn TG, Haskell W. A controlled pilot study of stress management training of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Prev Cardiol. 2002;5(4):168–174. doi:10.1111/j.1520.037X.2002.01029.x12417824
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacKinnon S, Gevirtz R, McCraty R, Brown M. Utilizing heartbeat evoked potentials to identify cardiac regulation of vagal afferents during emotion and resonant breathing. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2013;38(4):241–255. doi:10.1007/s10484-013-9226-523824262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery JA, Drevets WC, Moseman SE, Bodurka J, Barcalow JC, Simmons WK. Major depressive disorder is associated with abnormal interoceptive activity and functional connectivity in the insula. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76(3):258–266. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.02724387823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terhaar J, Viola FC, Bär K-J, Debener S. Heartbeat evoked potentials mirror altered body perception in depressed patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012;123(10):1950–1957. doi:10.1016/J.CLINPH.2012.02.08622541740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer PM, Vaschillo E, Vaschillo B. Resonant frequency biofeedback training to increase cardiac variability: rationale and manual for training. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2000;25(3):177–191. doi:10.1023/A:1009554825745 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10999236. Accessed September 18, 2018.10999236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer P, Vaschillo B, Zucker T, et al. Protocol for heart rate variability biofeedback training. Biofeedback. 2013;41:98–109. doi:10.5298/1081-5937-41.3.08
   Google Scholar
• Peira N, Fredrikson M, Pourtois G. Controlling the emotional heart: heart rate biofeedback improves cardiac control during emotional reactions. Int J Psychophysiol. 2014;91(3):225–231. doi:10.1016/J.IJPSYCHO.2013.12.00824373886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peira N, Pourtois G, Fredrikson M. Learned cardiac control with heart rate biofeedback transfers to emotional reactions. Gray M, ed. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e70004. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.007000423894574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goessl VC, Curtiss JE, Hofmann SG. The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback training on stress and anxiety: A meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2017;47:2578–2586. doi:10.1017/S003329171700100328478782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriques G, Keffer S, Abrahamson C, Jeanne Horst S. Exploring the effectiveness of a computer-based heart rate variability biofeedback program in reducing anxiety in college students. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2011;36(2):101–112. doi:10.1007/s10484-011-9151-421533678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCraty R, Atkinson M, Lipsenthal L, Arguelles L. New hope for correctional officers: an innovative program for reducing stress and health risks. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2009;34(4):251–272. doi:10.1007/s10484-009-9087-019466540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez Morgan S, Molina Mora JA. Effect of heart rate variability biofeedback on sport performance, a systematic review. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2017;42(3):235–245. doi:10.1007/s10484-017-9364-228573597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurber MR, Bodenhamer-Davis E, Johnson M, Chesky K, Chandler CK. Effects of heart rate variability coherence biofeedback training and emotional management techniques to decrease music performance anxiety. Biofeedback. 2010;38(1):28–40. doi:10.5298/1081-5937-38.1.28
   Google Scholar
• Gruzelier JH, Thompson T, Redding E, Brandt R, Steffert T. Application of alpha/theta neurofeedback and heart rate variability training to young contemporary dancers: state anxiety and creativity. Int J Psychophysiol. 2014;93:105–111. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.00423684733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbell K. Reducing psychological stress in peripartum women with heart rate variability biofeedback: a systematic review. J Holist Nurs. 2018;089801011878303. doi:10.1177/0898010118783030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo N, Shinohara H, Kodama H. Heart rate variability biofeedback intervention for reduction of psychological stress during the early postpartum period. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2014;39(3–4):203–211. doi:10.1007/s10484-014-9259-425239433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siepmann M, Hennig U-D, Siepmann T, et al. The effects of heart rate variability biofeedback in patients with preterm labour. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2014;39(1):27–35. doi:10.1007/s10484-013-9238-124271650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAusland L, Addington J. Biofeedback to treat anxiety in young people at clinical high risk for developing psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2018;12(4):694–701. doi:10.1111/eip.1236827573093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antelmi I, De Paula RS, Shinzato AR, Peres CA, Mansur AJ, Grupi CJ. Influence of age, gender, body mass index, and functional capacity on heart rate variability in a cohort of subjects without heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(3):381–385. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.09.06514759400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautala AJ, Mäkikallio TH, Kiviniemi A, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic function correlates with the response to aerobic training in healthy sedentary subjects. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol. 2003;285(4):H1747–H1752. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00202.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer P, Vaschillo E, Lu S-E, et al. Heart rate variability biofeedback: effects of age on heart rate variability, baroreflex gain, and asthma. Chest. 2006;129(2):278–284. doi:10.1378/chest.129.2.27816478842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giardino ND, Chan L, Borson S. Combined heart rate variability and pulse oximetry biofeedback for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: preliminary findings. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2004;29(2):121–133. doi:10.1023/B:APBI.0000026638.64386.89 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15208975. Accessed, 2018.15208975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallman DM, Olsson EMG, von Schéele B, Melin L, Lyskov E. Effects of heart rate variability biofeedback in subjects with stress-related chronic neck pain: a pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2011;36(2):71–80. doi:10.1007/s10484-011-9147-021365308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsamanis M, Lehrer PM, Escobar JI, Gara MA, Kotay A, Liu R. Psychophysiologic treatment for patients with medically unexplained symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Psychosomatics. 2011;52(3):218–229. doi:10.1016/j.psym.2011.01.01521565593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan G, Dao TK, Farmer L, Sutherland RJ, Gevirtz R. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): a pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2011;36(1):27–35. doi:10.1007/s10484-010-9141-y20680439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meule A, Freund R, Skirde AK, Vögele C, Kübler A. Heart rate variability biofeedback reduces food cravings in high food cravers. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2012;37(4):241–251. doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9197-y22688890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddie D, Vaschillo E, Vaschillo B, Lehrer P. Heart rate variability biofeedback: theoretical basis, delivery, and its potential for the treatment of substance use disorders. Addict Res Theory. 2015;23(4):266–272. doi:10.3109/16066359.2015.101162528077937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddie D, Kim C, Lehrer P, Deneke E, Bates ME. A pilot study of brief heart rate variability biofeedback to reduce craving in young adult men receiving inpatient treatment for substance use disorders. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2014;39:181–192. doi:10.1007/s10484-014-9251-z25179673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penzlin AI, Siepmann T, Min-Woo Illigens B, Weidner K, Siepmann M. Heart rate variability biofeedback in patients with alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:2619. doi:10.2147/NDT.S8479826557753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penzlin AI, Barlinn K, Illigens BM-W, Weidner K, Siepmann M, Siepmann T. Effect of short-term heart rate variability biofeedback on long-term abstinence in alcohol dependent patients – a one-year follow-up. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):325. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1480-228874146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karavidas MK, Lehrer PM, Vaschillo E, et al. Preliminary results of an open label study of heart rate variability biofeedback for the treatment of major depression. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2007;32(1):19–30. doi:10.1007/s10484-006-9029-z17333315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siepmann M, Aykac V, Unterdörfer J, Petrowski K, Mueck-Weymann M. A pilot study on the effects of heart rate variability biofeedback in patients with depression and in healthy subjects. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2008;33:195–201. doi:10.1007/s10484-008-9064-z18807175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartogs BM, Bartels-Velthuis AA, Van der Ploeg K, Bos EH. Heart rate variability biofeedback stress relief program for depression. Methods Inf Med. 2017;56(06):419–426. doi:10.3414/ME16-02-003329582913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell YT, Steffen PR. Adding HRV biofeedback to psychotherapy increases heart rate variability and improves the treatment of major depressive disorder. Int J Psychophysiol. 2018;131:96–101. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.01.00129307738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapelberg NJ, Hamilton-Craig I, Neumann DL, Shum DH, McConnell H. Mind and heart: heart rate variability in major depressive disorder and coronary heart disease – a review and recommendations. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry. 2012;46(10):946–957. doi:10.1177/0004867412444624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer P. How does heart rate variability biofeedback work? Resonance, the baroreflex, and other mechanisms. Biofeedback. 2013;41:26–31. doi:10.5298/1081-5937-41.1.02
   Google Scholar
• Bassett D, Bear N, Nutt D, Hood S, Bassett S, Hans D. Reduced heart rate variability in remitted bipolar disorder and recurrent depression. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry. 2016;50(8):793–804. doi:10.1177/0004867416652734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottenberg J, Chambers AS, Allen JJB, Manber R. Cardiac vagal control in the severity and course of depression: the importance of symptomatic heterogeneity. J Affect Disord. 2007;103(1–3):173–179. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.02817320191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassett AL, Radvanski DC, Vaschillo EG, et al. A pilot study of the efficacy of heart rate variability (hrv) biofeedback in patients with fibromyalgia. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2007;32(1):1–10. doi:10.1007/s10484-006-9028-017219062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin I-M, Ko J-M, Fan S-Y, Yen C-F. Heart rate variability and the efficacy of biofeedback in heroin users with depressive symptoms. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2016;14(2):168–176. doi:10.9758/cpn.2016.14.2.16827121428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Zhang T, Song L-P, et al. Effects of heart rate variability biofeedback therapy on patients with poststroke depression: a case study. Chin Med J. 2015;128(18):2542–2545. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.16498626365977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan RP, Kamath MV, Floras JS, et al. Heart rate variability biofeedback as a behavioral neurocardiac intervention to enhance vagal heart rate control. Am Heart J. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patron E, Messerotti Benvenuti S, Favretto G, et al. Biofeedback assisted control of respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a biobehavioral intervention for depressive symptoms in patients after cardiac surgery: a preliminary study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2013;38(1):1–9. doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9202-522829151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurício M, Cânovas M HRV in smartphone for biofeedback application; 2011 http://www.aipro.info/drive/File/HRVinsmatphoneforbiofeedbackapplication.M.M.M.Canovas301213.pdf. Accessed 914, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• De Jonckheere J, Ibarissene I, Flocteil M, Logier R. A smartphone based cardiac coherence biofeedback system. In: 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE; 2014: 4791–4794. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944695
   Google Scholar
• Vasudev A, O’Brien JT, Tan MP, Parry SW, Thomas AJ. A study of orthostatic hypotension, heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in late-life depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1–3):374–378. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.00121122918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhao X, O’Neil A, Turner A, Liu X, Berk M. Altered cardiac autonomic nervous function in depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13(1):187. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-18723842138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson M, Ehnvall A, Friberg P, Myredal A. Arterial baroreflex dysfunction in major depressive disorder. Clin Auton Res. 2010;20(4):235–240. doi:10.1007/s10286-010-0053-y20127136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes JW, Dennis MF, Beckham JC. Baroreceptor sensitivity at rest and during stress in women with posttraumatic stress disorder or major depressive disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(5):667–676. doi:10.1002/jts.2028517955541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadley AJM, Frenneaux MP, Moskvina V, Jones CJH, Korszun A. Baroreflex sensitivity is reduced in depression. Psychosom Med. 2005;67(4):648–651. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000170829.91643.2416046382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon E, Lee S-H, Kim D-H, Hwang B. Comparative study of heart rate variability in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or major depressive disorder. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2013;11(3):137–143. doi:10.9758/cpn.2013.11.3.13724465250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauphinot V, Rouch I, Kossovsky MP, et al. Depressive symptoms and autonomic nervous system dysfunction in an elderly population-based study: the PROOF study. J Affect Disord. 2012;143(1–3):153–159. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.04522910448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang H-A, Chang -C-C, Kuo TBJ, Huang S-Y. Distinguishing bipolar II depression from unipolar major depressive disorder: differences in heart rate variability. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015;16(5):351–360. doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.101760625800950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp AH, Brunoni AR, Santos IS, et al. Effects of depression, anxiety, comorbidity, and antidepressants on resting-state heart rate and its variability: an ELSA-Brasil cohort baseline study. Am J Psychiatry. 2014. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agelink M, Ullrich H, Baumann B, Strum S, Majewski T. Effects of reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to the heart: preliminary data. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;163(2):151–156. doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1146-712202961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss A, Boettger MK, Schulz S, Gross K, Bär KJ. Gender-dependent impact of major depression on autonomic cardiovascular modulation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(4):1131–1138. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.01521453741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terhardt J, Lederbogen F, Feuerhack A, et al. Heart rate variability during antidepressant treatment with venlafaxine and mirtazapine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2013;36(6):198–202. doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3182a76fbb24201230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi M, Hanaoka A, Kidani T, et al. Heart rate variability in drug-naïve patients with panic disorder and major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(8):1474–1478. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.08.00219671440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunoni AR, Kemp AH, Dantas EM, et al. Heart rate variability is a trait marker of major depressive disorder: evidence from the sertraline vs. electric current therapy to treat depression clinical study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(9):1937–1949. doi:10.1017/S146114571300049723759172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hage B, Britton B, Daniels D, Heilman K, Porges SW, Halaris A. Low cardiac vagal tone index by heart rate variability differentiates bipolar from major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2017;1–9. doi:10.1080/15622975.2017.1376113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp AH, Quintana DS, Quinn CR, Hopkinson P, Harris AWF. Major depressive disorder with melancholia displays robust alterations in resting state heart rate and its variability: implications for future morbidity and mortality. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1387. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.0138725505893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boettger S, Hoyer D, Falkenhahn K, Kaatz M, Yeragani VK, Bär K-J. Nonlinear broad band dynamics are less complex in major depression. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(2):276–284. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00503.x18271907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ha JH, Park S, Yoon D, Kim B. Short-term heart rate variability in older patients with newly diagnosed depression. Psychiatry Res. 2015;226(2–3):484–488. doi:10.1016/j.psyc-hres.2015.02.00525747680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz S, Koschke M, Bär KJ, Voss A. The altered complexity of cardiovascular regulation in depressed patients. Physiol Meas. 2010;31(3):303–321. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/31/3/00320086275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bär K-J, Greiner W, Jochum T, Friedrich M, Wagner G, Sauer H. The influence of major depression and its treatment on heart rate variability and pupillary light reflex parameters. J Affect Disord. 2004;82(2):245–252. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.01615488253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar